Table 1. Characteristics of study sample at baseline (N=932)
Total
Demographic
Previous length of stay (days)
Mean (SD)
Women
N (%)
Age (year)
Mean (SD)
Single as marital status
N (%)
Ten years of school or less
N (%)
Information on somatic health
Co-morbidity index1
Mean (SD)
Severely impaired hearing
N (%)
Severely impaired vision
N (%)
Cognitive functioning
CDR sum of boxes
Mean (SD)
Behavioral and psychological sub-syndromes of
dementia (12-item NPI)
Agitation
Mean (SD)
Psychosis
Mean (SD)
Affective
Mean (SD)
Apathy
Mean (SD)
2
Psychotropic medication
Antipsychotics
N (%)
Antidepressants
N (%)
Anxiolytics
N (%)
Sedatives
N (%)
Antidementia
N (%)
928.9 (910.1)
686 (73.6)
84.5 (7.5)
714 (79.4)
673 (74.1)
1.8 (1.3)
126 (13.6)
139 (14.9)
13.1 (4.0)
6.5
3.2
3.7
2.4
(8.2)
(5.4)
(5.4)
(3.8)
241
364
221
245
126
(25.9)
(39.1)
(23.7)
(26.3)
(13.5)
CDR= clinical dementia rating scale
1
The co-morbidity index was calculated by summing up the occurrence of diagnoses (yes/no) in nine groups
of diagnoses
2
The cumulative proportion of psychotropic medication is higher than 100 due to combinational use of
psychotropic medication
Table 2. P-ADL score at four time points
Time point
T1
T2
T3
T4
Min, Max
6, 29
7, 30
7, 30
9, 29
Mean (SD)
18.8 (5.3)
19.6 (5.2)
20.8 (4.8)
21.6 (4.6)
Table 3. Model 1: Effects of cognitive impairment (CDR sum of boxes) measured at baseline on P-ADL level over time estimated by linear mixed model with
random effects for intercepts and time.
Unadjusted regression coefficients
Adjusted regression coefficients
In dependent variables
Coeff. (95% CI)
p-value
Coeff. (95% CI)
p-value
Effect of main variables1
Time
0.19 (0.15; 0.24)
0.20 (0.16; 0.25)
<0.001
<0.001
Time * time
-0.001 (-0.001; -0.0005)
-0.001 (-0.002; -0.001)
<0.001
<0.001
CDR sum of boxes
Time * CDR sum of boxes
Effect of additional variables at
baseline2
Length of stay
Socio –demographic information
Age (years)
Women
Single
Ten years of education or less
Somatic health difficulties
Co-morbidity index
No severe vision impairment
No severe hearing impairment
Degree of neuropsychiatric
problems
Agitation sub-syndrome
Psychosis sub- syndrome
Affective sub-syndrome
Apathy
0.72 (0.65; 0.79)
-0.004 (-0.007; -0.001)
<0.001
0.007
0.61 (0.53; 0.69)
-0.004 (-0.007; -0.001)
<0.001
0.013
0.002 (0.001; 0.002)
<0.001
0.001 (0.001; 0.001)
<0.001
-0.02 (-0.06; 0.02)
-0.33 (-1.03; 0.38)
-0.80 (-1.58; -0.03)
0.46 (-0.25; 1.17)
0.312
0.362
0.042
0.206
-0.05 (-0.09; -0.01)
-0.62 (-1.25; 0.01)
-0.72 (-1.41; -0.03)
0.48 (-0.12; 1.07)
0.007
0.054
0.041
0.117
0.21 (-0.04; 0.46)
1.65 (0.77; 2.53)
0.100
<0.001
0.32 (0.11; 0.53)
0.93 (0.19; 1.67)
0.003
0.014
-0.79 (-1.70; 0.13)
0.091
-0.12 (-0.90; 0.66)
0.765
0.08 (0.04; 0.12)
0.04 (-0.02; 0.10)
0.02 (-0.04; 0.07)
0.35 (0.27; 0.43)
<0.001
0.150
0.602
<0.001
0.01 (-0.0; 0.04)
0.546
0.10 (0.03; 0.18)
0.007
Use of psychotropic medication
Antipsychotics
0.72 (0.01; 1.42)
-0.08 (-0.69; 0.53)
0.802
0.046
Antidepressants
-0.56 (-1.19; 0.07)
0.081
-0.33 (-0.86; 0.20)
0.225
Anxiolytics
-0.28 (-1.01; 0.44)
0.443
-0.70 (-1.31; -0.10)
0.024
Sedatives
-0.65 (-1.36; 0.05)
0.070
-0.12 (-0.70; 0.47)
0.701
Cognitive enhancers
-3.23 (-4.09; -2.36)
-1.81 (-2.58; -1.05)
<0.001
<0.001
1
The coefficients of the main effect variables (time, squared time, CDR sum of boxes, and interaction between time and CDR sum of boxes) unadjusted for
other independent variables
2
The coefficients (95%CI) for single independent variables from the model containing only linear and second-order time components
Table 4. Model 2: Effects of cognitive impairment (CDR sum of boxes) measured at four time points on P-ADL level at the same time points estimated by
linear mixed model with random effects for intercepts and time .
Unadjusted regression coefficients
Adjusted regression coefficients
Coeff. (95% CI)
p-value
Coeff. (95% CI)
p-value
Effect of main variables1
Time
0.06 (0.02; 0.10)
0.18 (0.14; 0.22)
0.002
<0.001
Time* time
0.001 (-0.001; -0.001)
-0.001 (-0.001; -0.0004)
<0.001
<0.001
CDR sum of boxes (at 4 time points)
Time * CDR sum of boxes
0.48 (0.43; 0.54)
0.003 (0.001; 0.006)
Effect of additional variables at
baseline2
0.002 (0.001; 0.002)
Length of stay
Socio –demographic information
-0.02 (-0.06; 0.02)
Age (years)
-0.33 (-1.03; 0.38)
Women
Single
-0.80 (-1.58; -0.03)
Ten years of education or less
0.46 (-0.25; 1.17)
Somatic health difficulties
Co-morbidity index
0.21 (-0.04; 0.46)
No severe vision impairment
1.65 (0.77; 2.53)
No severe hearing impairment
-0.79 (-1.70; 0.13)
Effect of additional variables assessed at
4 time-points2
Degree of neuropsychiatric problems
Agitation sub-syndrome
0.04 (0.02; 0.06)
Psychosis sub- syndrome
0.02 (-0.01; 0.06)
Affective sub-syndrome
0.01 (-0.03; 0.04)
Apathy
0.20 (0.15; 0.24)
<0.001
0.007
0.60 (0.52; 0.67)
-0.003 (-0.006; -0.0006)
<0.001
0.019
<0.001
0.001 (0.001; 0.0011)
<0.001
0.312
0.362
-0.04 (-0.08; -0.004)
-0.51 (-1.13; 0.11)
0.030
0.108
0.042
0.206
-0.78 (-1.45; -0.11)
0.45 (-0.14; 1.03)
0.023
0.136
0.100
<0.001
0.091
0.35 (0.15; 0.56)
0.88 (0.14; 1.61)
-0.16 (-0.92; 0.61)
0.001
0.019
0.689
<0.001
0.173
0.614
<0.001
0.03 (0.003; 0.05)
0.026
-0.03 (-0.06; 0.01)
0.12 (0.08; 0.17)
0.166
<0.001
Use of psychotropic medication
Antipsychotics
0.77 (0.31; 1.23)
0.41 (-0.03; 0.86)
0.067
0.001
Antidepressants
-0.63 (-1.05; -0.20)
-0.40 (-0.80; 0.003)
0.052
0.004
Anxiolytics
-0.67 (-1.15; -0.20)
-0.77
(-1.22;
-0.32)
0.005
0.001
Sedatives
-0.29 (-0.75; 0.17)
0.213
Cognitive enhancers
-2.31 (-2.94; -1.67)
-1.72 (-2.33; -1.11)
<0.001
<0.001
1
The coefficients of the main effect variables (time, squared time, CDR sum of boxes, and interaction between time and CDR sum of boxes) unadjusted for
other independent variables
2
The coefficients (95%CI) for single independent variables from the model containing only linear and second-order time components