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Supplementary material to Bauer & Klaassen: Mechanistic models of
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animal migration behaviour – their diversity, structure and use.
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Appendix S1: Other approaches
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There has been incidental use of other methods to model animal migration, which are briefly
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summarised in the following (see Appendix S2 Table S2 for full list of “Other approaches”).
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Network analysis. Network analysis is based on the mathematical framework of graph theory and has
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been applied in many subject areas (Newman, Watts & Strogatz 2002). A migratory network in
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particular, is a collection of nodes, which are the breeding, non-breeding and migratory staging sites,
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and edges, which are the migratory routes connecting pairs of sites. Edges can for instance be weighed
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by migration distance or by the proportion of the population that makes use of that edge. The network
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can be characterised by its ‘direction’, where it is considered ‘undirected’ when individuals employ a
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return migration between wintering and breeding sites or directed if movements are in a specific
13
direction only. The degree of connectivity for a given site is defined as the number of (weighed) edges
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that connect to it. Network analysis has been used to identify sites of high importance in migratory
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networks (Shimazaki et al. 2004; Kolzsch & Blasius 2008), to assist in reserve planning (Malcolm et
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al. 2002) as well as how habitat loss in a network of sites, and in particularly variations in connectivity
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between sites, affects population dynamics in migratory birds (Taylor & Norris 2010).
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GIS based approaches. Using specific characteristics of the physical landscape, some studies have
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attempted to predict migration pathways in a geographic-information system (Tankersley & Orvis
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2003; Musiega, Kazadi & Fukuyama 2006; Musiega, Kazadi & Fukuyama 2006).
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Matrix models. A matrix-modelling (or another probability modelling) approach has been used to
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assess the demographic, population-dynamical consequences of migratory behaviour or the impact of
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human actions (e.g. Charles et al. 2000; Bolger et al. 2008). These models usually consider migration
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only implicitly.
1
The few remaining approaches cannot be summarized further and include visualisation tools (Wu et al.
2
2006), vector summation models that challenge the hypothesized clock-and-compass navigation of
3
birds (Mouritsen 1998; Mouritsen & Mouritsen 2000; Thorup & Rabol 2001; Thorup et al. 2003).
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5
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