Latin II
Final guide
I. Grammar Define the following terms:
Term
Accusative
Action verb
Adjective
Adverb
Case
Conjugation
Conjunction
Declension
Direct object
Gender
Imperative
Indirect object
Indicative
Infinitive
Inflection
Interjection
Linking verb
Macron
Mood
Nominative
Noun
Number
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Definition
The case used to indicate direct objects or the object of certain
prepositions.
A verb which implies doing something. Not a linking verb!
Modifies (describes) a noun. Nouns and adjectives agree in
number, gender, and case.
A word or phrase modifying (describing) an adjective, verb or
other adverb. Many in English end in –ly, but not all of them!
Refers to the declined forms (or variations) of a noun,
pronoun, or adjective. Different cases indicate different
grammatical uses or functions
A family of verbs with the same fixed endings.
Connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences
A family of nouns with the same fixed endings. Latin has five
noun declensions, but we have studied only the first three.
Receives the action of the verb. In Latin, direct objects are in
the accusative case.
Latin nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter. Gender is an
inherent part of a noun and must be memorized as part of the
noun.
A command. It may be positive or negative. Only used in the
2nd person.
Show to whom or for whom the action of a sentence is
intended. Often seen with a verb of giving, saying, showing,
or telling.
The mood of verbs in objective statements.
The present active infinitive is the second principal part of a
verb. The “to…” form. It is the verb without any inflected
endings.
The changing of words to express different grammatical uses.
A part of speech that may stand alone. It expresses emotion or
a reaction.
Functions like an equal sign. It ‘equalizes’ a subject and a
predicate noun or adjective. It cannot take a direct object.
A mark over a vowel to indicate length.
An extremely complicated topic. We have learned two moods:
the imperative (command) and the indicative. If it isn’t in the
imperative, then it is indicative. That is all you need to know.
The case used to indicate subjects, predicate adjectives, and
predicate nominatives.
A person (Caecilius / vir), place (villa), thing (poculum), or
idea/quality (veritas)
Singular or plural
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Latin II
Final guide
Term
Object of preposition
Person
Predicate nominative/noun,
adjective
Preposition
Pronoun
Subject
Tense
Vocative
Voice
II. Nouns
Definition
The noun or pronoun following a preposition. The preposition
and noun/pronoun make up a prepositional phrase. The object
of the preposition will be in the accusative or ablative case.
1st person refers to the speaker (I/we). 2nd person refers to the
person to whom the speaker is speaking (you). 3rd person
refers to someone about whom the speaker is speaking
(he/she/it/they)
Follows a linking verb. Must be in the nominative case.
Prepositions show relationships between words in the
sentence. Prepositions in Latin are followed by a noun or a
pronoun in the accusative or ablative case.
Takes the place of a noun. It may be declined. This year, we
have learned the forms of “I” and “you” in the singular and
plural.
The performer of the action in a sentence (with an active
verb). In Latin, the subject is indicated by the nominative case.
Indicates when an action took place. Latin has six tenses: the
present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect,
and pluperfect.
Case of direct address
If the subject does the action of the verb, the verb is said to be
in the active voice. If the subject has the action of the verb
done to it, the verb is said to be in the passive voice.
A. Cases & Grammatical functions
Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives
follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fuī futurus “to be.”
Genitive provides the noun stem, quantity/partitive and shows possession.
e.g. oculī monstrī flammās emittēbant. The eyes of the monster were sending out flames.
turba ancillārum ā Quīntō fūgērunt. The crowd of slave-girls fled from Quintus.
Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or
what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs obstō, appropinquō, promittō, studeō, pareō,
resistō, confidō, noceō, persuadeō, praesum, faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative
case.
Certain adjectives require the dative case in order to complete their meaning in phrases, e.g. necesse,
decorum, facile, difficile, commodum, fidelis.
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Latin II
Final guide
Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action
verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.
apud among/at the house of
post behind/after
ad to
prope near
per through
in + Acc. into/onto
ante before
Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “SIDSPACE.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that
start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant.
sine without
sub under
in in, on
pro in front of
dē about, down from
ā/ab away from
cum with
ē/ex out of, from
Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case
1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the nominative
2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in -us, the vocative ends in e
For 2nd declension nouns ending in -ius, the vocative ends in ī
3. The vocative case often appears with the imperative mood of the verb.
4. Give the singular and plural vocative for son filī (singular) filiī(plural)
5. Give the vocative for Rufus Rufe
B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th declension endings.
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Latin II
Final guide
Nouns of the first declensions are generally feminine gender;
second declension nouns are masculine and neuter gender;
third declension nouns are masculine , feminine, and neuter genders;
fourth declension nouns are masculine and neuter ; and
fifth declension nouns are generally feminine gender.
From a noun’s principal parts, determine the declension from the genitive singular and the stem/base.
Neuter nouns have the same endings in the nominative and accusative cases
the nominative and accusative plural always end in the letter a ; and
neuter nouns are found in the 2nd , 3rd and 4th declensions.
Decline the following nouns:
Nominative
donum
Singular
Plural
donum
dona
canis
Singular
canis
Plural
canēs
flumen
Singular
Plural
flumen
flumina
Genitive
donī
donōrum
canis
canum
fluminis
fluminum
Dative
donō
donīs
canī
canibus
fluminī
fluminibus
Accusative
donum
dona
canem
canēs
flumen
flumina
Ablative
donō
donīs
cane
canibus
flumine
fluminibus
Vocative
donum
dona
canis
canēs
flumen
flumina
Nominative
manus
Singular
Plural
manus
manūs
Singular
cornū
cornu
Plural
cornua
effigies
Singular
Plural
effigiēs
effigiēs
Genitive
manūs
manuum
cornūs
cornuum
effigiēī
effigiērum
Dative
manuī
manibus
cornū
cornibus
effigiēī
effigiēbus
Accusative
manum
manūs
cornū
cornua
effigiem
effigiēs
Ablative
manū
manibus
cornū
cornibus
effigiē
effigiēbus
Vocative
manus
manūs
cornū
cornua
effigiēs
effigiēs
III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns
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Latin II
Final guide
Remember that an adjective must agree with the noun that it modifies in number,
gender, and case. There are two categories of adjectives: -us, -a, -um adjectives
use the endings of 1st and 2nd declension. -is, -is, -e adjectives use 3rd declension endings and
change the ablative singular to ī and genitive plural to ium. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree
with the nouns they describe in declension.
Give the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of laetus, laeta,, laetum and crudelis, crudelis, crudele
Masculine of laetus
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
laetus
laetī
laetō
laetum
laetō
Plural
laetī
laetōrum
laetīs
laetōs
laetīs
Masculine of crudelis
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
crudelis
crudelis
crudelī
crudelem
crudelī
Plural
crudelēs
crudelium
crudelibus
crudelēs
crudelibus
Feminine of laetus
Singular
laeta
laetae
laetae
laetam
laetā
Plural
laetae
laetārum
laetīs
laetās
laetīs
Feminine of crudelis
Singular
crudelis
crudelis
crudelī
crudelem
crudelī
Plural
crudelēs
crudelium
crudelibus
crudelēs
crudelibus
Neuter of laetus
Singular
laetum
laetī
laetō
laetum
laetō
Plural
laeta
laetōrum
laetīs
laeta
laetīs
Neuter of crudelis
Singular
crudele
crudelis
crudelī
crudele
crudelī
Plural
crudelia
crudelium
crudelibus
crudelia
crudelibus
Give the correct form of laetus and crudelis to describe the underlined noun. Remember agreement rules –
same case, number, and gender. N.B. It does not necessarily mean same ending!
Happy
Cruel
1. Quintus _____ erat.
laetus
crudelis
2. cives _____ leones spectant.
laetī
crudelēs
3. mercator feminis _____ togas monstravit.
laetīs
crudelibus
4. Quintus Clementem _____ liberavit.
laetum
crudelem
5. Quintus Clementi _____ pecuniam dedit.
laetō
crudelī
6. Grumio ancillae _____ basium dedit.
laetae
crudelī
7. ancilla _____ Grumionem quoque amat.
laeta
crudelis
8. Salvius ancillas _____ vituperavit.
laetās
crudelēs
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Latin II
Final guide
9. Salvius servo _____ cibum non dedit.
laetō
crudelī
10. servus e villā Salvii _____ effugit.
laetī
crudelis
Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:
e.g.
notus well known
notior more well known
notissimus very well known
celer quick
celerior quicker
celerrimus quickest
IV. Pronouns
Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:
Nominative Singular
ego – I
tu – you
Reflexive — self
Genitive Singular
XXXXXX
XXXXXXX
sui
Dative Singular
mihi
tibi
sibi
Accusative Singular
mē
tē
sē
Ablative Singular
mē
tē
sē
Nominative Plural
nōs
vōs
Genitive Plural
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
Dative Plural
nōbīs
vōbīs
sibi
Accusative Plural
nōs
vōs
sē
Ablative Plural
nōbīs
vōbīs
sē
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Latin II
Final guide
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. Relative pronouns refer back to the antecedent, a
noun which came before. Relative clauses provide more information about the antecedent. They are
translated as who, whose, whom, that, or which.
Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in number and gender only.
They take their case from how it is used in the relative clause.
Fill in the chart with the forms of the relative pronoun.
Singular
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
quī
quae
quod
quī
quae
quae
Genitive
cuius
cuius
cuius
quōrum
quārum
quōrum
Dative
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Accusative
quem
quam
quod
quōs
quās
quae
Ablative
quō
quā
quō
quibus
quibus
quibus
hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud are demonstratives. They can be used as quibus, which
means they modify a noun, or as pronouns, which means they take the place of a noun . In
both cases, they follow the same rule as adjective agreement, which states that modify nouns in number,
gender, and case . hic, haec, hoc is translated as
this or these; ille, illa, illud is translated as that or those.
Write out the forms of hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud in the charts below.
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
hic
haec
hoc
ille
illa
illud
Genitive
huius
huius
huius
illius
illius
illius
Dative
huic
huic
huic
illī
illī
illī
Accusative
hunc
hanc
hoc
illum
illam
illud
Ablative
hōc
hāc
hōc
illō
illā
illō
Nominative
hī
hae
haec
illī
illae
illa
Genitive
hōrum
hārum
hōrum
illōrum
illārum
illōrum
Dative
hīs
hīs
hīs
illīs
illīs
illīs
Accusative
hōs
hās
haec
illōs
illās
illa
Ablative
hīs
hīs
hīs
illīs
illīs
illīs
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Latin II
Final guide
Tell the case, number, and gender of the demonstrative(s) in each sentence. Then translate.
1. Rufilla hanc ancillam semper vituperat, sed illos servos saepe laudat.
Acc, fem, sing / acc, masc, pl: Rufilla scolds this slave-girl; but she often praise those slaves.
2. Bregans in hāc villā habitare non vult.
Abl, fem, sing: Bregans does not want to live in this house.
3. Quintus his templis appropinquavit.
Dat, neuter, pl: Quintus neared those temples.
4. Clemens haec templa non visitavit sed semper ad illud templum Isidis venit.
Acc, neuter, pl; acc, neuter sing: Clemens did not visit those temples, but he always comes/came
(no long mark, so how do I know?) to that temple of Isis.
5. haec puella semper libros legit sed ille puer numquam legit.
Fem, nom, sing/ masc, nom, sing: This girl always reads books; but that boy never reads.
is, ea, id is the personal pronoun. It is used to replace a noun. It must have
the same case, number, and gender as the noun it replaces. It is translated as he, she, it (or as a weak form
of this/that).
Fill in the chart with the forms of the personal pronoun.
Singular
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
is
ea
id
eī
eae
ea
Genitive
eius
eius
eius
eōrum
eārum
eōrum
Dative
eī
eī
eī
eīs
eīs
eīs
Accusative
eum
eam
id
eōs
eās
ea
Ablative
eō
eā
eō
eīs
eīs
eīs
Give the correct form of the personal pronoun to replace the underlined nouns.
1. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert.
eīs
2. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert.
id
3. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert.
is
4. Rufilla semper cum Barbillo sermones habebat. ea
5. Rufilla semper cum Barbillo sermones habebat. eō
6. Rufilla Barbillo fabulas narravit.
eī
7. Rufilla pecuniam Barbilli cupivit.
eius
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Latin II
Final guide
V. Verbs
A. Principal parts
Most regular verbs have four principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of all four.
Principal part
First principal part
Second principal part
Third principal part
Fourth principal part
Example
portō “I carry, do
carry, am carrying”
portāre “to carry”
Use
First person singular present active
Present active infinitive:
 yields the present active stem
 used for present and imperfect tenses
active
 used for imperative active mood
 identifies the conjugation
portāvī “I carried, did First person singular perfect:
carry, have carried”
 yields perfect active stem
 used for perfect active tense
portātus “having been Perfect passive participle:
carried”
 functions as a verbal adjective
 used to form Perfect passive tenses
The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which
conjugation the verb belongs.
First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre.
Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre.
Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere.
Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
laudāre
vidēre
dūcere
audīre
N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific
conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a
consistent and predictable manner.
e.g.
sum, esse, fuī, futurus
possum, posse, potuī, —
volō, velle, voluī, —
nolō, nolo, noluī, —
ferō, ferre, tulī, latus
eō, īre, iī, itus
N.B. The following verbs require a complementary infinitive to complete the meaning:
possum , volō , and nolō .
e.g. Salvius Bregantem punīre poterat. Salvius was able to punish Bregans.
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Final guide
B. Conjugating verbs
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus “love.”
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
amāveram
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
amō
amābam
amāvī
translation
I love, I am loving, I
do love
I was loving, I used
to love
I loved, I have loved,
I did love
I had loved
2nd singular
amās
amābas
amāvīstī
amāverās
translation
you love, you do
love, you are loving
you were loving, you
used to love
you loved, you have
loved, you did love
You had loved
3rd singular
amat
amābat
amāvit
amāverat
translation
he/she/it loves, is
loving, does love
he/she/it was loving,
used to love
he/she/it loved, has
loved, did love
He had loved
1st plural
amāmus
amābamus
amāvimus
amāverāmus
translation
we love, we are
loving, we do love
we were loving, we
used to love
we loved, we have
loved, we did love
We had loved
2nd plural
amātis
amābatis
amāvistis
amāverātis
translation
you love, you are
loving, you do love
you were loving, you
used to love
you loved, you have
loved, you did love
You had loved
3rd plural
amant
amābant
amāvērunt
amāverant
translation
they love, they do
love, they are loving
they were loving,
they used to love
they loved, they have
loved, they did love
They had loved
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Final guide
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fuī, futurus “be.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
1st singular
sum
eram
fuī
fueram
translation
I am
I was
I have been
I had been
2nd singular
es
erās
fuistī
fuerās
translation
you are
you were
you have been
you had been
3rd singular
est
erat
fuit
fuerat
translation
he/she/it is
he/she/it was
he/she/it has been
he/she/it had been
1st plural
sumus
erāmus
fuimus
fuerāmus
translation
we are
we were
we have been
we had been
2nd plural
estis
erātis
fuistis
fuerātis
translation
you are
you were
you have been
you had been
3rd plural
sunt
erant
fuērunt
fuerant
translation
they are
they were
they have been
they had been
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for possum, posse, potuī, — “able.”
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
potueram
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
possum
poteram
potuī
translation
I am able
I was able
I was/have been
able
I had been able
2nd singular
potes
poterās
potuistī
potuerās
translation
You are able
You were able
You were/have been
able
You had been able
3rd singular
potest
poterat
potuit
potuerat
translation
He is able
He were able
He was/has been
able
He had been able
1st plural
possumus
poterāmus
potuimus
potuerāmus
translation
we are able
we were able
we were/have been
able
We had been able
2nd plural
potestis
poterātis
potuistis
potuerātis
translation
You are able
You were able
You were/have been
able
You had been able
3rd plural
possunt
poterant
potuērunt
potuerant
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Final guide
translation
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
they are able
they were able
they were/have been
able
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
They had been able
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for volō, velle, voluī, — “want, wish.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
volō
volēbam
voluī
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
volueram
translation
I want
I was wanting
I (have) wanted
I had wanted
2nd singular
vīs
volēbās
voluistī
voluerās
translation
You want
You were wanting
You (have) wanted
You had wanted
3rd singular
vult
volēbat
voluit
voluerat
translation
He wants
He was wanting
He (has) wanted
He had wanted
1st plural
volumus
volēbāmus
voluimus
voluerāmus
translation
We want
We were wanting
We (have) wanted
We had wanted
2nd plural
vultis
volēbātis
voluistis
voluerātis
translation
You want
You were wanting
You (have) wanted
You had wanted
3rd plural
volunt
volēbant
voluērunt
voluerant
translation
They want
They were wanting
They (have) wanted
They had wanted
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for nolō, nolle, noluī, — “not want, wish.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
1st singular
nolō
nolēbam
noluī
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
nolueram
translation
I don’t want
I was not wanting
I (have) not wanted
I had not wanted
2nd singular
Non vīs
nolēbās
noluistī
noluerās
translation
You don’t want
You were not
wanting
You (have) not
wanted
You had not wanted
3rd singular
Non vult
nolēbat
nvoluit
noluerat
translation
He doesn’t wants
He was not wanting
He (has) not wanted
He had not wanted
1st plural
nolumus
nolēbāmus
noluimus
noluerāmus
translation
We don’t want
We were not wanting
We (have) not
wanted
2nd plural
Non vultis
nolēbātis
noluistis
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We had not wanted
noluerātis
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Final guide
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
You had not wanted
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
translation
You don’t want
You were not
wanting
You (have) not
wanted
3rd plural
nolunt
nolēbant
noluērunt
noluerant
translation
They don’t want
They were not
wanting
They (have) not
wanted
translation
We go
We were going
we went/have gone
They had not
wanted
We had gone
2nd plural
ītis
ībātis
iistis
ierātis
translation
You go
You were going
You went/have gone
You had gone
3rd plural
eunt
ībant
iērunt
ierant
translation
They go
they were going
they went/have gone
They had gone
C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person/s.)
Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs:
Singular
Plural
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
amā
amāte
sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus
sedē
sedēte
ducō, ducere, duxī, ductus
duc(I’m not sure why this was
used. It is irregular)
ducite
sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus
sentī
sentīte
e.g. dā cibum servō! Give the slave food!
e.g. legite epistulās! Read the letters!
Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive.
e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! Marcus, don’t drink the water!
puerī, nōlīte currere! Boys, don’t run!
D. Participles
Participles are also known as verbal adjectives because they are part verb and part adjective. Like verbs,
they have tense, which tells the time of the verb, and voice. Like
adjectives, they have number, gender, and case, all three of which must agree with the noun that they
describe.
Present active participles are formed from the present stem of the verb (1st/2nd principal part). The
nominative singular ends in ns the rest of the forms change this ending to nt and then add 3rd declension
endings.
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Perfect passive participles are the fourth principal part of verbs. They may often be translated with the
ending -ed into English. N.B. They are not always translated with -ed: singed, telled, sinked, thinked.
Give the Present active and Perfect passive Participles for the following verbs and translate.
clamō, clamāre
“shout”
terreō, terrēre
“scare”
garriō, garrīre
“gossip”
contendō,
contendere “hurry”
capiō, capere –
“take”
Present active
clamāns
Translation
shouting
terrēns
scaring
garriēns
gossipping
contendēns
hurrying
capiēns
taking
Participles are declined like 3rd declension adjectives. Give the forms for laudans, laudantis “praising”
Masculine of laudans
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
laudāns
laudantis
laudantī
laudantem
laudante
Plural
laudantēs
laudantium
laudantibus
laudantēs
laudantibus
Feminine of laudans
Singular
laudāns
laudantis
laudantī
laudantem
laudante
Plural
laudantēs
laudantium
laudantibus
laudantēs
laudantibus
Neuter of laudans
Singular
laudāns
laudantis
laudantī
laudāns
laudante
Plural
laudantia
laudantium
laudantibus
laudantia
laudantibus
Underline the participle and connect it to the noun it describes. Then translate each sentence.
1. tum Plancus nobiscum ibat garriens. Then Plancus, talking, was going with us.
2. Ego deum in templum sedentem adorabam. I was worshipping the god sitting in the temple
3. sacerdotes effigiem portantes ad templum contendunt. The priests, carrying the statue, hurry to the
temple.
4. Salvius Clementem salutans ridet. Salvius, greeting Clemens, laughs.
5. Salvius Clementem ridentem salutat. Salvius greets the laughing Clemens.
6. dominus latronem e villā servum fugientem necat. The master kills the robber fleeing from the house.
7. servus punitus e villā contendit. The punished slave hurries from the house.
8. Metella in foro ambulans togam Quinto natalem celebranti quaerebat.
Metella, walking in the forum, was seeking a toga for Quintus, who was celebrating his birthday.
9. Servi Salvium vulneratum ad villam portaverunt. The slaves carried the wounded Salvius to the
house.
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VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
Some adverbs come from adjectives. Others are simply exist only as adverbs, e.g. vix, hodie, mox, heri.
1st and 2nd declension adjectives replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs; 3rd declensions add -iter.
Many English adverbs end -ly. Superlative adverbs replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs.
Comparative adjectives replace -ior with -ius in order to become adverbs.
VII. Prepositions Choose the correct case for the object of the preposition in the following sentences.
servī lectum ex tricliniō in hortum trahunt.
Quintus canem in viā videt.
Melissa cum Grumione prope theatrum lentē ambulābat.
Bregans apud Salvium lacrimat.
Plancus, a tabernā ambulāns, de templīs narrāvit.
VIII. Dependent clauses
In addition to causal and temporal clauses (introduced by quod and postquam) in Latin 1, relative clauses
are also dependent/subordinate. All relative pronouns refer back to a noun in the sentence called the
antecedent. A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause, which provides additional
information about the antecedent. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedents in number
and gender, but their case comes from their grammatical function or use in their own clause.
Connect each relative pronoun with its antecedent (#1-3); select the correct pronoun (#4-5). Translate the
sentences into English.
1. Rufilla, quae numquam laeta est, anulum habēre vult.
Rufilla, who is never happy, wants to have a ring.
2. rex, cuius servī in fundō laborant, est Cogidubnus.
The king, whose slaves work on the farm, is Cogidubnus.
3. rex servum, quī in hortō laborat, laudat.
The king praises the slave who works in the garden.
4. ancillae, quās rex vituperat, e villā effugiunt.
The slave-girls whom the king scolds flee from the house.
5. templum, cui in Alexandriā appropinquāvī, magnum erat.
The temple which we approached in Alexandria was great.
6. subito Salvius servōs, quī non laborabant, punīvit.
Suddenly Salvius punished the slaves who were not working.
IX. Quam
With the positive adjective, quam means how.
With the comparative adjective, quam means than.
With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible.
Quam can also be the feminine accusative singular relative pronoun.
e.g. Quam callidus est Quīntus! How clever Quintus is!
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e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. Clemens is smarter than Grumio!
e.g. pūgnāvit quam fortissimē. He fought as bravely as possible.
e.g. puella quam videō est Cornelia. The girl whom I see is Cornelia.
IX. Interrogatives/Question words
-ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question.
nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes.
num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no.
e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Is Marcus a Roman boy?
e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Marcus is a Roman boy, isn’t he? /Surely Marcus is a Roman boy?
e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Marcus isn’t a Roman boy, is he? / Surely Marcus is not a Roman
boy?
Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.
e.g. quis Who? quid What? ubi Where? cūr Why?
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