CHAPTER
12
Date:
Rating:
Text Pages: 244–261
POINT TO PONDER:
“Success seems to be connected with action. Successful people
keep moving. They make mistakes, but they don’t quit.”—Conrad Hilton
WHY STUDY CHEMISTRY?
1. Every product you will use on clients in the salon contains some type of
chemical
_______True
False
2. When you first began studying to become a cosmetologist were you surprised
that you would be learning about chemistry? Describe your reaction and why
you think it is important for you to learn the basics about chemistry.
(Answers will vary depending on personal experience. Students may explain
that they were first surprised that they would be learning chemistry, but came
to understand it is important knowledge to have based on the amount of
chemicals they will be using in their work as cosmetologists.)
CHEMISTRY
3. (Chemistry) is the science that deals with the composition, structures, and
properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
4. (Organic chemistry) is the study of substances that contain carbon.
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5. The term organic does not mean “natural.”
(X)
True
False
6. Anything that is called organic is healthy and safe.
True
(X)
False
7. (Inorganic chemistry) is the study of substances that do not contain carbon.
8. For each of the following substances, write an O if the item is organic and write
an I if the item is Inorganic.
(O)
Gasoline
(I)
Water
(O)
Synthetic fabrics
(O)
Shampoo
(I)
Iron
(I)
Air
9. Explain why most inorganic substances do not burn, yet organic substances will
burn. (Most inorganic substances do not burn because they do not contain
carbon. Organic substances that contain both carbon and hydrogen, on the
other hand, will burn.)
MATTER
10. Match each of the following terms with its definition.
(c)
1. Matter
a) Simplest form of matter.
(a)
2. Elements
b) Chemical combination of two or more atoms.
(d)
3. Atoms
c) Any substance that occupies space and has mass.
(b)
4. Molecule
d) Particles from which all matter is composed.
11. All matter has physical and chemical properties and exists in the form of a(n)
(solid) , (liquid) , or (gas) .
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12. Everything that is made out of matter is:
a) Organic.
(X)
b) Chemical.
c) Inorganic.
13. (Energy) does not occupy space or have mass.
14. Everything that is known to exist in the universe is made of either
(energy) .
(matter) or
15. There are (90) naturally occurring elements, each with its own distinct physical
and chemical properties.
16. How are chemical elements identified? (By a letter symbol.) Give an example
of three elements. (O = oxygen; H = hydrogen; N = nitrogen.)
17. A(n) (atom) is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of
that element.
18. What makes one element different from another element?
(They are different
because the structure of their atoms, or atomic structure, is different.)
19. How are molecules made? (Molecules are made by combining atoms.)
20. (Elemental molecules) are a chemical combination of atoms of the same
element.
21. (Compound molecules) are chemical combinations of two or more atoms of
different elements.
22. You should use chemical-free products on clients who prefer things that are
organic.
True
(X)
False
Explain your answer: (There is no such thing as a chemical-free product.)
23. The human body is composed of chemicals.
(X)
True
False
24. (States of matter) are the three different physical forms of matter.
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25. Match the three different states of matter with their corresponding
characteristics.
(b)
1. Solids
a) Do not have a definite shape or volume
(c)
2. Liquids
b) Have a definite shape and volume
(a)
3. Gases
c) Have a definite volume but not a definite shape
26. It is possible for a substance to exist in all (three) forms of matter. Give an
example. (Water can exist as a liquid, solid [ice], and gas [vapor])
.
27. (Physical properties) are those characteristics that can be determined without
a chemical reaction and do not include a chemical change. Physical properties
.
include (color, size, weight, and hardness)
28. (Chemical properties) are those characteristics that can only be determined by
a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance.
29. List two examples of chemical properties. (The ability of iron to rust and of
hair to change hair color through the use of haircolor and hydrogen peroxide.)
30. A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical
reaction or the creation of a new substance is a(n) (physical change)
.
31. What are two examples of a physical change?
a) (Solid ice melts into water.)
b) (Application of temporary haircolor or nail polish.)
32. A change in the chemical and physical properties of a substance by a chemical
.
reaction is a(n) (chemical change)
33. What is oxidation? (The chemical reaction that causes a chemical change in
the substances.)
34. List two examples of a chemical change.
a) (The oxidation of haircolor.)
b) (Wood turning into charcoal after it has burned.)
35. The contraction redox stands for (oxidation-reduction) reaction.
36. Explain what happens during redox.
(It is a chemical reaction in which the
oxidizing agent is reduced [by losing oxygen] and the reducing agent is
oxidized [by gaining oxygen].)
37. What is an example of an oxidizing agent?
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(Hydrogen peroxide.)
38. What is an example of a reducing agent?
(Oxidation haircolor mixed with
hydrogen peroxide.)
39. Define each of the following terms.
a) Oxidizing
(Adding oxygen to a substance.)
b) Reducing
(Subtracting oxygen from a substance.)
c) Reduction
(Chemical reaction caused when oxygen is
subtracted from a substance.)
40. Oxidation and reduction reactions always occur at the same time and are
referred to as (redox reactions). The reaction involves a transfer between the
(oxidizing agent) and the (reducing agent)
41. Chemical reactions that produce heat are called
(exothermic)
.
.
42. All oxidation reactions produce heat.
(X True
False
43. (Combustion) is the rapid oxidation of substance, accompanied by the
production of heat and light.
44. A(n) (pure substance) is a chemical combination of matter in definite
proportions.
45. What are some examples of a pure substance?
(Oxygen, distilled water, atoms,
elements, salt, water.)
46. A physical mixture is a physical combination of
47. Salt water is an example of a
(matter)
in any proportions.
.
a) pure substance
(X) b) physical mixture
48. Describe three ways a physical mixture is different from a pure substance.
(A physical mixture is united physically, instead of chemically. It may occur
in any proportions, rather than in definite or fixed proportions. Finally, it has
combined chemical and physical properties, rather than unique chemical and
physical properties.)
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49. Match each of the following terms with its description.
(a)
1. Solution
a) Stable mixture of two or more mixable substances
(c)
2. Solute
b) The substance that dissolves
(b)
3. Solvent
c) The substance that is dissolved
50. Which of the following is considered the universal solvent?
(X) a) Water
b) Oil
c) Alcohol
51. (Miscible) liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed into
stable solutions.
52. (Immiscible) liquids are not capable of being mixed into stable solutions.
53. Determine whether each of the following is an example of a miscible (M) liquid,
or an immiscible (I) liquid.
(M) a) Water and alcohol.
(I)
b) Water and oil.
(M) c) Water and polish remover.
54. An unstable mixture of undissolved particles in a liquid is a(n):
a) Emulsion.
(X) b) Suspension.
c) Surfactant.
55. An unstable mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of
an emulsifier is a(n):
(X) a) Emulsion.
b) Suspension.
c) Surfactant.
56. Substances that act as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix or emulsify are:
a) Emulsions.
b) Suspensions.
(X) c) Surfactants.
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57. Give two examples of a suspension.
a) (Oil and vinegar salad dressing.)
b) (Calamine lotion or nail polish.)
58. Which of the following is true about an emulsion?
a) It never separates.
b) It is stable.
c) Nail primer is an example.
(X) d) It separates slowly.
59. A surfactant molecule has two distinct parts. The head is (hydrophilic) ,
meaning water-loving, and the tail is (lipophilic) , meaning oil-loving.
60. What does the contraction surfactant stand for?
(Surface active agent.)
61. Why do traditional bar soaps often make people’s hands feel itchy after use?
(Bar soaps are highly alkaline and combine with the minerals in hard water to
form an insoluble film that coats skin and can cause hands to feel dry, itchy,
and irritated.)
62. An example of an oil-in-water emulsion is
(mayonnaise) . Describe why:
(Although oil and water are immiscible, the egg yolk in mayonnaise emulsifies
the oil droplets and distributes them uniformly in the water.)
63. What are two examples of a water-in-oil emulsion?
(Cold creams and styling
creams. Foot balms are another example given in the text.)
64. Give four examples of semisolid mixtures that may be used in the salon.
a) (Ointments.)
b) (Pastes.)
c) (Pomades.)
d) (Styling waxes.)
65. Isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol are both
(volatile) alcohols.
66. Match each of the following chemical ingredients with its description.
(c)
1. Alkonolamines
a) Special type of oil used in hair conditioners
(e)
2. Ammonia
b) Sweet, colorless, oily substance
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(b)
3. Glycerin
c) Substances used to neutralize acids or
raise the pH of many hair products
(a)
4. Silicones
d) Contain carbon and evaporate quickly
(d
5. Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs)
e) Colorless gas with a pungent odor
67. The use of this chemical ingredient is not supposed to cause blackheads.
a) Glycerin
(X) b) Silicone
c) Ammonia
d) VOCs
68. These evaporate quickly.
a) Glycerins
b) Silicones
c) Alkonolamines
(X) d) VOCs
POTENTIAL HYDROGEN (pH)
69. What does pH stand for? (Potential hydrogen.)
70. The term pH refers to the quantity of
(hydrogenions)
71. A(n) (ion) is an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.
72.
(Ionization) is the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative
ions.
73. An ion with a negative electrical charge is an
electrical charge is a (cation) .
(anion) ; an ion with a positive
74. Only products that contain water can have a pH.
(X) True
False
75. What does the pH scale measure? (The acidity and alkalinity of a substance.)
76. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Match each of the following pH values with
the appropriate solution type.
136
(b)
(b) 1. pH below 7
a) Neutral solution
(a)
(a) 2. pH of 7
b) Acidic solution
(c)
(c) 3. pH above 7
c) Alkaline solution
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.
77. The term (logarithm)
means multiples of 10.
78. A pH of 9 is how many more times more alkaline than a pH of 8?
(X) a) 10 times
b) 100 times
c) 1,000 times
d) None of these answers are true; it is more acidic.
79. Skin and hair have an average pH of
.
a) 4
(X) b) 5
c) 6
d) 7
80. Explain why pure water alone may be drying to the skin.
(Water may be drying to the skin because it has a pH of 7, while skin, on
average, has a pH of 5. This makes pure water 100 times more alkaline than
skin, which may cause skin to become dry.)
81. All (acids) owe their chemical reactivity to the hydrogen ion. Acids have a pH
below (7) .
82. An example of an acid that may be used in the salon is a(n)
acid) .
83. Acids (contract) &
(alpha hydroxy
(harden) the hair.
84. All (alkalis) owe their chemical reactivity to the hydroxide ion. The terms
(alkali) &
(base) are interchangeable. Alkalis have a pH above (7) .
85. Alkalis (soften) &
(swell)
the hair, skin, cuticle, and calloused skin.
86. Another term for sodium hydroxide is
(lye .
87. Name four safety precautions you should take when working with sodium
hydroxide.
a) (Use according to the manufacturer’s instructions.)
b) (Do not let products containing lye touch or sit on the skin.)
c) (Avoid contact with eyes; wear safety glasses to prevent contact.)
d) (Check a product’s MSDS for specific information on its use.)
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88. Acids and alkalis, when mixed together in equal proportions, create
(water) .
89. Neutralizing shampoos and normalizing lotions used to neutralize hydroxide hair
relaxers work by creating an acid-alkali (neutralization) reaction.
90. Discuss one way to neutralize alkaline callous softener residues that may be left
on a client’s skin after rinsing.
(Use a liquid soap because it is slightly acidic.)
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