Supplemental Material
Journal: Regional Environmental Change
Yasuaki Hijioka
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
Phone: 81-29-850-2961 Fax: 81-29-850-2961 email: hijioka@nies.go.jp
1

Table S1
Climate change impacts and relevant existing potential adaptation policies in TMG
Field
Indica tor
Policy name or bureau/departme nt in charge a
Specific measures/goals
[F1]
[1]–
[4]
[F2] [5],[6]
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
<1>improving pest control measures, enhancing instructions for appropriate agrochemical use, conducting fact-finding survey on agricultural water (TMG
Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs 2010a); <2>managing the Agricultural
Research Center (e.g., developing technology for productivity improvement)
(TMG Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs 2010a; TMG Agriculture And
Forestry Research Center 2012))
<3>comprehensive measures for livestock promotion (productivity improvement), livestock hygiene measures, managing a livestock hygiene service center (livestock environmental measures), assisting the management of the Oume Livestock Center (TMG Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs
2010a)
[F]
[F3]
[F4]
[7]–
[9]
[10]
[11]
Marine Fisheries
<4>improving fishing grounds and promoting fish-stocking, promoting resource
Promotion Plan management; <5>maintaining marine safety and order in fishing operations;
<6>developing new fishing grounds(TMG 2009a)
River Fisheries
Promotion Plan
<7>reviving river fish, stimulating the aquaculture industry, creating an environment for fish cultivation (promoting resource propagation with their release) (TMG 2006a)
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
Strategy for agriculture and fishery in the islands area
Bureau of
Environment
Agriculture promotion plan in Tokyo
(interim appraisal)
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
<8>promoting fishery investigations (fishery productivity improvement, forecasting fishing and oceanic conditions) (TMG Bureau of Industrial and
Labor Affairs 2010a); <9>researching marine resources (sustainable use)
(Tokyo Metropolitan Islands Area Research and Development Center of
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2012)
<10>emergency project on Angelica keiskei and Gelidiaceae (e.g., aligning agricultural production with regional characteristics, developing production technology in summer) (Tokyo Metropolitan Islands Area Research and
Development Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2006)
<11>promoting biofuel use (developing, providing information on, and using biofuels with appropriate ingredient use) (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009)
<12>regional agriculture promotion by zoning (implementing promotional measures in line with actual agricultural production characteristic in each region) (TMG 2006b)
<13>promoting the creation of regional specialties from agricultural products
(e.g., agricultural promotion areas, developing mountain villages) (TMG Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs 2010a)
[12]
[W] [W1] [13]
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
Bureau of
<14>food safety and security, expansion of local production for local consumption; <15>developing a technology to secure the safety of agricultural products (e.g., improve understanding of agrochemical residues) (TMG
Agriculture And Forestry Research Center 2012)
Master Plan for
Water Resources to a review of water demand according to its use (water works, industrial water
Development in works: 176 m 3 /s, agricultural water: 0.3 m 3 /s) (MLIT 2008)
Tone River and
<16>stable water use by fiscal year (FY) 2015 (MLIT 2008); <17>responding
Arakawa River systems***
<18>securing new water utilization capacity (86 million m 3 ) by constructing
Bureau of Urban Yamba Dam by FY 2015; <19>25 m 3 of maximum conveyance amount by the
Development,
Bureau of
Waterworks**
Water Conveyance Project at Lake Kasumigaura (MILT 2008; TMG Bureau of
Waterworks 2010a; TMG Bureau of Urban Development 2009); <20> achievement of 100% water supply under a once-in-a-decade drought by FY
2016 (TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010b)
<21>leakage control (development of raw water connecting pipes, better
2

[W2]
[W3]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
Waterworks
Bureau of
Sewerage
Bureau of
Environment performance of pipe materials, and technology to discover leakage): reach a 3% leakage rate by the end of FY 2012 (TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010c);
<22>100% rate of use of ductile iron pipes by the end of FY 2014 (TMG
Bureau of Waterworks 2010a; TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010b); <23>100% replacement rate of aging distribution pipes by the end of FY 2014; <24>98% replacement rate of installed in the early period ductile iron pipes by the end of
FY 2019 (TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010a; TMG Bureau of Waterworks
2010b); <25>completion of duplicate raw water connecting pipes by the end of
FY 2012 (TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010b); <26>campaign for the development and diffusion of water saving equipment and water saving concepts (MILT 2008; TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010a); <27>managing water conservation forests: 15-ha increase in the area of multiple-layered forest by the end of 2013, conducting maintenance work such as cutting and pruning in a 1500-ha area (TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010b); <28>providing information on the amount of water in the dam (TMG Bureau of Waterworks
2007a); <29>developing facilities for water purification, distribution, and supply by the end of FY 2012 (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009)
<30>promoting use of recycled water: providing recycled water to a total of 175 sites by the end of FY 2012, increasing the amount of recycled water used to a total of 13,000 m 3 /day (TMG Bureau of Sewerage 2010a)
<31>promoting use of recycled water (e.g., cleaning toilets in a building, project to restore clear water) (The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and
Tourism, Government of Japan 2008; TMG Bureau of Environment 2009)
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
<32>fact-finding survey on agricultural water (surveying the usage of agricultural water) (TMG Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs 2010a)
Bureau of
Construction
Bureau of
Environment
<33>removing sediment sludge by river dredging, water purification, creating a waterfront (MILT 2008; TMG Bureau of Construction 2009); <34>establishing river purification facilities (improving river water quality) (TMG Bureau of
Construction 2009)
<35>measurement survey of the water quality in rivers, TokyoBay, lakes, and underground water (monitoring underground water contamination) (TMG
Bureau of Environment 2009); <36>advance planning to reduce drainage discharge in a factory in preparation for a drought (TMG Bureau of
Environment 2009)
Bureau of
Waterworks
<37>water quality management and inspection of water-source rivers, water treatment plants targets: 0.1–0.4 mg/L of residual chlorine and 0 mg/L of trichloramine by the end of 2013 (TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010b; TMG
Bureau of Waterworks 2007b; TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010d);
<38>improving water resources and purification facilities: processing of all the water intake by plants from a total of 5 sites at the Tone River system, advanced water treatment by the end of 2013 (TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010a; TMG
Bureau of Waterworks 2010b)
Bureau of Social <39>water quality improvement by managing small-scale water works (TMG
Welfare and
Public Health
Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health 2009a)
Other indicators in common b
<16>–<32>
Bureau of
Waterworks
<38>
Bureau of
Environment
<40> implementing measures against ground subsidence (e.g., controlling underground water pumping with regulations and laws) (TMG Bureau of
Environment 2009; TMG Bureau of Environment 2010a)
Research report on ground subsidence
<41>observing underground water level in observation wells (survey ground subsidence) (TMG Civil Engineering Support and Training Center 2010)
Other indicators <35> in common
3

[19]
The 10-year
Plan for Tokyo
Promotion plan for forest creation
<42>systematically and strategically conserve existing green areas including lignosa areas and farmlands (TMG 2010a)
<43>designating conservation areas on hilly lands focusing on thickets
(conserving wildlife ecosystems characteristic of satoyama forest) (TMG
2009a)
Comprehensive policy for securing green areas
<44>securing a possible site by the end of FY 2019, securing lignosa areas covering a total of 969 ha (systematically secure the decreasing amount of existing green areas on private lands) (TMG 2010b)
Bureau of
Waterworks
<27>
Bureau of
Construction,
<45>managing scenic zones and special green space conservation districts
(maintaining and conserving natural landscape and green areas in the city)
Bureau of Urban (TMG Bureau of Urban Development 2009; TMG Bureau of Construction
Development 2009; TMG 2010a)
The 10-year
Plan for Tokyo
Promotion plan for forest creation
<46>implementing cyclic regeneration project of forests (e.g., intensifying the infrastructure for developing forest and logging roads) (TMG 2010a)
<47>leveling forest age structure (regenerating a sustainable cycle of forest by logging, using, planting, and tending the forest) (TMG 2009a)
[N]
[N1]
[20]
Comprehensive policy for securing green areas
<48>securing a possible site by the end of FY 2019, securing lignosa areas covering a total of 969 ha (204 ha of which is secured as an urban park project)
(TMG 2010b)
Improvement policy for city planning parks
<49>selecting “priority parks and green spaces (172 sites)” and designate
“priority improvement areas (approx. 450 ha)” that are scheduled to be improved on a priority basis by 2015 (The Metropolitan Government, special and green spaces wards, and cities and towns of Tokyo 2008)
Metropolitan
Central
Wholesale
Market
<50>green project: greening of the facility rooftops and premises (12 ha) in FY
2014(Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market 2009a)
Bureau of
Transportation
Bureau of
Waterworks
Bureau of
Construction
<51>green project: greening of the rooftops and walls by FY 2012 (TMG
Bureau of Transportation 2009; TMG Bureau of Transportation 2010)
<52>green project: greening of 1900 m 2 of the facility rooftop by FY 2012
(TMG Bureau of Waterworks 2010c)
<53>green project: greening of rooftops, walls, and premises (TMG Bureau of
Construction 2009); <54>promotion of the green movement: open more than 70 ha of municipal parks by the end of FY 2012 (TMG Bureau of Construction
2003a); <55>promotion of the green movement: plant more street trees(TMG
Bureau of Construction 2003b)
[21]
Bureau of Urban
<56>promoting green movement (e.g., developing parks and cities rich in green, planting grass in schoolyards, greening rooftops) (TMG Bureau of Urban
Development
Development 2009; TMG 2010b)
Bureau of
Environment
<57>promoting green movement (e.g. developing parks and greener cities, putting grass in schoolyards, greening of rooftops) (TMG Bureau of
Environment 2009)
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
<58>promoting tree-planting measures such as thinning, tending, and artificial forestation, implementing forest conservation projects (restoring and preventing mountain devastations, forest improvement) (TMG Bureau of Industrial and
Labor Affairs 2010a; TMG 2009a); <59>replacing sugi trees with broad-leaved trees (MEXT 2010; TMG 2010a)
Other indicators in common
<42>–<45>
[N2] : no relevant policies
[N3] : no relevant policies
4

[N4] : no relevant policies
[N5] [25]
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
Bureau of
Environment
Bureau of Port and Harbor
<60>surveying marine organisms in coral reefs (surveying present conditions of useful aquatic animals, investigating the possibility of fisheries development)
(Yoneyama 2006); <61>surveying inner Tokyo Bay (surveying biological species in Tokyo Bay) (Tokyo Metropolitan Islands Area Research and
Development Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2007)
<62>surveying aquatic organisms in inner Tokyo Bay (follow-up study of benthic organisms, fish, and birds in the bay) (TMG Bureau of Environment
2012a)
<63>promoting the installation of coastal protection equipment that is highly hydrophilic and organism-conscious (making every effort to conserve habitats at the time of installation) (TMG Bureau of Port and Harbor 2009)
[N6] : no relevant policies
[29]
Bureau of
Construction
<64>providing information on the best time to view flowers (providing information on the best time to view plants at municipal parks on its Web site)
(TMG Bureau of Construction 2003c)
[30]: no relevant policies
Bureau of
Citizens and
Cultural Affairs
<65>conducting Web-based TMG monitoring questionnaires on biodiversity
(used as a reference to investigate and promote policies related to biodiversity)
(TMG 2010c)
[N7]
[31]
Bureau of
Construction
Bureau of
Environment
[32]: no relevant policies
[33]: no relevant policies
<66>holding a lecture on biodiversity (mainly for Tokyo residents to obtain a better understanding of biodiversity conservation) (TMG 2010d)
<67>protecting wild animals and plants (developing a Red Data Book, taking measures to protect rare wild organisms) (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009;
TMG Bureau of Environment 2010b), protecting natural wildlife and plant(TMG Bureau of Environment 2007)
[C] [C1] [34]
Tokyo Disaster
Prevention Plan
(wind and flood damage)
<68>addressing storm surges comparable to Typhoon Vera (Arakawa Peil
(A.P.)+5.1 m) (Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Council 2007)
TMG Welfare and Health
Program for the
Elderly
<69>enhancing measures for people requiring assistance during a disaster (e.g., establishing a rescue and relief system for the elderly during a disaster) (TMG
2009c)
Bureau of <70>developing defense facilities for storm surges, developing super-levees
Construction,
Bureau of Urban 5 rivers in the eastern Tokyo lowland) (TMG Bureau of Urban Development
Development
(developing a levee that can handle A.P.+5.1 m, improving safety on the major
2009; TMG Bureau of Construction 2009)
Bureau of Port and Harbor
<71>establishing outer defense lines composed of seawalls, floodgates, and drainage mechanism (protecting Tokyo residents from storm surges and abnormally high tides) (TMG Bureau of Port and Harbor 2009); <72>expediting work during an abnormally high tide with a disaster prevention network for storm surges (TMG Bureau of Port and Harbor 2009); <73>sending e-mails with information on the closing and opening of floodgates during a typhoon/storm surge (TMG Bureau of Port and Harbor 2008)
Bureau of
Construction
<74>improving the Koto Triangle: securing the safety against storm surge
(A.P.+5.1 m) disasters by 2025 (TMG Bureau of Construction 2009; TMG,
2005); <75>improving and establishing evacuation and disaster prevention systems (TMG Bureau of Construction 2009); <76>developing the TMG Plan for Flood Prevention (coordinating and smoothly implementing flood prevention operations) (TMG Bureau of Construction 2003d)
Bureau of Urban <77>improving the Koto Triangle (improving disaster prevention bases) (TMG
Development Bureau of Urban Development 2009d)
Bureau of
Sewerage
<78>raising awareness about disaster prevention (e.g., distributing a leaflet on flood measures) (TMG Bureau of Sewerage 2010b)
5

Bureau of
General Affairs
<79>conducting emergency drills (e.g., communication training) assuming wind and flood damage and landslide disasters; <80> developing disaster emergency measures (e.g., a mechanism, disaster prevention equipment, and a system in preparation for a disaster); <81> using public relations for disaster prevention and community education (TMG Bureau of General Affairs 2010); <82> enhancing the government’s radio system for disaster prevention
(communication infrastructure during a disaster); <83>developing TMG’s
Regional Disaster Prevention Plan, surveying tsunami inundation predictions;
<84>promoting TMG’s Business Continuity Plan (BCP) (TMG Bureau of
General Affairs 2010); <85>running TMG’s Disaster Prevention Information
Web site (TMG Bureau of General Affairs 2007a)
Office of
Metropolitan
Hospital
Management
<86>promoting communication with relevant organizations in preparation for a disaster, conducting training (e.g., developing a medical system in preparation for a disaster) (TMG Office of Metropolitan Hospital Management 2010)
Tokyo Fire
Department
<87>securing rescue systems; <88>training volunteers for disaster support: recruiting 17,000 registrants (the goal has already been achieved); <89> enhancing measures for people requiring assistance during a disaster (Tokyo
Fire Department 2010a)
Bureau of Social supplies, providing disaster condolence money and support funding) (TMG
Welfare and
Public Health
<90>supporting disaster relief (e.g., storing and managing disaster rescue
Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health 2009a); <91>improving medical systems during a disaster (TMG Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health
2009a; TMG 2010e; TMG 2008a)
Bureau of
Taxation
<92>reducing/exempting/deferring metropolitan tax payments depending on the degree of the damage when residents are hit by wind and flood damage, earthquakes, or fires (TMG Bureau of Taxation 2008)
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
<93>implementing a support project to develop TMG’s Business Continuity
Plan (BCP) (e.g., supporting companies that have developed BCPs to prepare for disaster risks) (TMG Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs 2010b)
[35], [36]: no relevant policies
TMG’s Basic
<94>long-term outlook (in about 30 years): eliminating flood incidences during
Policy for
Intense Rainfalls rainfalls of as much as 60 mm/h throughout Tokyo (TMG 2007a)
Tokyo Disaster
Prevention Plan
(wind and flood damage)
<95>securing flood control safety that can handle rainfalls of about 50 mm/h
(Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Council 2007)
[C2] [37]
Bureau of
Transportation
Bureau of
Sewerage
<96>installing flood prevention devices and watertight doors (preventing metro station yards from being flooded) (TMG Bureau of Transportation 2009);
<97>conducting training for flood prevention (e.g., training to install water stops) (TMG Bureau of Transportation 2009)
<98>improving main sewage pipes and pump stations on a priority basis: introducing 281 standby pumps that can handle rainfalls of 50 mm/h by the end of FY 2012 and 35,300 ha of improved sewage facilities in the area (TMG
Bureau of Sewerage 2010a), providing cities with information on water levels in the sewer trunk lines (TMG Bureau of Sewerage 2010a; TMG Bureau of
Sewerage 2010b); <99>installing storage and infiltration facilities (public facilities, individual residences): installing public rainwater infiltration inlets at
1100 sites by the end of FY 2012 (TMG Bureau of Sewerage 2010a);
<100>publishing dangerous zone maps showing past flooded areas and expected future flooded zones: developing two improvement basins in the maps showing areas expected to be flooded by the end of FY 2012 (TMG Bureau of Sewerage
2010a); <101>increasing the outflow discharge volume from sewers to rivers
(improving the combined sewer systems): 107 million m 3 of storage capacity in sewage storage facilities at the early stage of rainfall by the end of FY 2012;
<102>increasing the outflow discharge volume from sewers to rivers
(improving combined sewer systems): 28% of storage facilities to be improved
6

[38]
Bureau of
Construction by the end of FY 2012 (TMG Bureau of Sewerage 2010a);<103>providing
Real-time Precipitation Information (“Tokyo Amesh”) (TMG Bureau of
Sewerage 2010a; TMG Bureau of Sewerage 2010b); <104>preventing flood damage in semi-underground buildings, promoting the installment of pumping equipment in individual residences (TMG Bureau of Sewerage 2010b)
<75>,<105>installing storage and infiltration facilities (public facilities, individual residences); <106>promoting bank protection works, river channels, regulating reservoirs and diversion aqueducts, and river development: conducting the development by 2015 to handle rainfalls of 50 mm/h (TMG
Bureau of Construction 2009); <107>providing past records of flood damage
(TMG Bureau of Construction 2003e); <108>publishing dangerous zones maps showing past and expected future areas of flooding and other hazardous area maps; <109>providing information using the Integrated Information System for
Flood Control in Tokyo (e.g., flooding information, precipitation level, river water level); <110>increase in the outflow discharge volume from sewers to rivers (improving combined sewer systems) (TMG Bureau of Construction
2009); <111>maintaining grade-separated crossings (installing a pump at underpasses, installing flood warning systems), improving the Koto Triangle: securing safety against precipitation of 47 mm/h (overlaying the precipitation level with sea-level rise resulting from storm surges in the most dangerous state) requiring the drainage of inner basin by 2025 (TMG Bureau of Construction
2009; TMG 2005)
<112>promoting bank protection works, river channels, regulating reservoirs and diversion aqueducts, and river development (e.g., handling rainfalls of 50
Bureau of Urban mm/h); <113>publishing dangerous zones maps showing the past and expected future areas of flooding (TMG Bureau of Urban Development 2009);
Development
<114>promoting the improvement of areas overcrowded with wooden houses
(enhanced regional disaster prevention by improving roads and buildings)
(TMG Bureau of Urban Development 2009; TMG Bureau of Taxation 2008)
Tokyo Fire
Department
Bureau of
Environment
<115> various activities including flood defense to reduce overflows and flood damage (reducing damage by flood defense methods, rescue operations, drainage, and evacuation guidance) (Tokyo Fire Department 2010a)
<116>increasing in the outflow discharge volume from sewers to rivers (TMG
Bureau of Sewerage 2010a); <117> enhancing the Green Building Plan program, the Green Labeling System of Condominiums (considering rainwater permeation) (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009)
Flood control measures at
Tsurumi River*
<118>preventing flood damage resulting from rainfalls of 60 mm/h by 2027
(MLIT et al. 2007)
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
<119>producing, supplying, cultivating, and distributing seedlings: purchasing
1.01 million seedlings for cultivation (300,000 for distribution) by 2012 (2011)
(TMG Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs 2010a); <120> providing disaster relief in farmlands, preventing farmlands from suffering disasters: implementing agricultural river structure temporary projects in Inagi and Hino Cities
Bureau of Social
<121>improving the disaster medical system (TMG Bureau of Social Welfare
Welfare and and Public Health 2009a; TMG 2010e; TMG 2008a)
Public Health
Other indicators
<44>, <49>–<51>, <54>–<69>, <76>–<88>, <90>–<93> in common
Expert research on great flood***
<122> improving river flow capacity corresponding with the probability of a
200-year flood (Central Disaster Prevention Council 2010)
Bureau of <123>developing super-levees (safety improvement of major 5 rivers in the
Construction,
Bureau of Urban Bureau of Construction 2009)
Development eastern Tokyo lowlands) (TMG Bureau of Urban Development 2009; TMG
Flood control measures at
Tsurumi River*
<124> improving safety of flood discharge resulting from rainfalls of 60 mm/h by 2027 (MLIT et al. 2007)
7

[C3]
[H] [H1] [41]
Bureau of
Construction
<125>improving the Koto Triangle: securing safety during rainfalls of 100 m/h by 2025 (TMG Bureau of Construction 2009; TMG 2005)
Other indicators <44>, <49>–<51>, <54>–<69>, <76>–<88>, <90>–<120> in common
Tokyo Disaster
Prevention Plan
(wind and flood damage)
<126>designating caution zones and hazardous places as measures against mudslide and landslide damage, implementing construction of countermeasures in these areas (Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Council 2007)
The 10-year
Plan for Tokyo
Bureau of
Construction
<127>100% implementation of measures against landslide disasters around evacuation centers (TMG 2010a)
<128>providing warning information on landslide disasters using the Integrated
Information System for Flood Control in Tokyo (TMG Bureau of Construction,
2009); <129>designating sediment-related disaster warning areas; <130> creating maps showing sediment-related disaster hazardous places (protecting the citizens from landslide disasters) (TMG Bureau of Construction 2009; TMG
Bureau of Construction 2003f); <131>improving sediment control dams, implementing collapse prevention works and landslide prevention works (TMG
Bureau of Construction 2009); <132> conduct road disaster prevention works
(TMG Bureau of Construction 2009)
[39] <133>designating housing land development construction regulated areas;
Bureau of Urban <134>restricting certain development activities (restricting housing land
Development development in areas at risk of landslides) (TMG Bureau of Urban Development
2009)
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
<135>forest improvement project for disaster prevention, disaster prevention project in devastating torrents, promoting the purchase of government-managed forest insurance in preparation for meteorological disasters (TMG Bureau of
Industrial and Labor Affairs 2010a)
Bureau of
General Affairs
<136>compiling specific measures such as precautionary and emergency disaster measures against current challenges, including landslide disasters (TMG
Bureau of General Affairs 2007b)
Bureau of Social <121>, <137>disaster relief (storing and managing disaster rescue supplies,
Welfare and providing disaster relief money and other support funding) (TMG Bureau of
Public Health Social Welfare and Public Health 2009a; TMG 2010e)
Other indicators
<27>, <69>–<75>, <79>–<93>, <103> in common
[40]: no relevant policies
Heatstroke
Environmental
Health Manual
2009***
Tokyo Fire
Department
<138>providing information on heat stroke prevention and coping methods
(introducing scientific knowledge on heat stroke and relevant information to help prevent heat stroke) (The Ministry of Environment, Government of Japan
2009)
<139>establishing the Emergency Consultation Center (Tokyo Fire Department,
2010a); <140>encouraging caution against heat stroke using public relations
(e.g., Web sites and posters that provide information on heat stroke prevention and coping mechanisms) (Tokyo Fire Department 2010a; Tokyo Fire
Department 2010b; Tokyo Fire Department 2006)
Bureau of
Transportation
Bureau of
Environment
Bureau of
Construction
<141>installing cool roofs and dry mist devices (heat countermeasures in the midsummer) (TMG Bureau of Transportation 2009)
<142>installing cool roofs and dry mist devices (green roofs and applying highly reflective paint on rooftops as heat island countermeasures) (TMG
Bureau of Environment 2009; TMG 2008b)
<143> using pavement and paint that are highly heat-insulating, water-retentive, and permeable: renovating 1,000 m 2 of pavement in Hibiya Park to waterretentive paving blocks (TMG Bureau of Construction 2009)
Tokyo Fire
Department
<144>securing an emergency conveyance system (reducing health damage by swift conveyance at the onset of heatstroke) (Tokyo Fire Department 2010a)
Bureau of Social <145> developing regional medical care measures (e.g. regional care) (TMG
Welfare and Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health 2009a; TMG 2009c; TMG
8

[H2]
Public Health 2008a);<146>improving emergency medical systems (improving the system for those who suffer sudden, unexpected injury or illness to receive proper medical care anytime, anywhere depending on the symptom) (TMG Bureau of Social
Welfare and Public Health 2009a; TMG 2010e; TMG 2008a); <147>supporting the mental and physical health maintenance of local residents by managing the
Community General Center (TMG Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health
2009a; TMG 2010e; TMG 2009c)
TMG’s Health and Welfare
Programs for the <149>establishing a watch network (TMG 2009c)
Elderly
<148>securing the safety and security of the elderly using IT (e.g., robots);
Bureau of Urban
<150>conducting urban development with the goal of saving energy (providing
Development green houses with improved insulation) (TMG Bureau of Urban Development
2009)
Other indicators in common
<50>–<55>, <119>
[42]: no relevant policies
<151>improving technology centers so they can manage health crises 24/7 by
2012 (TMG Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health 2009a; TMG 2010a;
TMG 2010f; TMG 2010; TMG 2008a); <152>making fixed-point observations of infection vectors (TMG Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health 2009a;
TMG 2008c); <153> conducting an infection trend survey (TMG Bureau of
Bureau of Social
Social Welfare and Public Health 2009a; TMG 2008c; TMG 2010e; TMG
2008a); <154>enhancing preventive measures against epidemics (taking
Welfare and
Public Health measures such as disinfection) (TMG 2008c) ; <155>sharing information on infectious diseases using domestic and international cooperation systems such as the Health Crisis-Management Information Network System for Infectious
Disease, taking wide-area measures ( TMG Bureau of Social Welfare and Public
Health 2009a; TMG 2008c; TMG 2010e; TMG 2008a); <156>distributing checklist for infection prevention (TMG Bureau of Social Welfare and Public
Health 2009b)
TMG Infection
Manual 2009
<157>providing information to prevent and cope with infectious diseases
(Infectious Disease Control Section, Health and Safety Division, TMG Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health (ed.) 2009c)
[43]
[44]
[45]
TMG Welfare and Health
Program for the
Elderly
<158> introducing infection control in facilities for the elderly (e.g., leadership training for infection control to prevent infectious diseases in special nursing homes) (TMG 2009c)
Office of
Metropolitan
Hospital
Management
Metropolitan
Central
Wholesale
Market
<159>infection control: strengthening cooperation with relevant organizations, including local medical associations, and improving infection management system by stocking medical equipment (TMG Office of Metropolitan Hospital
Management 2010)
<160> improving hygiene management: pest control for hygiene maintenance in the market (Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market 2009b)
TMG Prevention <161>taking comprehensive prevention measures, cooperating with relevant
Program for
Infectious organizations to establish a health crisis-management system (preventing the occurrence of infectious diseases, preventing the spread and rampancy of
Diseases infection) (TMG 2008c)
Other indicators <144> in common
Other indicators <144>–<161> in common
2010 Social
Welfare and
Public Health in
Tokyo
<162>preparing for new mosquito-borne infections (improving surveillance system for potential new infections resulting from temperature increase caused by climate change) (TMG 2010e)
9

[H3]
[46]
[47]
[48]
Other indicators <144>–<161> in common
Other indicators <144>–<161> in common
Tokyo
Metropolitan
Environmental
Master Plan
<163>aiming to reduce GHG emissions in the transportation sector by about
40% relative to 2000 levels by 2020; <164>short- to medium-term goal (5 years): 0 days of photochemical smog advisory days, fully achieving environmental standards of Suspended Particulate Matter, NO
2
by FY 2010, and keep them at low concentrations and stable by FY 2016 (TMG 2008b)
Development of the Social
<165>protecting citizens from health hazards resulting from living environments (subsidizing medical expenses for air pollution) (TMG Bureau of
Welfare and
Public Health in
Tokyo 2010
Social Welfare and Public Health 2009a; TMG Bureau of Construction 2003e;
TMG 2010e)
TMG Health and Medical
Care Plan
<166>research on the health impacts of air pollution (understanding air pollutants and their health impacts on asthma patients (TMG 2008a))
Bureau of
Environment
Bureau of
Transportation
<167>measuring the atmospheric environment by managing an atmospheric environment system, providing information on pollution situations and photochemical smog (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009; TMG 2008b; TMG
Bureau of Environment 2011b; TMG Bureau of Environment 2012c);
<168>reducing volatile organic compounds emissions in accordance with the
Air Pollution Control Act (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009; TMG 2008b);
<169>promoting eco-driving (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009; TMG 2008b;
TMG 2004); <170>tackling automobile pollution, individual vehicle measures: requiring the automobile fleet of large businesses possessing more than 200 vehicles in Tokyo to use more than 5% of low-emission, fuel-efficient vehicles by the end of FY 2015 (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009); <171>promoting the introduction of 15,000 electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles and 80 quick charge facilities by FY 2014 (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009);
<172>taking local pollution measures (e.g., conduct a fact-finding survey on environmental pollution) (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009; TMG 2004);
<173>using the Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute to study photochemical oxidants (Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute 2009); <174>measures for automobile traffic (e.g., promoting Transportation Demand Management policies, projects to reduce traffic jams, and promoting the use of and public transportation) (TMG Bureau of Environment 2009; TMG 2008b; TMG 2004)
<175>promote eco-driving (TMG Bureau of Transportation 2010);
<176>introducing low-emission buses/facilities (e.g., introduce 62 hybrid buses from 2010 to 2012) (TMG Bureau of Transportation 2010)
Metropolitan
Central
Wholesale
Market
<177> reduce exhaust emissions (reducing exhaust emissions in the market, promoting the introduction of low-emission vehicles) (Metropolitan Central
Wholesale Market 2009b)
Bureau of
Construction
<178>experimentally maintain air purification equipment (verifying the effect of reduced air pollution [TMG Bureau of Construction 2009])
Other indicators in common
<50>–<57>, <119>
TMG
Headquarters to
Combat Pollen
Allergy
<179> introducing measures to reduce sources of pollen: reducing 20% of sugi pollen over a 10-year period in the Tama area (TMG Bureau of Industrial and
Labor Affairs 2006)
Development of the Social
Welfare and
Public Health in
Tokyo 2010
<180>protecting citizens from health hazards resulting from their living environment (taking pollen allergy measures such as efforts to promote the practical implementation of pollen allergy treatments) (TMG 2010f)
Bureau of Social <181>conducting automatic measurements of Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae
10

[49]
Welfare and
Public Health pollens, operate a pollen forecast system (Tokyo Pollen Net) (TMG Bureau of
Social Welfare and Public Health 2009a; TMG 2010f; TMG 2008a)
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
<182>replacing sugi forests with broad-leaved trees (TMG Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs 2010a; TMG 2010a, TMG 2009a)
TMG’s Business <183> securing and providing temporary houses (early restoration in
Continuity Plan municipalities during a disaster, contributing to the protection of citizens by role
(BCP) sharing between bureaus and departments during a disaster) (TMG 2008d)
[S1]
[50]: no relevant policies
[51]: no relevant policies
[S2] : no relevant policies
[S3] : no relevant policies
[S4]
[54] : no relevant policies
[55]
Bureau of
Industrial and
Labor Affairs
<93>
[56] : no relevant policies
[S]
[S5]
[57] : no relevant policies
[58]
TMG’s BCP
<184> securing emergency water supply supplies, restoring water supply facilities (early restoration in municipalities during a disaster, contributing to the protection of citizens by role sharing between bureaus and departments during a disaster) (TMG 2008d)
Bureau of
General Affairs
<185>conducting emergency drills (e.g., training for emergency restoration by lifeline organizations) (TMG Bureau of General Affairs 2008)
[59] : no relevant policies
[60],
[61]
Bureau of
General Affairs
<185>
Bureau of
General Affairs
<185>
[62]
TMG‘s BCP
<186>emergency restoration of sewage facilities (early restoration in municipalities during a disaster, contributing to protection of citizens by role sharing between bureaus and departments during a disaster) (TMG 2008d)
[62]: no relevant policies
The field symbol and indicator numbers refer to the indicators listed in Table 1. a No asterisk: led by TMG; *: led by the national Japanese government, TMG, and other entities; **: the policies are listed in the documents from a TMG bureau/department, but the policy or program is actually led by the national
Japanese government; ***: led by the national Japanese government. b If the specific measures/goals is cross-sectoral, the measures/goal is not repeated after its first mention, and the number is listed under “other indicators in common” in the other relevant categories.
11

Table S2
Categorization of existing potential adaptation policies in TMG
Field Category Policy without/with consideration of future climate change
Distribution of loss without with
[F]
Reduction of negative impacts
Improvement of adaptation capacity
Research/investigation without
[B]<3>managing a livestock hygiene service center;<11>promoting biofuel use with
[B]<1>improving pest control measures;<3>livestock hygiene measures without [B]<3>assisting the management of the Oume Livestock Center with without with
[B] <2>managing the Agricultural Research Center (e.g., developing technology for productivity improvement); <3>comprehensive measures for livestock promotion (productivity improvement); <4> improving fishing grounds and promoting fish-stocking, promote resource-management; <5>maintaining marine safety and order in fishing operations; <7>reviving river fish, stimulating the aquaculture industry, creating an environment for fish cultivation (promoting resource propagation with their release); <10>emergency project on
Angelica keiskei and Gelidiaceae; <12>regional agriculture promotion by zoning
[C]<6>developing new fishing grounds; <14>expansion of local production for local consumption
[A]<1>&<32>conducting fact-finding survey on agricultural water;
<8>promoting fishery investigations;
[B]<15>developing a technology to secure the safety of agricultural products
[C]<9>researching marine resources for sustainable use
Dissemination and awareness raising/provision of information/human resources development without with [A]<1>improving pest control measures
[W]
Distribution of loss
Reduction of negative impacts
Improvement of adaptation capacity
Research/investigation without with without
[B]<33>removing sediment sludge by river dredging, water with purification; <36>advance planning to reduce drainage discharge in a factory in preparation for a drought; <40>implementing measures against ground subsidence
[C]<18>securing new water utilization capacity without
[B]<21>leakage control; <23>100% rate of use of ductile iron pipes;
<24>98% replacement rate of installed in the early period ductile iron pipes;
[C]<25>completion of duplicate raw water connecting pipes with without with
[B]<17>stable water use; <17>responding to a review of water demand according to its use; <20>achievement of 100% water supply under a once-in-a-decade drought; <27>managing water conservation forests;
<29>developing facilities for water purification, distribution, and supply; <34>establishing river purification facilities; <38> improving water resources and purification facilities;<39> water quality improvement by managing small-scale water works;
[C]<19>the Water Conveyance Project at Lake Kasumigaura
[A]<1>&<32>conduct fact-finding survey on agricultural water, <35> measurement survey of the water quality in rivers, Tokyo Bay, lakes, and underground water (monitoring underground water contamination); <37>water quality management and inspection of water-source rivers, water treatment plants targets; <41>observing underground water level
12

[N]
[C]
Dissemination and awareness raising/provision of information/human resources development
Distribution of loss
Reduction of negative impacts
Improvement of adaptation capacity
Research/investigation
Dissemination and awareness raising/provision of information/human resources development without
[A]<26>campaign for the development and diffusion of water saving equipment and water saving concepts; <28>providing information on the amount of water in the dam; with without
[C]<30>&<31>promoting use of recycled water with without with without with without with without with
[A]<49>selecting “priority parks and green spaces” and designating
“priority improvement areas; <50>–<53>green project; <54>–<57> promoting green movement;
[B]<46>implement cyclic regeneration project of forests;
<48>securing a possible site and lignosa areas; <58>promoting treeplanting measures, implementing forest conservation projects;
<59>replacing sugi trees with broad-leaved trees
[A]<43>designating conservation areas on hilly lands focusing on thickets;
[B]<42>systematically and strategically conservation of existing green areas including lignosa areas and farmlands; <63>promoting the installation of coastal protection equipment that is highly hydrophilic and organism-conscious; <67>protecting wild animals and plants;
[C]<45>managing scenic zones and special green space conservation districts; <47>leveling forest age structure
[A]<62>surveying aquatic organisms in inner Tokyo Bay; <65> conducting Web-based TMG monitoring questionnaires on biodiversity
[B]<60>surveying marine organisms in coral reefs
[A]<64>providing information on the best time to view flowers; <66> holding a lecture on biodiversity
Distribution of loss
Reduction of negative impacts
Improvement of adaptation capacity without with without with without
[B]<90>&<137>supporting disaster relief; <91>improving medical systems during a disaster; <92>reducing/exempting/deferring metropolitan tax payments; <137>disaster relief
[A]<135>promoting the purchase of government-managed forest insurance in preparation for meteorological disasters
[A]<96>installing flood prevention devices and watertight doors;
<98>improving main sewage pipes and pump stations on a priority basis;
[B]<99>&<105>installing storage and infiltration facilities
[A]<106>&<112>promoting bank protection works, river channels, regulating reservoirs and diversion aqueducts, and river development;
[B]<68>addressing storm surges comparable to Typhoon Vera; <70> developing defense facilities for storm surges and super-levees; <71> establishing outer defense lines composed of seawalls, floodgates, and drainage mechanism; <95>securing flood control safety;
<101>&<102>&<110>&<116>increase the outflow discharge volume from sewers to rivers; <126>designating caution zones and hazardous places as measures against mudslide and landslide damage;
<131>improving sediment control dams, implementing collapse prevention works and landslide prevention works; <132>conduct road disaster prevention works;
[C]<94>long-term outlook (in about 30 years); <122>improve river flow capacity corresponding with the probability of a 200-year flood
[A]<72>expediting work during an abnormally high tide with a disaster prevention network for storm surges; <80>developing disaster emergency measures; <82>enhancing the government’s radio system for disaster prevention; <86>promoting communication with relevant
13

[H]
Research/investigation
Dissemination and awareness raising/provision of information/human resources development
Distribution of loss
Reduction of negative impacts with organizations in preparation for a disaster, conducting training; <98> providing cities with information on water levels in the sewer trunk lines; <127>100% implementation of measures against landslide disasters around evacuation centers; <136>compiling specific measures such as precautionary and emergency disaster measures against current challenges, including landslide disasters;
[B]<75>improving and establishing evacuation and disaster prevention systems;
[C]<117>enhancing the Green Building Plan program, the Green
Labeling System of Condominiums
[A]<133>designating housing land development construction regulated areas; <134>restricting certain development activities;
[B]<76>developing the TMG Plan for Flood Prevention; <83> developing TMG’s Regional Disaster Prevention Plan; <84> promoting TMG’s BCP; <93>implementing a support project to develop TMG’s BCP; <99>&<105>installing storage and infiltration facilities; <104>preventing flood damage in semi-underground buildings, promoting the installment of pumping equipment in individual residences; <115>various activities including flood defense to reduce overflows and flood damage; <120>provide disaster relief in farmlands, preventing farmlands from suffering disasters: implementing agricultural river structure temporary projects in Inagi and Hino Cities; <135>forest improvement project for disaster prevention, disaster prevention project in devastating torrents, promoting the purchase of government-managed forest insurance in preparation for meteorological disasters;
[C] <74>&<77>&<111>&<125> improving the Koto Triangle; <114> promoting the improvement of areas overcrowded with wooden houses without with [B]<83>surveying tsunami inundation predictions; without with
[A]<73>sending e-mails with information on the closing and opening of floodgates during a typhoon/storm surge; <78>raising awareness about disaster prevention; <81>using public relations for disaster prevention and community education; <85>running TMG’s Disaster
Prevention Information Web site; <88>training volunteers for disaster support; <97> conducting training for flood prevention; <103> providing real-time precipitation information; <107>providing past records of flood damage; <109>providing information using the
Integrated Information System for Flood Control in Tokyo
[A]<79>conducting emergency drills assuming wind and flood damage and landslide disasters; <100>&<113>publishing dangerous zone maps showing past flooded areas flooded and expected future flooded zones;
<129>designating sediment-related disaster warning areas; <130> create maps showing sediment-related disaster hazardous places
[B]<108>publishing dangerous zone maps showing past and expected future areas of flooding and other hazardous area maps without [B]<165> with without with
[A]<141>&<142>installing cool roofs and dry mist devices; <143> using pavement and paint that are highly heat-insulating, waterretentive, and permeable; <154>enhancing preventive measures against epidemics; <170>&<171>tackling automobile pollution, individual vehicle measures ; <176>introducing low-emission buses/facilities;
[B]<163>reducing GHG emissions; <168>reducing VOC emissions;
<169> promoting eco-driving; <177>reducing exhaust emissions;
<179> introducing measures to reduce sources of pollen; <182> replacing sugi forests with broad-leaved trees;
[C]<174> measures for automobile traffic
[B]<160> improving hygiene management
14

Improvement of adaptation capacity without with
[A]<139> establishing the Emergency Consultation Center; <144> securing an emergency conveyance system; <147>supporting the mental and physical health maintenance of local residents by managing the Community General Center; <153>conducting an infection trend survey; <158>introducing infection control in facilities for the elderly;
<159>strengthening infection control; <165>&<180> protecting citizens from health hazards resulting from living environments;
[B]<145>developing regional medical care measures; <148>securing the safety and security of the elderly using IT; <161>taking comprehensive prevention measures, cooperating with relevant organizations to establish a health crisis-management system;
[C]<150>conducting urban development with the goal of saving energy
[B]<162>preparing for new mosquito-borne infections
Research/investigation
Dissemination and awareness raising/provision of information/human resources development without
[A]<152>making fixed-point observations of infection vectors; <153> conducting an infection trend survey; <167>measuring the atmospheric environment by managing an atmospheric environment system, providing information on pollution situations and photochemical smog;
[B]<166>research of the health impacts of air pollution; <172>taking local pollution measures with without with without
[A]<138>providing information on heat stroke prevention and coping methods;
[B]<155>sharing information on infectious diseases using domestic and international cooperation systems, taking wide-area measures
Distribution of loss
Reduction of negative impacts with without with
Improvement of adaptation capacity without
[B]<183>securing and providing temporary houses; <184>securing emergency water supply supplies, restoring water supply facilities;
<186>emergency restoration of sewage facilities
[S]
Research/investigation with without with without [A]<185>conducting emergency drills Dissemination and awareness raising/provision of information/human resources development with
The numbers correspond to the policies listed in Table S1.
Length of period: [A] short, [B] incremental, and [C] long.
Descriptions of specific measures/goals in Table S1 are simplified.
Some specific measures/goals in Table S1 are separated and put into different categories (e.g., <1>, <3>).
Some specific measures/goals in Table S1 are listed in multi-sectors (e.g., <1>&<32>).
Report lists of TMG's policies related to adaptation
15

Central Disaster Prevention Council (2010) Report by committees for technical investigation on large-scale flood countermeasures. Central Disaster Prevention Council, Tokyo.
Tokyo Metropolitan Islands Area Research and Development Center of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (2007)
Tokyo Bay News. In: http://www.ifarc.metro.tokyo.jp/22,297,47.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market (2009). Toyosu new market development policy and facility outline.
Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market (2009b) Project outlines 2009. Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market, Tokyo
Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
MoE (2009) Heatstroke Environmental Health Manual, revised in June 2009. Ministry of Environment, Government of
Japan, Tokyo.
MLIT, TMG, Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama City, Kawasaki City, Machida City, Inagi City (2007) Tsurumi River
Basin Flood Damage Measures Plan. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Government of
Japan, Tokyo.
MILT (2008) Changes of Basic Plan for Water Resources Development in Tone River and Arakawa River systems. The
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Government of Japan, Tokyo.
TMG (2004) Total Emission Reduction Plan of Nitrogen Oxides and Particulate Matter from Automobiles in Tokyo.
Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2005) The development plan for the rivers of the Arakawa River systems in Koto Ward. Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2006a) River fisheries promotion plan. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2006b) Interim appraisal of agriculture promotion plan in Tokyo and future efforts by region. Tokyo
Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2007a) TMG's Basic Policy for Intense Rainfalls. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2007b) 2006-2015 Tokyo Metropolitan Housing Master Plan. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2008a) TMG Health and Medical Care Plan. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2008c) TMG Prevention Program for Infectious Diseases. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2008d) TMG's Business Continuity Plan (BCP) <earthquakes>. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2009a) Marine fisheries promotion plan. Tokyo.
TMG (2009b) Promotion plan for forest creation. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2009c) TMG's Health and Welfare Programs for the Elderly. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2010a) Execution Program 2010 Toward "Tokyo in 10 years time". Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2010b) Comprehensive policy for securing green. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2010c) Results of the 2nd web-based TMG monitoring questionnaires on biodiversity. http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/INET/CHOUSA/2010/09/60k9d100.htm. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG (2010d) Toward understanding of biodiversity - collecting and preserving herbariums. http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/INET/BOSHU/2010/06/22k68100.htm. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG (2010e) 2010 Social Welfare and Public Health in Tokyo. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG (2010f) Development of the Social Welfare and Public Health in Tokyo 2010. Tokyo Metropolitan Government,
Tokyo.
TMG Agriculture and Forestry Research Center (2012) Research projects. http://www.tokyoaff.or.jp/center/kenkyusyokai/02index.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Construction (2003a) We are promoting the maintenance of municipal parks. In: http://www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.jp/kouen/seibi/index.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Construction (2003b) More street trees. http://www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.jp/kouen/gaiyo/02.html.
Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Construction (2003c) Information on the best time to view flowers. http://www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.jp/kouen/hananomigoro/index.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Construction (2003d) TMG Plan for Flood Prevention. http://www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.jp/kasen/suiboukeikaku/index.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Construction (2003e) Past records of flood damage. http://www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.jp/suigai_kiroku/kako.htm. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Construction (2003f) Overall index map, <Tokyo maps showing sediment-related disaster hazardous places>. http://www.kensetsu.metro.tokyo.jp/kasen/map/SakuinALL.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Construction (2009) Project outlines 2009. Bureau of Construction, Tokyo Metropolitan Government,
Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Environment (2007) Preserving nature and wildlife. http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/faq/animals_plants.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Environment (2009) Project outlines 2009. Bureau of Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government,
Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Environment (2010a) Actual situations of underground water pumping in Tokyo (research report on
16

underground water pump age). Bureau of Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Environment (2010b) Red Data Book. http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/nature/animals_plants/rare_creature/red_data_book/index.html. Accessed 28
January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Environment (2012a) Results of surveying aquatic organisms in inner Tokyo Bay. http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/water/tokyo_bay/creature/aquatic_creature.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Environment (2012b) The status of photochemical oxidant warnings issued in Tokyo. In: http://www.ox.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/smog.htm. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Environment (2012c) Air pollution map information (QE). http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/cgibin/bunpu1/p101.cgi (accessed 28.01.13).
TMG Bureau of General Affairs (2007a) TMG's Disaster Prevention Information website. http://www.bousai.metro.tokyo.jp/index.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of General Affairs (2007b) Action plan for disaster prevention measures in the mountain areas. Bureau of
General Affairs, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of General Affairs (2008) Joint Comprehensive Disaster Prevention Drills by TMG, Chuo Ward and Koto
Ward in FY 2008. http://www.bousai.metro.tokyo.jp/japanese/tmg/training_11.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of General Affairs (2010) Project outlines 2010. Bureau of General Affairs, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs (2006) Forest improvement at the source of pollen allergy. http://www.sangyo-rodo.metro.tokyo.jp/norin/kafun/seibi/seibi.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs (2010a) Project outlines 2010. Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs,
Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs (2010b) Team Business Continuity in Tokyo. http://www.sangyorodo.metro.tokyo.jp/shoko/keiei/BCP/bcp/index.htm. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Port and Harbor (2008) E-mail service to deliver information on floodgates closing. http://www.kouwan.metro.tokyo.jp/jigyo/takashio/mail/mail.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Port and Harbor (2009) Project outlines 2009. Bureau of Port and Harbor, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Sewerage (2010a) Tokyo Metropolitan Sewerage Works, Management Plan 2010. Bureau of Sewerage
Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Sewerage (2010b) Project outlines 2010. Bureau of Sewerage, Tokyo Metropolitan Government,
Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health (2009a) Project outlines 2009. Bureau of Social Welfare and Public
Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health (2009b) Checklist for infection prevention (schools and social welfare facilities). http://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.jp/iryo/kansen/chetukurisuto.html. Accessed 28 January
2013.
TMG Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health (2009c) Tokyo Infection Manual 2009. Bureau of Environment,
Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Taxation (2008) Systems for Reducing/ Exempting/ Deferring Tax Payments. http://www.tax.metro.tokyo.jp/common/genmen.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Transportation, 2009. Project outlines 2009. Bureau of Transportation, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Transportation (2010) Management Plan Step-up 2010 by TMG Bureau of Transportation. Bureau of
Transportation, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Urban Development (2009) Project outlines 2009. Bureau of Urban Development, Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Waterworks (2007a) Amount of water in the dam. http://www.waterworks.metro.tokyo.jp/water/suigen.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Waterworks (2007b) Results of water quality examination. http://www.waterworks.metro.tokyo.jp/water/w_info/s_kekka.html. Accessed 28 January 2013.
TMG Bureau of Waterworks (2010a) Project outlines 2010. Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government,
Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Waterworks (2010b) Tokyo Waterworks Management Plan 2010. Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo
Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Waterworks ( 2010c) Tokyo Waterworks Bureau Environmental Plan 2010-2012. Bureau of
Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Bureau of Waterworks (2010d) Water Quality Examination Plan in Fiscal 2010. Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo
Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Civil Engineering Support and Training Center (2010) Research report on ground subsidence in FY 2010. Civil
17

Engineering Support and Training Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Office of Metropolitan Hospital Management (2010) Project outlines 2010. Office of Metropolitan Hospital
Management, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
TMG Special wards and cities and towns of Tokyo (2006) Improvement policy for city planning parks and green spaces. special wards, and cities and towns of Tokyo, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
Tokyo Fire Department (2006) Beware of Heatstroke. http://www.tfd.metro.tokyo.jp/lfe/kyuu-adv/heat_dish19.htm.
Accessed 28 January 2013.
Tokyo Fire Department (2010a) Outlines of fire services administration 2010. Tokyo Fire Department, Tokyo
Metropolitan Government, Tokyo.
Tokyo Fire Department (2010b) Prevent Heatstroke. http://www.tfd.metro.tokyo.jp/camp/2010/201007/camp1.html#topic2. Accessed 28 January 2013.
Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Council (2007) TMG's Regional Disaster Prevention Plan (wind and flood damage) 2007. Tokyo Metropolitan Disaster Prevention Council, Tokyo.
Tokyo Metropolitan Islands Area Research and Development Center of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (2006)
Strategic concept for agriculture and fishery in the islands area. Tokyo Metropolitan Islands Area Research and
Development Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo.
Tokyo Metropolitan Islands Area Research and Development Center of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (2012)
Research on sustainable use of water resources. http://www.ifarc.metro.tokyo.jp/25,1290,39.html. Accessed 28
January 2013.
Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute (2009) Atmospheric environment. http://www.tokyokankyo.jp/kankyoken/research/airpollution2. Accessed 28 January 2013.
Yoneyama S, Seno K, Maeda H, Onoda A, Hayashibara T (2006) Marine animals on the coral reefs of Okino-torishima.
Tokyo Metropolitan Research on Fisheries Science, Tokyo.
18