Supporting Information: Schmidt et al. Cucurbit enemy-pest trophic interactions
List of Authors:
Jason M. Schmidt1*, Sarah K. Barney1, Mark A. Williams2, Ricardo T. Bessin1, Timothy W.
Coolong2,3 and James D. Harwood1
Title:
Predator-prey trophic relationships in response to organic management practices
Author affiliations:
1
Department of Entomology, S-225 Ag. Sciences North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
40546.
2
Department of Horticulture, N-322D Ag. Sciences North, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
KY 40546.
3
Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia Tifton Campus, 2360 Rainwater Road
Tifton, GA 31793-5766 , U.S.A.
Corresponding author:
*Jason M. Schmidt
Ph. 513.207.2868
Email: jschmidt@msu.edu
1
Supporting Information: Schmidt et al. Cucurbit enemy-pest trophic interactions
Appendix S1. Species tested for cross-reactivity against primer pairs developed to target
predation against the squash bug, Anasa tristis.
Phylum
Order
Family
Invertebrate tested
Arthropoda
Araneae
Linyphiidae
Oxyopidae
Erigone atra (Blackwall); Erigone autumnalis (Emerton);
Erigone dentosa (O.P.-Cambridge); Florinda coccinea
(Hentz); Frontinella communis (Hentz); Grammonota
inornata (Emertonn); Meioneta unimaculata (Banks);
Mermessus fradeorum (Berland); Mermessus trilobatus
(Emerton); Tenesseellum formica (Emerton)
Pardosa milvina (Hentz); Pardosa saxatilus (Hentz);
Rabidosa rabida (Walckenaer); Tigrosa helluo
(Walckenaer)
Oxyopes salticus (Hentz)
Salticidae
Phidippus audax (Hentz)
Tetragnathidae
Glenognatha foxi (McCook); Tetragnatha laboriosa
(Hentz)
Thomisidae
Misumena sp.
Bruchidae
Stator limbatus (Horn)
Cantharidae
Chauliognathus pensylvanicus (De Geer)
Carabidae
Chlaenius pusillus (Say); Lebia viridis (Say)
Chrysomelidae
Curculionidae
Acalymma vittatum (Fabricius); Diabrotica
undecimpunctata (Mannerheim); Leptinotarsa
decemlineata (Say)
Coccinella septempuntata (Linnaeus); Coleomegilla
maculata (De Geer); Harmonia axyridis (Pallas);
Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville); Hippodamia
parenthesis (Say)
Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari); Otiorhynchus sp
Lampyridae
Lucidota atra (Olivier)
Meloidae
Epicauta sp.
Melyridae
Collops sp.
Nitidulidae
Carpophilus sp.
Ptilodactylidae
Anchycteis velutina (Horn)
Scarabaeidae
Popillia japonica (Newman)
Staphylinidae
Atheta sp.
Entomobryidae
Sinella curviseta (Brook)
Isotomidae
Folsomia candida (Willem)
Sminthuridae
Undetermined sp.
Culicidae
Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus); Aedes albopictus (Skuse); Aedes
polynesiensis (Marks)
Dolichopodidae
Undetermined sp.
Drosophilidae
Scaptomyza sp.
Muscidae
Multiple Undetermined sp.
Syrphidae
Undetermined sp.
Tachinidae
Trichopoda pennipes (Fabricius)
Acanaloniidae
Acanalonia conica (Say)
Adelgidae
Adelges tsugae (Annand); Pineus strobi (Hartig)
Aleyrodidae
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius); Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
Lycosidae
Coleoptera
Coccinellidae
Collembola
Diptera
Hemiptera
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Supporting Information: Schmidt et al. Cucurbit enemy-pest trophic interactions
Anthocoridae
Orius albidipennis (Reuter); Orius laevigatus (Fieber)
Aphididae
Geocoridae
Capitophorus eleagni (DelGuercio); Myzus persicae
(Sulzer); Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus); Sitobion avenae
(Fabricius); Uroleucon gravicorne (Patch)
Circulifer tenellus (Baker); Cuerna striata (Walker);
Empoasca fabae (Harris); Graphocephala coccinea
(Forster)
Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus); Eulecanium cerasorum
(Cockerell); Neolecanium cornuparvum (Thro);
Parthenolecanium quercifex (Fitch); Pulvinaria
innumerabilis (Rathvon)
Geocoris punctipes (Say); Geocoris bullatus (Say)
Nabidae
Nabis alternatus (Parshley)
Pentatomidae
Acrosternum hilare (Say); Euschistus servus (Say)
Psyllidae
Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster); Bactericera cockerelli
(Sulc)
Rhopalidae
Boisea trivittata (Say)
Rhyparochromidae
Myodocha serripes (Olivier)
Aphelinidae
Encarsia inaron (Walker)
Apidae
Apis mellifera (Linnaeus); Bombus sp.
Braconidae
Bracon sp.
Formicidae
Tapinoma sp.
Ichneumonidae
Campoletis sp.
Platygastridae
Baeus sp.
Sphecidae
Ammophila procera (Dahlbom)
Vespidae
Polistes sp.
Nymphalidae
Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus)
Noctuidae
Heliothis virescens (Fabricius); Pseudaletia unipuncta
(Haworth); Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)
Pyralidae
Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus)
Neuroptera
Chrysopidae
Chrysopa oculata (Say)
Orthoptera
Acrididae
Gryllidae
Melanoplus femurrubrum (De Geer); Melanoplus
differentialis (Thomas)
Gryllus pennsylvanicus (Burmeister)
Phlaeothripidae
Karnyothrips flavipes (Jones)
Thripidae
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)
Pulmonata
Arionidae
Arion hortensis (Férussac); Arion intermedius (Normand);
Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud)
Eupulmonata
Agriolimacidae
Deroceras laeve (Müller); Deroceras reticulatum (Müller)
Stylomatophora
Endodontidae
Anguispira alternata (Say)
Rhabditida
Steinernematidae
Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser)
Tylenchida
Allantonematidae
Cicadellidae
Coccidae
Hymenoptera
Lepidoptera
Thysanoptera
Mullusca
Nemotoda
Thripinema sp.
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Supporting Information: Schmidt et al. Cucurbit enemy-pest trophic interactions
Appendix S2. Relative abundance of predator families used to form predator groups for
molecular analysis of predation (Table 1). Abundance was pooled over sampling dates, replicates
and treatments for a total of 1,906 predators.
Taxa
Geocoridae
Coccinellidae
Linyphiidae
Nabidae
Carabidae
Lycosidae
Theriididae
Staphylinidae
Araneidae
Salticidae
Thomisidae
Tetragnathidae
Opiliones
Oxyopidae
Cantharidae
Dolichopodidae
Gnaphosidae
Agelenidae
Asilidae
Histeridae
Cicindelidae
Relative
abundance
0.4916
0.1065
0.1055
0.0756
0.0729
0.0640
0.0189
0.0126
0.0094
0.0094
0.0073
0.0068
0.0052
0.0047
0.0037
0.0020
0.0016
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
Total number
collected
937
203
201
144
139
122
36
24
18
18
14
13
10
9
7
4
3
1
1
1
1
4
Supporting Information: Schmidt et al. Cucurbit enemy-pest trophic interactions
Appendix S3. Graphical summary of results from squash bug DNA half-life experiments for the
predator groups found to prey upon squash bugs in the field. Open circles represent observed
data and lines are estimated functions of decay fit from probit models (drm function, R Core
Team 2013). Note that the x-axis is different for each group due to the time period over which
feeding trials were conducted.
(a) Coccinellidae (Coleomagilla maculata)
(b) Geocoridae (Geocoris punctipes)
1.0
1.0
0.8
Proportion positive
Proportion positive
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0
5
10
15
20
0
25
10
Time since feeding (hours)
(c) Hunting spider (Pardosa milvina)
30
40
d) Web-building spider (Florinda coccinea)
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
Proportion positive
Proportion positive
20
Time since feeding (hours)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
Time since feeding (hours)
0
20
40
60
80
Time since feeding (hours)
(e) Nabidae (Nabis americoferus)
1.0
Proportion positive
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time since feeding (hours)
5