Name: _______________________________
Section Time: _________________________
Bio 93 : Final Study Guide
This study guide covers material from Lecture 18 – 25. Its purpose is to provide a framework in which
you can input your knowledge from this class. It is not all-inclusive, but covers topics focused on in
lectures and rocketmix modules. I will not be collecting this study guide, but please bring it (and
questions about it) to section on Wednesday 12/10.
Directions: Please fill this out without looking at your notes, then go back and fill in more information (in
a different color pen) using your notes, book and rocketmix modules.
“It’s mainly about working hard and proving to people you’re serious about it, and stretching yourself
and learning.” – Daniel Radcliffe (Harry Potter)
Lecture 18: Alterations of Chromosomes + Fruit Fly Genetics Rocketmix
Reading: 286-302/292-309
1) Who was Thomas Hunt Morgan? Please summarize his experiment concerning red and white
eyed flies and the contributions of the experiment to scientific knowledge.
2) What are recombination frequencies?
a. What is the recombination frequency for genes on different chromosomes?
b. Genes that are located more closely on a given gene have a ___________________
recombination frequency, and those located more far apart have a ________________
recombination frequency.
3) Why are sex-linked disorders (such as colorblindness) more common in males?
4) Please define genomic imprinting and describe one example.
Lecture 19: DNA  the Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Reading: 305 - 314
5) Please define the following terms and their importance to DNA structure and replication.
a) DNA –
b) Transformation –
c) Bacteriophages (phages) –
d) Double Helix –
e) DNA Strand –
f)
Anti-Parallel Strands -
g) Base Pairing –
h) DNA Replication –
i)
Semi-Conservative Replication –
j)
Origin of Replication –
k) Template Strand –
6) Please describe the experimental process by which Griffith and others determined that DNA is
the genetic information in bacterial cells.
7) Please describe the procedures and findings of the Hershey-Chase experiments with viruses that
concluded that DNA was the genetic material.
a. Background:
b. Methods:
c. Results:
d. Conclusion:
8) What are the 4 bases in DNA? How do they differ from the 4 bases in RNA?
9) Please explain Chargaff’s Rule and answer the following question. You are examining the DNA of
a newt whose genome contains 34% thymine. What percentage of the bases in its genome are
cytosine?
10) Name the three important people in the discovery of DNA structure and base pairing and their
contributions.
Lecture 20: DNA Replication and Repair
Reading: 311-319
Concepts Needed:
-
Base pairing happens between a purine and a pyrimidine
DNA replication is semi-conservative
DNA replication occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction
DNA replication is carried out by DNA polymerases, and many other enzymes
DNA has a leading and lagging strand
Replicated DNA is proofread and repaired
Telomeres are sequences of DNA at the end of chromosomes
11) Please define the following terms and their importance to DNA structure and replication
a. DNA Replication b. Semi-Conservative Replication c. Origin of Replication d. Helicase –
e. RNA Primase –
f.
Topoisomerase –
g. Single-Strand Binding Protein
h. Replication Forks –
i.
Template Strand –
j.
DNA polymerase –
k. Leading Strand –
l.
Lagging Strand –
m. Okazaki Fragments –
n. Telomeres -
12) Please illustrate and provide explanations of the following steps of DNA replication:
a. Parental DNA Strands Parted
b. Extension of the Daughter Strands : LEADING vs LAGGING
c. Finishing of replication
13) Please label the parts of the following diagram including: enzymes, 3’ and 5’ ends of each strand
and primer, leading and lagging strands, RNA primers, Parental DNA strands, and Daughter DNA
strands
14) Please complete the following chart concerning the function and roles of important players in
DNA replication.
15) Different Types of Proofreading and Repair:
a. What is the key proofreading mechanism?
b. What is mismatch repair?
c. What is nucleotide excision repair?
16) Why is mutation important?
17) What are telomeres and where are they located? Why are they important? Why are they of
interest for aging?
Lecture 21: Transcription
Reading: 325-336
Concepts Needed:
-
Genes produce proteins via transcription, then translation
Transcription is the production of mRNA from DNA
Translation is the formation of a protein sequence based off the mRNA and occurs
at ribosomes
3 base pairs code for an amino acid, and make up a codon
RNA is spliced (cut and rejoined) at introns and exons
18) Please define the following terms and their importance to DNA transcription, translation and
gene expression.
a. Gene expression –
b. Transcription –
c. Translation –
d. mRNA –
e. tRNA –
f.
rRNA –
g. Ribosomes –
h. Polyribosomes –
i.
Primary Transcript -
j.
Codon –
k. Template Strand –
l.
Reading Frame –
m. RNA Polymerase –
n. Promoter –
o. Terminator –
p. Transcription Unit q. Transcription Factor –
r.
TATA Box –
s. Poly-A Tailt.
RNA Splicing-
u. Exons v. Introns 19) Please fill in the central dogma below and the processes it entails:
20) Please describe the following steps in transcription and draw a figure for each step containing
the strands of DNA and RNA involved and the enzymes and proteins involved. Where does each
process occur?
a. Initiation
b. Elongation
c. Termination
d. RNA Modification
21) Why is it important that a codon consists of 3 amino acids?
22) Why are the three principal functions of proteins?
23) Please explain template, non-template, coding and non-coding strands. Which is transcribed?
Will two genes on the same chromosome always be transcribed from the same template
strand?
24) How did scientists discover the genetic code? Please describe both the experiment and the
findings.
25) What is the start codon and which amino acid does it code for? What is the anti-codon from the
tRNA ? Why is the start codon important?
26) Please draw the difference between pre mRNA (the primary transcript) and mRNA. Include the
5’ UTR, Start Codon, 5’ Cap, 3’ Poly A Tail, 3’ UTR, and stop codon as well as introns and exons.
Lecture 22: Translation
Reading: 345-357
Concepts:
-
Genes are produced via transcription then translation
Translation is the formation of a protein sequence based off of the mRNA, and
occurs at ribosomes
The proteins produced in translation are targeted to specific cellular locations
27) Please define the following terms:
a. Translation –
b. RNA c. Ribosomes d. Polyribosomes e. Codon –
f.
Anti-Codon –
g. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase h. Mutations –
28) Please describe the following processes that occur during translation and draw a figure to go
along with it.
a. mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels into the cytoplasm
b. Initiation:
c. Elongation:
d. Termination :
29) After the amino acid sequence is produced, it is not always ready to become a functioning
protein. What are some ways in which it is processed in order to become a functional protein?
30) How do proteins get transported to the part of the cell where they are needed?
31) Please provide a summary of the following mutations that can occur and the effects they have
on proteins formed:
a. Point Mutations: nucleotide pair substitutions and sickle cell anemia
b. Silent Mutations –
c. Missense mutations –
d. Nonsense Mutations –
e. Insertions + Deletions –
f.
Frame-shift mutation –
g. What are mutagens?
DNA Rocket mix: please review the DNA rocketmix module and the questions it contains. They are good
practice for questions on the Central Dogma that may be on the exam. You should have no problem
converting DNARNA protein, and also backwards from protein to DNA, keeping in mind the 3’ and
5’ ends, as well as the directions in which the enzymes that perform such processes work.
Lecture 23: Regulation of Gene Expression
Concepts:
-
Genes have promoters (regions where transcription is initiated)
o Include the TATA box
Transcription Factors (TFs) bind to the promoter and control elements, and may be
activators or repressors
mRNA degradation is controlled via regulation
protein creation is also regulated via proteasomes (eat up proteins)
32) Please define the following terms:
a. Transcription Factors –
b. TATA Box
c. Promoters
d. Enhancers
e. RNA Polymerase II
f.
Alternative RNA Splicing
g. Proteasome
33) There are many places where gene expression can be regulated. Please describe the following
mechanisms of gene expression regulation and provide an illustration. Which is the most
important/powerful?
a. Chromatin
b. DNA Methylation
c. Transcription
d. RNA Processing and Regulation
e. RNA Degradation:
f.
Protein Processing:
34) How do the two types of transcription factors differ? How do activators and repressors differ?
Lecture 24: Biotechnology
Reading: 408- 433
35) Please define:
a. Recombinant DNA –
b. Biotechnology –
c. Clone a Gene –
d. Clone - 3 different definitions
36) How do you clone a gene? Please describe the steps and product.
37) What are restriction enzymes and how can they be used to make recombinant DNA?
38) What is the process of PCR and what is it useful for?
It involves a 3-Step Cycle:
39) What is gel electrophoresis and how does it work?
40) How was Dolly the sheep cloned? Why did she die so young?
41) What is the difference between an embryonic stem cell, an adult hematopoetic stem cell and
an induced pleuripotent stem cell?
Lecture 25: The Genetic Base of Development
Reading:
Concepts:
-
Cells go through differentiation, then morphogenesis
The fate of cells is determined by cytoplasmic determinants
Cleavage generates small undifferentiated cells, and is followed by gastrulation and
the formation of germ layers
The single-celled zygote gives rise to cells of many types, each with a different
structure and corresponding function
42) Please define the following terms:
a. Differentiation
b. Morphogenesis
c. Cytoplasmic Determinants
d. Induction
e. Differentiation
f.
Pattern Formation
g. Positional Information
h. Bicoid
i.
Cleavage
j.
Blastocyst
k. Organogensis
l.
Fertilization
m. Morphogenesis
n. Gastrulation
o. Germ Layers
p. Ectoderm
q. Endoderm
r.
Mesoderm
43) How are the axes defined in an embryo (what gives rise to pattern formation)? How does this
relate to bicoid?
44) How does cell determination occur?
45) Please draw a diagram of the stages of embryonic development of a tadpole.