Name:_Answer Key_______________________________ Date:__________________ Block:___________________ Unit 6 Study Guide: DNA Structure Use your notes to define the following terms or scientists. DO NOT forget your illustrations. Word and Definition Illustration/Contribution DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. Draw and label: Nitrogen Base: Nitrogenous bases are one of the fundamental components of nucleic acids, such as DNA Draw and Label: Codon: A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA molecule. Draw: Nucleotide: Draw and Label: A nucleotide is a molecule made up of a nitrogen base, a five-carbon sugar, and at least one phosphate group. Nucleotides make up the basic units of DNA molecules. Double Helix: A term used to describe the structure of DNA. The shape is similar to that of a spiral staircase. Draw: Chargaff’s Rule: In the base composition of DNA, the quantity of adenine equaled the quantity of thymine and the quantity of guanine equaled the quantity of cytosine. Draw and label: Chromosome: A structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. Draw Gene: A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism. Draw: Rosalind Franklin: Contribution British x-ray crystallographer; Franklin's x-ray photograph depicting the double-helix shape of DNA gave Watson and Crick the essential experimental evidence they needed to determine DNA's structure. Franklin's x-ray photograph depicting the double-helix shape of DNA gave Watson and Crick the essential experimental evidence they needed to determine DNA's structure. Watson and Crick: Contribution In 1962 James Watson & Francis Crick jointly received the Nobel Prize for their 1953 determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). A new understanding of heredity and hereditary disease was possible once it was determined that DNA consists of two chains twisted around each other, or double helixes, of alternating phosphate and sugar groups, and that the two chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of organic bases 1. If TTGGCTA is a strand of DNA, what would its complementary strands look like? AACCGAT 2. In DNA, what are the sides of the ladder and the steps of the ladder made up of? Sides – phosphate and sugar Rungs (steps) – nitrogen bases 3. Describe the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, and genes. What makes up what? Describe in words and illustrate below: Chromosomes are composed of long strands of material made of DNA and proteins. Chromosomes are made of tightly coiled strands of DNA. A gene is a particular segment of the chromosome that codes for an inherited trait.