References BALLING, R. C., CERVENY, R. S. & IDSO, C. D. 2001. Does the urban CO2 dome of Phoenix, Arizona contribute to its heat island? Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 4599-4601. BESSEMOULIN, P., N., B. & COURTIER, P. 2004. La canicule d’août 2003 en France et en Europe. La Météorologie, 46, 25-33. BLAKE, R., GRIMM, A., ICHINOSE, T., HORTON, R., GAFFI, S., JIONG, S., BADER, D. & CECIL, L. D. 2011. Urban climate: Processes, trends, and projections. In: ROSENZWEIG, C., SOLECKI, W. D., HAMMER, S. A. & MEHROTRA, S. (eds.) Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, UK. BROECKER, W. S. 1997. Thermohaline Circulation, the Achilles Heel of Our Climate System: Will ManMade CO2 Upset the Current Balance? Science, 278, 1582-1588. CASTRO, C. L., PIELKE, R. A. & LEONCINI, G. 2005. Dynamical downscaling: Assessment of value retained and added using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 110, D05108. CENTRE, H. 2012. ENSEMBLES [Online]. Available: http://www.ensembles-eu.org/ [Accessed 5th June 2013. CHARPENTIER, A. 2011. On the return period of the 2003 heat wave. Climatic Change, 109, 245-260. CORDEX. 2013. CORDEX Climate Data Archive [Online]. Available: http://cordex.dmi.dk/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=53 &limitstart=5 [Accessed 6th June 2013. DAVIS, M. 2013. ARECS Case Study. In: PARTNERSHIP, C. S. (ed.). International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Lamont- Doherty Earth Observatory, USA. DUBOIS, G. & CAUGHY, A. 2012. CLIM-RUN: Report on the protocol definition. DUBOIS, G. & CERON, J. P. 2006. Tourism/Leisure Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts for 2050: Factors for Change in France. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14, 172-191. EPA. 2013. Overview of Greenhouse Gases [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html [Accessed 7th June 2013. FISCHER, H., WAHLEN, M., SMITH, J., MASTROIANNI, D. & DECK, B. 1999. Ice Core Records of Atmospheric CO2 Around the Last Three Glacial Terminations. Science, 283, 1712-1714. GIANNAKOPOULOS, C., ROUSSOS, A., KARALI, A. & HATZAKI, M. 2012. CLIM-RUN: D6.3 Protocol Definition. Greece: National Observatory of Athens. GIORGI, F., JONES, C. & ASRAR, G. R. 2009. Addressing climate information needs at the regional level: the CORDEX framework. WMO Buletin. Geneva. GODDARD, L., HURRELL, J. W., KIRTMAN, B. P., MURPHY, J., STOCKDALE, T. & VERA, C. 2012. Two Time Scales for The Price Of One (Almost). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93, 621629. GOODESS, C. Setting the scene for the third project aim: Maximising the results by linking the ensemble prediction system to a range of applications. ENSEMBLES Final Symposium, 17-19 November 2009 2009 Met Office Exeter. GRIFFIES, S. M. 2004. Fundamentals of Ocean Climate Models, Princeton University Press. GUTRO, R. 2005. What is the difference between weather and climate [Online]. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Available: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaan/climate/climate_weather.html [Accessed 7th June 2013. HAYHOE, K., SHERIDAN, S., KALKSTEIN, L. & GREENE, S. 2010. Climate change, heat waves, and mortality projections for Chicago. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 36, Supplement 2, 65-73. HOFMANN, D. J., BUTLER, J. H., DLUGOKENCKY, E. J., ELKINGS, J. W., MASARIE, K., MONTZKA, S. A. & TANS, P. 2011. The role of carbon dioxide in climate forcing from 1979 to 2004: introduction of the Annual Greenhouse Gas Index. JENKINS, A. 2013. Earth System Science [Online]. NASA, Jet Propultion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology. Available: http://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_role/science [Accessed 7th June 2013. KALNAY, E. & CAI, M. 2003. Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature, 423, 528531. KEELING, C., PIPER, S., BACASTOW, R., WAHLEN, M., WHORF, T., HEIMANN, M. & MEIJER, H. 2005. Atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 Exchange with the Terrestrial Biosphere and Oceans from 1978 to 2000: Observations and Carbon Cycle Implications. In: BALDWIN, I. T., CALDWELL, M. M., HELDMAIER, G., JACKSON, R., LANGE, O. L., MOONEY, H. A., SCHULZE, E. D., SOMMER, U., EHLERINGER, J., DENISE DEARING, M. & CERLING, T. (eds.) A History of Atmospheric CO2 and Its Effects on Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. Springer New York. KOVATS, S. & JENDRITZKY, G. 2006. Heat-waves and Human Health. . In: MENNE, B. & EBI, K. L. (eds.) Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health. LAAIDI, K., ZEGHNOUN, A., DOUSSET, B., BRETIN, P., VANDENTORREN, S., GIRAUDET, E. & BEAUDEAU, P. 2012. The Impact of Heat Islands on Mortality in Paris during the August 2003 Heat Wave. Environmental Health Preepectives, 120, 254 - 259. LEMOS, M. C., KIRCHHOFF, C. J. & RAMPRASAD, V. 2012. Narrowing the climate information usability gap. Nature Clim. Change, 2, 789-794. LINDEN, P. V. D. & J.F.B., M. 2009. ENSEMBLES: Climate Change and its Impacts: Summary of research and results from the ENSEMBLES project. Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK. LIU, W., LIU, Z. & HU, A. 2013. The stability of an evolving Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 1562-1568. MCGREGOR, G., BESSEMOULIN, K., EBI, K. & MENNE, B. In review. Heat Waves and Health: Guidance on Warning System Development WMO and WHO. MEEHL, G. A. & TEBALDI, C. 2004. More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century. Science, 305, 994-997. METOFFICE. 2013. Climate Services [Online]. Available: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/climate-services. NAKICENOVIC, N. & SWART, R. 2000. IPCC Special Report: Emissions Scenarios. Cambridge University Press, UK. SCRIPPS INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPY. 2013. The Keelin Curve: A daily record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from scripps institution of oceanography at UC San Diego [Online]. Available: http://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/ [Accessed 7th June 2013. OKE, T. 1997. Urban climates and global environmental change. Applied Climatology: Principles & Practices. New York, NY: Routledge, 273-287. OKE, T. R. & CLEUGH, H. A. 1987. Urban heat storage derived as energy balance residuals. BoundaryLayer Meteorology, 39, 233-245. OSS, R. V. 2013a. ECLISE [Online]. Available: http://www.eclise-project.eu/ [Accessed 6th June 2013. OSS, R. V. The FP7 project ECLISE: Enabling Climate Information Services for Europe, and its experiences with users. EUPORIAS’ workshop ‘Climate services providers and users needs, 2013b Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Netherlands. PIELKE, R. 2012. Regional Climate Downscaling: What's the point? Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. PRB. 2013. Human Population Urbanisation [Online]. Available: http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx [Accessed 8th June 2013. RAHMSTORF, S. 2006. Thermohaline Ocean Circulation. In: ELIAS, S. A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Quaternary Sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier. REY, G., FOUILLET, A., BESSEMOULIN, P., FRAYSSINET, P., DUFOUR, A., JOUGLA, E. & HÉMON, D. 2009. Heat exposure and socio-economic vulnerability as synergistic factors in heat-wave-related mortality. European Journal of Epidemiology, 24, 495-502. ROSENZWEIG, C., SOLECKI, W. D., PARSHALL, L. & HODGES, S. 2006. Mitigating New York City's Heat Island with Urban Forestry, Living Roofs, and Light Surfaces: New York City Regional Heat Island Initiative Final Report, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Columbia University. Center for Climate Systems Research. RUTI, P. & GOODESS, C. 2013. Climate Local Information in the Mediterranean Region: Responding to Users Needs. Climate Service Partnership, International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Lamont- Doherty Earth Observatory, USA. CATALAN INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE SCIENCE. 2013. Advancing Renewable Energy with Climate Services (ARECS) [Online]. Available: http://www.ic3.cat/openbox.php?menu=237 [Accessed 3 June 2013. NATIOANL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 2011. Climate Models and Scenarios [Online]. Available: http://epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html. SOLOMON, S., QIN, D., MANNING, M., CHEN, Z., MARQUIS, M., AVERYT, K. B., TIGNOR, M. & MILLER, H. L. 2007. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA. SOUCH, C. & GRIMMOND, S. 2006. Applied climatology: urban climate. Progress in Physical Geography, 30, 270. STONE, B., VARGO, J. & HABEEB, D. 2012. Managing climate change in cities: Will climate action plans work? Landscape and Urban Planning, 107, 263-271. VANDENTORREN, S., BRETIN, P., ZEGHNOUN, A., MANDEREAU-BRUNO, L., CROISIER, A., COCHET, C., RIBÉRON, J., SIBERAN, I., DECLERCQ, B. & LEDRANS, M. 2006. August 2003 Heat Wave in France: Risk Factors for Death of Elderly People Living at Home. The European Journal of Public Health, 16, 583-591. WHO. 2013. Global Health Observatory: Urban Population Growth [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/e n/ [Accessed 8th June 2013. WIELICKI, B. A., HARRISON, E. F., CESS, R. D., KING, M. D. & RANDALL, D. A. 1995. Mission to Planet Earth: Role of Clouds and Radiation in Climate. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 76, 2125-2153. WIELICKI, B. A., WONG, T., LOEB, N., MINNIS, P., PRIESTLEY, K. & KANDEL, R. 2005. Changes in Earth's Albedo Measured by Satellite. Science, 308, 825. WILBY, R. L. & FOWLER, H. J. 2010. Regional climate downscaling. Modelling the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WMO 2011. Climate knowledge for action : a global framework for climate services | Empowering the most vulnerable. World Meteorological Institution, Geneva. WMO. 2013. Climate Models [Online]. Available: http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_models.php [Accessed 7th June 2013]. ZACHOS, J., PAGANI, M., SLOAN, L., THOMAS, E. & BILLUPS, K. 2001. Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292, 686-693. ZHOU, L., DICKINSON, R. E., TIAN, Y., FANG, J., LI, Q., KAUFMANN, R. K., TUCKER, C. J. & MYNENI, R. B. 2004. Evidence for a significant urbanization effect on climate in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 9540-9544.