Name _________________________________________________________Date _______________Per___________
Cell Energy NOTES
ATP
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to
____________ and _____________ energy
Made up of:
1. Adenine
2. 5-carbon sugar called ribose
3. _________________________________ groups (The key to ATP's ability to store and release energy.)
ATP vs. ADP
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Adenosine Diphosphate – ATP minus one phosphate group
 ATP – contains ________ phosphate groups
 ADP – contains _________ phosphate groups
(tri = three)
(di = two)
ATP and Energy
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ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.
Energy is _______________ when a phosphate is removed.
Photosynthesis
_____________ - Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
_____________ - Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from
inorganic compounds; also called a producer.
Which organisms go through Photosynthesis?
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List a few examples:
Photosynthesis - Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and
carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.
o Needed (Reactants):
Write the EQUATION here:
1. Light
2. Water
3. Carbon dioxide
o Given Off (Products):
1. Sugars
2. Oxygen
Chlorophyll
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Photosynthesis also requires chlorophyll, a molecule located in _____________________.
Chlorophyll - Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy
Chlorophyll
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Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments.
The plants' principal pigments are called chlorophyll.
o Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum therefore __________
light is ____________________by leaves (this is why plants look green).
Chloroplast Vocabulary
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Thylakoids - Saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts. (where chlorophyll is found)
_________ - Region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
Two Sets of Reactions in Photosynthesis
1. The Light-Dependent Reactions
2. The Light-Independent Reactions (aka-______________________)
(These two chemical reactions work together!)
Light-Dependent Reactions
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Takes place within the _________________ membranes
Requires light
Requires: Water, ADP, and NADP+
Produce: Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
Electron Carriers within the Light Dependent reaction
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Inside the thylakoid, electrons within the chlorophyll become “excited” (gain energy) from the sunlight.
Now that they have all this energy they require a carrier molecule: NADP+.
o ____________
NADP+
o As soon as this carrier molecule NADP+ accepts the energy (from the electrons) it converts the
NADP+ into NADPH.
 This transfer of electrons and energy is called the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
The sunlight breaks each water molecule into :
o Electrons
o H+ ions (released into thylakoid membrane)
o Oxygen atoms (released into the air)
Light Dependent Reactions
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As electrons are passed from chlorophyll to NADP+, more hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane.
o Inside of the membrane fills up with positively charged hydrogen ions.
o Outside of thylakoid membrane becomes negatively charged.
The difference in charges across the membrane provides the energy to make ATP. The H+ ions are
important!
__________________ - Large protein/enzyme that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate
group together to produce ATP.
o Spans the thylakoid membrane and allows H+ ions to pass through it.
 Overall: Produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.
The Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
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Takes place in the __________________
Uses ATP and NADPH from the light-____________________ reactions to produce high-energy sugars.
Uses six molecules of __________________ to produce one single glucose molecule.
Energy for this conversion comes from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
1.
2.
3.
Cellular Respiration
Cells Need Energy
1. Organisms obtain energy from _____________
2. _____________is main source of food for cells.
3. Cells break chemical bonds of glucose; energy is ____________
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration - Process that releases energy by breaking down _____________ and other food molecules in the
presence of _____________
Requires (Reactants):
1. Glucose
2. Oxygen
Gives Off (Products):
1. Water
2. Carbon Dioxide
3. Energy
Write the Cellular Respiration Equation:
3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
1.
2.
3.
Each stage captures some of the chemical energy
available in food molecules and uses it to produce ATP.
First Stage: Glycolysis
Glycolysis –a molecule of _____________ is broken into
two molecules of __________________________.
Occurs in the _____________ (cytosol)
Does _______ require oxygen (ANAEROBIC)
1 Glucose
C-C-C-C-C-C
2 Pyruvic Acid
C-C-C C-C-C
Products of Glycolysis
1. NET Gain _____ATP (Major Energy molecule)
2. 2 NADH (Minor Energy molecule)
3. 2 Pyruvic Acid Molecules
Second Stage: Fermentation or Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis can be followed by fermentation or the Krebs cycle depending on if oxygen is present.
_____________________ will occur if no oxygen is present.
______________________will occur if oxygen is present.
Second Stage: Fermentation (no O2)
Fermentation - Releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
_____________ - Does not require oxygen
Occurs in the _____________
Fermentation
Two types of Fermentation:
1. Alcoholic Fermentation
Produces:
1.
2.
Examples:
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Produces:
1.
Examples:
90% of the chemical energy that was available in glucose is still unused
 Locked in the high-energy electrons of pyruvic acid
________________ is required for the final steps of cellular respiration.
 Oxygen is the world's most powerful electron acceptor.
 Therefore, cellular respiration is aerobic (requires oxygen).
Second Stage: Krebs Cycle (with O2)
Krebs Cycle - pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.
Occurs in the _____________.
Starts: __________________________
Produces: _____________
Source of all the carbon dioxide in your breath.
Energy Tally – Each molecule of Pyruvic Acid Produces:
___ ATP (and NADH/FADH2)
Third Stage: Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ______ into ________.
_____________ serves as the final electron acceptor.
Occurs in the ________________________
ATP
Glycolysis: ____ ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Needs ___ATP (Investment)
Produces ___ ATP
Net gain of ___ ATP molecules.
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport: ____ ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Total = _____ ATP
Exercise: Quick Energy
Exercise: Long-Term Energy (Longer than 90 seconds)
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration