Ciel Morgan
Professor Dziadek
ENGL 1302-204
October 8th, 2015
Annotated Bibliography
Guiora, Amos N., and Erin M. Page. "Case Western Reserve Journal of International
Law." Journal of International Law 37.2/3 (2006): 427-47. Academic Search
Complete [EBSCO]. Web. 05 Oct. 2015. Amos Guiora and Erin Page wrote a
journal article that explains all the odds and ends of intelligence, interrogation,
and torture. While the whole article was very interested, I was focused on the
section written about torture. They start by saying that they believe torture is
wrong, and then go into explain how torture is used exactly. While explaining
different types of torture they go into detail about the circumstances that officials
would need to use torture for. This article then explains the definition of torture
and the history behind it. Lastly, it analyzes how torture has been used in the U.S.
and the many torture techniques.
Nowak, Manfred. "What Practices Constitute Torture?: US and UN Standards." Human
Rights Quarterly 28.4 (2006): 809-41. JSTOR [JSTOR]. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.
Manfred Nowak is a professor of law who wrote this scholarly article to inform
his students and many others about the torture used in interrogation. Since he is a
professor of law, he stands more towards the lawyer perspective versus a
psychologist’s perspective. Nowak introduces torture in this article and then
focuses on how the US government uses it. He begins by saying, “Section 2340
defines the act of torture as an “act commited by a person acting under the color
of law specifically intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering”
(Nowak 811). After defining it we get back into how the government tries to state
that torture is an acceptable interrogation method. This article was very helpful,
and I got some more info on people who are for the issue of torture as an
interrogation method. I accessed this article through the library database search.
Nordgren, Loran F., Mary-Hunter Morris McDonnell, and George Loewenstien. "What
Constitutes Torture?: Psychological Impediments to an Objective Evaluation of
Enhanced Interrogation Tactics." Psychological Science (Sage Publications Inc.)
22.5 (2011): 689-84. Academic Search Complete [EBSCO]. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.
Nordgren, McDonnell, and Loewenstien are the authors of the scholarly journal
article that I found through the library database. These three authors are all
professors and they write about four different experiments in this article to help
their students understand the tactics that constitute torture. At the end of the
experiments when they analyze their data they said “Given that legal standards
guiding torture are typically established by people who are not in pain, this
research suggests that practices that do constitute torture are likely to not be
classified as such” (Nordgren and McDonnell and Loewenstien” 693). They are
trying to constitute torture while others might be against it.
Kalbeitzer, Rachel. "Psychologists and Interrogations: Ethical Dilemmas in Times
of War." Ethics & Behavior. 192 (2009): 156168. Academic Search
Complete [EBSCO]. Web. 15 Oct. 2015. Rachel Kalbeitzer, is a Professor
and Clinical and Forensic Psychologist. She wrote a scholarly journal
article all about the professionals (professionals) who work in the military
interrogation situations. Since Rachel is a psychologist herself we
recognize from the beginning that she knows a lot about this topic. She
states that some people may assume some of these interrogation methods
are torturous when they’re actually technically not. She also states that
some of the interrogation methods are out of the guidelines, like “These
reports, if they are accurate, arguably demonstrate torturous conditions as
well as violations of Ethical Principles of the Psychologists and Code of
Conduct (APA Ethics Code) (American Psychological Association, 2002)
and the Principles of Medical Ethics (American Medical Association,
2001)” (Kalbeitzer 158). We can see that she includes two different
perspectives in her article. I found this article through the Mary and Jeff
Bell library Database search.
Grant-Davie, Keith. "Rhetorical Situations and Their Constituents." Rhetorical
Review15.2 (1997): 264-279. JSTOR [JSTOR]. Web. 07 Sept. 2015. Keith Grant
Davie, a professor of English has written an article all about Rhetoric and their
situations. He has described all types of rhetoric and how to detect rhetorical
situations. In the article Rhetorical Situations and their Constituents, the author
Grant-Davie suggests, “Rhetors may play several roles at once, and even when
they try to play just one role, their audience may be aware of their other roles”
(270). Keith is a professor so he definitely has a different perspective on this topic
than a student does since he is more knowledgeable about a subject.
Dinan, Stephen. "‘Torture Report’ Reveals Details of Interrogation Techniques Physical
Abuse, Waterboarding among Tactics." The (DC) Washington Times 10 Dec.
2014: 1. Print. Stephen Dinan is a Washington times author who decided to write
an article called "‘Torture Report’ Reveals Details of Interrogation Techniques
Physical Abuse, Waterboarding among Tactics” which is about torture used by
the CIA and how it is used in the wrong ways. He took information from many
previous cases and proves his credibility. He also talks about how people are
usually shocked to find out that the CIA takes part in such awful interrogation
methods, like when he says “Senate Democrats' “torture report” revealed striking
new details of the extent of interrogation techniques used by the CIA” (Dinan 1).
I was able to access this newspaper through the Mary and Jeff Bell Library.
Landau, Elizabeth. "Torture's Psychological Impact 'often Worse' than Physical."
Cnn.com. CNN, 22 May 2009. Web. 15 Oct. 2015. Elizabeth Landau, is a reporter
for CNN. She chose to write an article about the awful inside knowledge of using
torture as an interrogation method. She did this by picking a specific case and
interviewing Amir (the victim of the case). He knew he was able to trust her since
she was a reporter. She starts the article by describing who Amir is and how he
was in prison. She then goes into the cruel details of his torture when she says,
“he was forced to lay down in urine and feces, stay naked in his cell for days, and
"howl like dogs do" while being pulled by a dog leash” (Landau). Lastly, she ends
by talking about psychologists involvement and treating the aftermath of torture. I
was able to access this article through CNN.com.
Sweany, Brian. "The Four Star Chancellor." Texas Monthly 15 Oct. 2015: 48-50. Web.
Brian Sweany, an interviewer and writer in the magazine Texas Monthly included
a recent article about a military figure who was moved up to a chancellor. We
know all of Brian’s information is credible because he was the one interviewing
William (the new chancellor). Sweany’s main point of this article is to describe
how this new transformation from a SEAL to a chancellor of the university of
Texas. He begins the article by establishing who exactly William McRaven is
when he says, “In 2011 William McRaven became one of the most famous figures
in the country after he commanded the SEAL team that killed Osama bin Laden”
(Sweany 48). He then goes into asking McRaven how the journey has been for
him and to describe it. I was able to access this article through the Texas Monthly
magazine.
Lunsford, Andrea A., and John J. Ruszkiewicz. "Writing Arguments."Everything's an
Argument: With Readings. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. 158. Print. Andre
Lunsford and John Ruszkiewicz wrote a book called “Everything’s an argument”
to inform students just how everything can be argued. They wrote this book for
students because both of them are professors. They start chapter eight by
explaining just how you should decide on your research topic. In the first
paragraph of the Writing Arguments chapter, they describe identifying an issue by
saying “Look for situations or phenomena-local or national-that seem out of the
ordinary in the expected order of things” (Lunsford and Ruskiewicz 158). I was
able to access this book fairly easily since it is the literature book that goes along
with this course.
O'Donohue, William, "The Ethics Of Enhanced Interrogations And Torture: A
Reappraisal Of The Argument." Ethics & Behavior 24.2 (2014): 109-125.
Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 Oct. 2015. Wiliiam O’Donohue
wrote a scholarly journal from the library’s database about the ethics
behind interrogation and torture. William is a professor of psychology and
he wrote this journal to inform his students and many others about the
behavior and ethics involved in torture. He’s looking at it from a
psychologist’s point of view where as others who write journals like this
may be professors of law. This article mainly covers how psychologist’s
can be involved in these torturous methods and if so, how their ethics
allow them to do that. William tries to inform his audience that not all
torture victims are actually victims because it does not have to be
punishment when he says “The guilt or innocence of the to-be-tortured
person is not of primary importance in this analysis, because in this case
torture is not being meted out as a punishment” (O’Donohue 112).