A toolkit created for University System of Georgia leaders to help preserve and improve the health, comfort and environment of students, employees and any persons occupying our campuses.
USG Tobacco-Free Toolkit 1

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USG Tobacco-Free Toolkit 2

On March 19, 2014 the Board of regents of the University System of Georgia
(USG) voted to establish a policy that will prohibit the use of all forms of tobacco products on the 31 USG owned, leased, or rented institution campuses. The policy applies to all employees, students, contractors, subcontractors and visitors and is applicable 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Also, all events hosted by a
USG-entity or on behalf of the USG shall be tobacco and smoke-free.
While this may have seemed like a lofty goal to begin with, it is an attainable one, as we are witnessing exponential growth in the adoption of tobacco-free policies by academic institutions in all regions of the country. Our students, faculty, and staff deserve a healthy place in which to learn, work, and live. In an effort to set the standard for healthy behavior for higher learning public institutions in Georgia, it is important to be able to end tobacco use throughout
USG campuses in a way that is uniform and consistent.
This toolkit should be used as a resource for those working on the policy to promote ways to ease adoption and implementation, and shed light on resources that are already available to help increase compliance. By collecting all of this information and data, we are ensuring that all resources are being used comprehensively to assure this policy will be smoothly adopted at the campus level, with increased emphasis on the positive effects on wellness and health. The weight of ensuring healthy environments of public higher-education falls upon all of us and a commitment to tobacco and smoke-free campuses is a shared community responsibility.
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As found under the 9.1 General Policy on Real Estate and Facilities:
“ 9.1.7 Tobacco and Smoke-Free Campus Policy
In accordance with the Georgia Smoke Free Air Act of 2005, Title 31 Chapter 12A, this policy reinforces the USG commitment to provide a safe and amicable workplace for all employees. The goal of the policy is to preserve and improve the health, comfort and environment of students, employees and any persons occupying our campuses.
The use of all forms of tobacco products on property owned, leased, rented, in the possession of, or in any way used by the USG or its affiliates is expressly prohibited.
“Tobacco Products” is defined as cigarettes, cigars, pipes, all forms of smokeless tobacco, clove cigarettes and any other smoking devices that use tobacco such as hookahs or simulate the use of tobacco such as electronic cigarettes.
Further, this policy prohibits any advertising, sale, or free sampling of tobacco products on USG properties unless specifically stated for research purposes. This prohibition includes but is not limited to all areas indoors and outdoors, buildings and parking lots owned, leased, rented or otherwise used by the USG or its affiliates. The use of tobacco products is prohibited in all vehicles – private or public vehicles - located on USG properties.
This policy applies to all persons who enter the areas described above, including but not limited to students, faculty, staff, contractors and subcontractors, spectators, and visitors. All events hosted by a USG entity shall be tobacco-free. All events hosted by outside groups on behalf of the USG shall also be tobacco-free.
Exceptions for Tobacco Use
The President of each institution will define any exceptions to this policy. Exceptions to the policy will be very limited and on an as needed basis. The intent is the campus is tobacco and smoke free unless otherwise needed for educational purposes and/or the advancement of research on campus.
Enforcement
The overall enforcement and authority of this policy lies with the President of the institution, but it is also a shared community responsibility, which means all students, faculty, and staff share in the responsibility to help keep the campus tobacco-free.
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Signage to help inform our campus community and visitors will be placed throughout campus.
Violation of Policy
Violation of this policy may result in corrective action under the Student Code of
Conduct or campus human resource policies. Visitors refusing to comply may be asked to leave campus.
Resources Available for Tobacco Cessation
From time to time, the Board of Regents will make available resources to assist employees with tobacco cessation as well as educational materials and other wellness information. Such effort does not limit the amount of resources that the institution can provide for tobacco cessation and any other resources for the positive enforcement of this policy that the campus deems appropriate to provide. Resources for Tobacco
Cessation can be found on the USG Workplace Wellness website at http://www.usg.edu/wellness/ .”
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High rates of tobacco use among college students run counter to downward trends in the general population, perpetuating it as a significant public health problem (Halperin,
2002). Among the nearly 15 million college students in the US, approximately 1 in 3 use some form of tobacco (Rigotti et al., 2000;
Sutfin et al., 2011). Smoking prevalence among young adults aged 18 to 24 years in the state of Georgia (25%; 240,00 individuals) is slightly higher than smoking in other age groups as well slightly higher than young adults aged 18 to 24 years throughout the nation (24%) (GABRFSS 2011). This is also a unique age-group that is specially targeted by tobacco companies, as individuals who begin moderately using tobacco tend to progress from occasional to daily smoking by the age of 26.
Consequentially, decades of research overwhelmingly show a causal relationship between tobacco use and cancers of the larynx, trachea, lung, stomach, pancreas, kidney, colon, cervix and bladder. Tobacco use is also associated with coronary heart disease, pneumonia and aortic aneurysm (US Department of Health and Human
Services [USDHHS], 2010). Most importantly, tobacco use is the single largest preventable cause of disease and premature death in the United States. Every year smoking accounts for about 443,000 premature deaths and about 49,400 non-smokers die as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke (American Cancer Society Cancer
Facts & Figures 2013).
Clearly tobacco has addictive properties and as a result, dealing with tobacco issues on college campuses can be controversial, costly, and time-consuming. Regardless, reports show that the majority of students prefer tobacco-free policies and these kinds of policies, like smoke-free policies, have the potential to effectively reduce tobacco-use behaviors on campus (Seo, et. al, 2011). In 2012, the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services created the Tobacco-Free College Campus Initiative with a mission to emphasize the inclusion of American universities, colleges, community colleges and other educational institutions within very diverse environments. Following their proactivity, the University System of Georgia renewed their commitment to the health and safety of their students, faculty, and staff and voted to make all 31 USG institutions tobacco-free.
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Tobacco-Free vs. Smoke-Free Policy
Prior to the March 2014 vote by the Board of Regents to make all University System of
Georgia campuses tobacco-free, almost half of USG institutions already had some smoke-free or tobacco-free policies. Adopting a comprehensive tobacco-free policy instead of simply a smoke-free policy decreases risks typically seen with smoke-free policies, which inadvertently results in increased use of smokeless tobacco products. As the true intention of this policy is to improve the overall health of students, faculty, staff and visitors and support all those thinking about quitting, the elimination of the use of all types of tobacco products on campus is fundamental. Being tobacco-free renews both the USG and institutions’ commitments to emphasizing the health of all, users and non-users alike. A tobacco-free policy also minimizes any confusion for what is or is not allowed and who all is affected. Tobacco is defined as cigarettes, cigars, pipes, all forms of smokeless tobacco, clove cigarettes and any other smoking devices that use tobacco such as hookahs or simulate the use of tobacco such as electronic cigarettes and applies to any student, faculty, staff, or visitor on campus.
E-Cigarettes
Considering the novelty of electronic cigarettes, which technically contain no tobacco and are merely nicotine delivery systems, they still are prohibited by the tobacco-free policy. They are not permitted for use on USG campuses. There is insufficient evidence that these devices positively affect smoking and they are not approved nor currently regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as smoking cessation devices. As electronic cigarettes are not currently regulated, they lack the significant evidence required to claim that the vapor emitted is harmless and that they are an effective way to help users lessen or quit smoking. Many contain tobacco flavoring and perpetuate the unhealthy behaviors associated with tobacco use, which is not acceptable with the
University System of Georgia.
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Environmental Impact
A comprehensive tobacco-free policy greatly minimizes the environmental burden of cigarette and tobacco waste on campuses. By being 100% tobacco-free, USG institutions will likely deal with fewer cigarette butts and other by-products. “Tobacco cigarette butts are reported to comprise an estimated 25–50 percent of all collected litter items from roads and streets—making them a concern for the quality of urban life.
Cigarette butts contain all the carcinogenic chemicals, pesticides, and nicotine that make tobacco use the leading cause of preventable death worldwide, yet they are commonly, unconsciously and inexcusably dumped by the trillions (5.6 trillion and counting) into the global environment each year.
Tobacco and Youth Marketing
In 2011, the tobacco industry spent $8.82 billion marketing tobacco throughout the
United States, spending $316.9 million focusing on the state of Georgia alone (U.S.
Federal Trade Commission). Tobacco companies continue to market their products directly to young adults as study after study shows that retail cigarette and tobacco marketing is positively associated with an increase in the likelihood that youth would start smoking (Dube et. al 2013). Many college students consider themselves nonsmokers because they only use tobacco occasionally. However, progression from occasional to daily smoking almost always occurs by age 26, due to the constant media exposure from tobacco marketing. A tobacco-free policy such as the one enforced by the USG “ prohibits any advertising, sale, or free sampling of tobacco products on USG properties unless specifically stated for research purposes. This prohibition includes but is not limited to all areas indoors and outdoors, buildings and parking lots owned, leased, rented or otherwise used by the USG or its affiliates. The use of tobacco products is prohibited in all vehicles – private or public vehicles - located on USG properties.”
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To make the transition as smooth as possible for all institutions, the USG asked that each campus president appoint a respective tobacco liaison. Do you know who your campus tobacco liaison is? This individual has been chosen to serve students, faculty, and staff with all tobacco-free knowledge and has been working closely with the
University System to ensure that all concerns are heard. Other tobacco-free campuses have found that students joining together to form tobacco-free task forces have helped to increase compliance campus-wide.
Step #1: Build a diverse Tobacco-Free Campus Task Force
Begin by identifying individuals to be a part of your tobacco-free campus coalition which will help create and support your tobacco-free campus initiative. This tobacco-free campus coalition will develop the strategies, objectives, and overall tobacco-free campus plan. Your tobacco-free coalition should include representatives from each of the groups that will be affected by the new tobacco-free policy. This includes:
Students (nursing, biology, respiratory, physical therapy, public health, psychology, policy, business, marketing, advertising, etc.)
Administration
Faculty
Staff
Contractors/Vendors
Visitors
Athletics
Safety
Environmental
Health Services
Tobacco-free Task Force Duties:
1. Identify Task Force Leadership – Select 2-3 individuals who will be responsible for leading the taskforce. They will work together with the tobacco-free campus liaisons, school leadership and administration regarding taskforce activities; therefore, it may be best to select influential school administrators/student leadership for this role.
2. Develop a Tobacco-Free Action Plan – The tobacco-free coalition will be responsible for executing the remaining post adoption steps as well as developing an overall action plan. The action plan will include developing goals
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and objectives around policy implementation, cessation services, policy enforcement, and evaluation.
3. Identify Task Force Responsibilities – Determine which members of the group will be responsible for completing specific activities and reporting their results back to the group. Develop a meeting schedule and determine meeting agendas based on anticipated updates on assigned responsibilities.
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After the initial creation and development of the task force, the group should then move forward to create a plan or timeline for the actions and issues they would like to address for their tobacco-free campus. The action plan should address four major components:
A . Implementation of the new policy
- Implementing an education campaign to communicate the policy
adoption
- Creating a tobacco-free environment through necessary changes on
campus (e.g. removal of ashtrays, placing signage, etc.)
B. Cessation Resources and Services
- Providing cessation resources and services
- Promoting the Georgia Tobacco Quit Line
C. Enforcement of the new policy
- Developing an enforcement plan to identify responsible parties for
monitoring compliance
- Defining violations and reprimands
D. Evaluation of the policy implementation
- Assessing the policy for on-going compliance as well as any needed
adjustments
Step #2: Develop an Action Plan
Determine if there is a budget for policy implementation
The budget for the tobacco-free policy implementation may vary depending on campus size and layout. The majority of the costs will mainly be focused on communicating the policy (via signage, materials, etc.) and creating a tobacco-free campus environment.
Below are the budget items to consider, many of which tobacco-free campus liaisons have access to through the USG Tobacco-Free Resources website: of ashtrays and on-campus smoking areas
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Identify stakeholders and decision makers
Identify the individuals who will be responsible for adopting and supporting the new policy. Obtaining the support of campus leadership early in the process will aid in the implementation phase and in gaining community support. Reach out to these individuals in an effort to increase campus-wide awareness,
Establish communication channels
Education and communication is essential throughout the entire policy adoption and implementation process and is especially important once the new policy has been adopted. The new policy will need to be communicated to all affected groups including students, staff, faculty, visitors, and the community at large. Find out what channels your college or university uses to communicate all other important updates and notices to students, staff, faculty, visitors, and the community. This may include messages on the website, social media, email or text blasts, publications or other media outlets.
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Step #3: Create an education campaign to communicate the new policy
While many people may have read about or heard of the Board of Regents announcement to make all USG institutions become tobacco-free, not everyone may be entirely aware of the policy and what it entails. Educating the campus and community about the policy is essential at every step of the process. Continuing to educate the campus community about what the policy is and why it is happening will increase the likelihood of greater support and adherence during the adoption and implementation phases. It is also extremely important to communicate the adopted new policy to all those impacted – students, faculty, staff, visitors, and community – through a welldeveloped education campaign. This will ensure that everyone is made aware of the new policy. A strong education campaign is also an effective and important part of the enforcement process. The education campaign plan should include the following components and steps: a.
Identify speakers and spokespersons and train them on key talking points b.
Develop a plan to promote cessation services and the Georgia Tobacco Quit Line. c.
Develop key messages that speak to the concerns of various groups. Examples:
“you have the right to breathe clean air” and “there are no safe levels of exposure to secondhand smoke”. d.
Develop media materials (flyers, posters, brochures e.
Placement of highly visible signage f.
Educate about SHS, health impact, economic impact, campus cleanliness/litter, safety, etc. g.
Disseminate data collection findings. h.
Update the policy in all campus-related content and materials including handbooks, websites, etc. i.
Launch radio and in-house T.V. announcements. j.
Use existing media channels: newsletter, e-blasts, website, newspaper, etc. k.
Present to influential bodies and seek support – such as student senate, faculty senate, and staff council. l.
Make presentations to various groups to educate about the new policy. m.
Participate at health events/fairs to educate about the new policy. n.
Organize educational forums and rallies around the new policy.
Include information about the Georgia Tobacco Quit Line and other local resources in any communications for those who are tobacco-dependent and may desire assistance to quit.
English: 1-877-270-7867)
Spanish: 1-877-266-3863)
Hearing Impaired: 1-877-777-6534
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Available every day, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (including holidays)

The new policy should be communicated and updated in all school related content and materials. These documents and content locations include:
Student admission applications cts (e.g. conference and facility rental agreements)
Create a tobacco-free campus environment
Once the campus community has been notified of the new policy, begin to make the necessary changes to create your tobacco-free campus environment.
A. Install new tobacco-free signage – Announce the new policy to anyone on campus by posting prominent, highly visible signs.
1.
Temporary signage – Temporary signage can be used to notify the campus of the impending new policy implementation if the policy will be implemented several months after policy adoption. Consider placing temporary signage in the areas where tobacco is commonly used to prepare tobacco users for the upcoming change. Temporary signage such as sandwich boards and roll-aways can be used to post the signage to visitors during special events such as conferences, meetings, and ceremonies.
2.
Permanent signage – Permanent signage should be placed in highly visible locations and especially in the areas previously occupied by smokers and tobacco users such as areas which previously houses ashtrays and smoking areas. Refer back to your data assessments; cigarette butts pick-up data, and environmental scans to determine locations for permanent signage.
B. Update campus environment and facilities to reflect the new policy - In addition to signage, add and remove items to reflect a tobacco-free environment. This may include:
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1. Removal of ashtray and smoking/tobacco related amenities on campus
2. Repurposing previously designated smoking areas
Step #4: Promote available cessation resources and services
It may be difficult for current student and staff that use tobacco products to adjust to the new policy and this concern should be taken into consideration. One way to assist them is to promote and/or offer cessation resources and services for those who may want to quit and need assistance in doing so. Promotion of the following services should be made available to every on campus and should be implemented as outlined in your action plan.
A.
Georgia Tobacco Quit Line
What is the Georgia Tobacco Quit Line?
The Georgia Tobacco Quit Line is a public health service funded by the Georgia
Department of Public Health through the Georgia Tobacco Use Prevention Program
(GTUPP). GTUPP partners with a national tobacco cessation vendor to provide telephone and web-based counseling services in accordance with the United States
Public Health Service Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline.
English: 1-877-270-STOP (877-270-7867)
Spanish: 1-877-2NO-FUME (877-266-3863)
Hearing Impaired (TTY Services): 1-877-777-6534
The Georgia Tobacco Quit Line is available every day, 24 hours a day, and 7 days a week (including holidays).
What are the benefits of calling the tobacco quit line?
Receive FREE helpful quitting tips/techniques and support.
Eliminate barriers of traditional cessation classes such as waiting for a class to be held or having to drive to a location in order to be in a class.
Provide easy access for people who live in rural or remote areas. They can simply pick up the phone and call instead of having to drive long distances to attend a class.
Empower callers who may feel uncomfortable with seeking help in a group setting.
Evidenced-based Intervention
The Georgia Tobacco Quit Line (GTQL) offers effective, evidence-based interventions to help Georgians quit smoking and using any other smokeless tobacco products (i.e., dip or snuff). For Georgians whose primary language may not be English, there are qualified interpreters available.
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Eligibility
Professional assistance is available 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.
Any tobacco user 13 years or older living in Georgia.
Who Should Call the Quit Line?
Anyone can call the Georgia Tobacco Quit Line; not only tobacco users. It is also open to the general public, relatives, friends, as well as healthcare and public health professionals.
Why call the Quit Line?
20 minutes after quitting, your heart rate drops.
2 weeks to 3 months, after quitting heart attack risk begins to drop. Lung function begins to improve.
1 to 9 months, after quitting coughing and shortness of breath decreases.
1 year after quitting, added risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker's.
Within 5 years, of quitting risk of cancer of the month, throat and bladder is cut in half.
10 years, after quitting risk of dying from lung cancer drops by half.
B.
Campus Health Services
Some institutions offer cessation support and services through their respective campus health facilities. It is important to engage the appropriate individual(s) responsible for health services early in the process to determine what services are currently available on your campus and which services/program your institution may be willing to explore
C.
Employee Benefits Cessation Services
Some employees offer cessation services to their employees as part of their health benefits packets. Contact the appropriate benefits representative within your institution to determine all available options for employees and determine the best method of educating faculty and staff of these services.
D.
Local Services
Contact other local health services and related organizations to determine what other cessations services may be offered in your area. Some of the organizations you may want to start by contacting are the local health department, local
American Cancer Society chapter and local American Lung Association chapter.
E.
Other Available Services
The Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia recently created the
USG Tobacco-Free website, at www.usg.edu/tobaccofree . Here you can find services that are free and available available to students, faculty, and staff. It is also a means to connect to the services offered on individuals USG Campuses.
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Tips for Using Scripts
These scripts are intended to help USG community members become more comfortable discussing the tobacco-free environment policy with other staff, students, faculty, and visitors in a respectful and supportive manner.
Be empathetic. The three to five minutes you spend with a person struggling with their need for tobacco could help their craving dissipate.
Use common sense in every situation.
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Remember that the encounter should be supportive, not punitive.
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Share information about the campus policy in a non-judgmental way.
You may need to repeat the same phrase: “We are a tobacco-free campus, so we don't allow tobacco-use here.”
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It is important to remain neutral and not say whether you agree or disagree with the policy.
You should not “blame” GRU administration for the decision, but merely state that we are creating a healthier place to learn, work and visit.
Script #1
• Situation: You see a person using tobacco products on USG property
• Response: “Hello, my name is ______, and I am an (employee, student, faculty member) here at UCR.
I want to make you aware that we are now a smoke and tobacco-free campus, meaning that smoking and all tobacco products are prohibited on our grounds. The University System implemented this policy because we are committed to providing a healthy, safe, and productive work and learning environment for the entire campus community. We would appreciate it if you would not smoke or use tobacco products while visiting our campus. Thank you for helping us keep our campus smoke and tobacco-free.”
Script #2
• Question: “Where am I allowed to smoke?”
• Response: “Smoking and the use of other tobacco products are not allowed on any USG property. If you wish to smoke, you will need to leave campus property to do so.”
Script #3
• Question: “Am I allowed to smoke in my car?”
• Response: “We ask that you respect our policy and not smoke or use tobacco products while your vehicle is on USG property.”
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Script #4
• For Vendors, Contractors, and Visitors: “I’d like to let you know in advance that _____ (Name of Institution) is going to be a Smoke/Tobacco-
Free environment as of October 1, 2014. Smoking or use of tobacco products will not be permitted on any University property, grounds, or in the parking areas. Thank you for respecting our new policy.”
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For use by campuses: Use the following environmental scan by physically visiting the campus and checking the appropriate response to the questions. Keep in mind that the time of day
(during/in between classes, lunch time, etc.) and weather can affect your findings. If needed complete the scan more than once to gather more information. Use the notes space at the end of the scan to indicate other helpful information such as how many people are observed and whether they appear to be faculty, staff, students, or visitors.
Campus: _____________________________________ Weather: __________________
Conducted by:_______________________________ Date: ___________ Time:______
Where do you see smoking on campus?
Near building entrances? If yes, which buildings
Academic buildings
Administrative buildings
Residence halls
Library
Bookstore
Campus convenience store
Student center
Dining facilities
In or around athletic facilities?
On sidewalks, bus stops, or other “public” areas?
In parking lots?
In designated smoking areas?
Other:
Where do you smell smoking on campus?
Near building entrances? If yes, which buildings
Academic buildings
Administrative buildings
Residence halls
Library
Bookstore
Campus convenience store
Student center
Dining facilities
In or around athletic facilities?
Yes No
Yes No
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On sidewalks, bus stops, or other “public” areas?
In parking lots?
In designated smoking areas?
Other:
Ashtrays and tobacco related litter
Are there ashtrays or receptacles on campus?
Outside doors?
Several feet from door?
In designated smoking areas?
Are they full?
Where are cigarette butts/litter found?
Near building entrances? If yes, which buildings
Academic buildings
Administrative buildings
Residence halls
Library
Bookstore
Campus convenience store
Student center
Dining facilities
In or around athletic facilities?
On sidewalks, bus stops, or other “public” areas?
In parking lots?
In designated smoking areas?
Other:
Enforcement signs
Are there “no smoking” or “no tobacco” signs on campus?
Near building entrances? If yes, where are the signs located? List buildings and locations below
Building location
Are they visible?
Are they in a good location?
Building location
Are they visible?
Are they in a good location?
Yes
Yes
No
No
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Building location
Are they visible?
Are they in a good location?
Building location
Are they visible?
Are they in a good location?
Promotion and Marketing
Does the campus store sell tobacco products?
If yes, how many stores on campus sell tobacco? ____________
Do they visibly display “We Card” signs?
Are they tobacco related ads on display?
Are cigarette paraphernalia for sale? (e.g. matches, lighters, etc.)
Are there stores immediately adjacent to campus that sell tobacco?
If yes, how many stores on campus sell tobacco? ____________
Do they visibly display “We Card” signs?
Are they tobacco related ads on display?
Are cigarette paraphernalia for sale? (e.g. matches, lighters, etc.)
Are there ads for tobacco products on campus?
In the campus newspaper?
While around athletic facilities?
In other non-campus publications?
Cessation
Are there smoking cessation materials displayed on campus?
In the student health center?
In the student center?
If yes, list the locations below.
Yes No
Yes No
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1.
2011 Georgia Behavioral Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Data.
2.
Dube, S. et al. “Pro-Tobacco Influences and Susceptibility to Smoking Cigarettes Among Middle and High School Students—United States, 2011,” Journal of Adolescent Health, 52:S45-S51,
2013.
3.
Halperin AC. State of the Union: Smoking on US College Campuses. A report for the American
Legacy Foundation. Washington DC. March 2002. (Unpublished, internal report)
4.
Jefferson, Chanelle. Ray, Kenneth. Georgia Tobacco-Free Colleges & Universities Tool Kit 2014.
Created by the Georgia Tobacco Use Prevention Programs of the Georgia Department of Public
Health. https://dph.georgia.gov/sites/dph.georgia.gov/files/related_files/site_page/Tobacco%20Free%2
0Colleges%20and%20Universities%20Tool%20kit%20Feb%202014%20DPH%20Georgia.pdf
5.
Rigotti, N. A., Lee, J. E. & Wechsler, H. (2000). U. S. college students’ use of tobacco products:
Results of a national survey. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(6), 699-705.
6.
Sutfin, E. L., McCoy, T. P., Reboussin, B. A., Wagoner, K. G., Spangler, J., & Wolfson, M. (2011).
Prevalence and correlates of waterpipe tobacco smoking by college students in North Carolina.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(1-2), 131-136.
7.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). How tobacco smoke causes disease: The biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease: A report of the Surgeon General.
Washington, DC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
8.
US. Federal Trade Commission. U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Cigarette Report for 2011,
2013, http://www.ftc.gov/os/2013/05/130521cigarettereport.pdf. FTC, Smokeless Tobacco
Report for 2011, 2013, http://www.ftc.gov/os/2013/05/130521smokelesstobaccoreport.pdf
.
Compiled here: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0271.pdf
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