Biology 1B Final Study Guide
Fill in the blanks for each statement from the notes or choose the best answer in parenthesis. 10- 20 questions from each unit will be
chosen and turned into multiple choice questions for the final.
Unit 1: Genetics
1 Independent assortment (increases / decreases) genetic variation in gametes.
2 Crossing Over (increases / decreases) genetic variation in gametes.
3 _______________________________ is the physical expression of the genes or outward appearance.
4 _______________________________ is when an organism has two different alleles for a certain trait.
5 A _____________________________ phenotype will always show up if the dominant allele is present.
6 _______________________________ is when two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time.
7 A characteristic of an organism is also known as _______________________.
8 Combinations of genes in an organism are also known as _____________________________.
9 When an organism has two of the same alleles for a trait they are said to be _______________________________.
10 A _____________________________ phenotype will only show up when the dominant allele is not present.
11 _____________________________ is when more than one gene affects the phenotype of an organism.
12 Different forms of a gene are known as ______________________________.
13 _______________________________________ is when two alleles in an heterozygous genotype contribute to the individual
phenotype that isn’t exactly like either parent.
14 If white hair (b) is recessive to brown hair (B), what would the expected hair color phenotype of a BB individual be?
_________________________
15 If Red flowers (RR) are Incomplete dominant to white flowers (WW), what would the expected flower color phenotype of a
RW flower be? _________________________
16 If black chickens (CB CB) are Co-dominant to white chickens (CW CW), what would be the phenotype of a CB CW chicken?
___________________________
17 If the ability to roll your tongue is dominant (R) to the inability to roll your tongue (r), what would the expected phenotype of
an rr individual be? _____________________________
18 Genes for two traits are separated and distributed independently of one another is Mendel’s Law of
________________________________________.
19 Two organisms pure for a trait are crossed, all offspring will show the dominant trait is Mendel’s Law of
________________________________________.
20 Alleles of a gene occur in pairs that separate during Meiosis and recombine at fertilization is Mendel’s Laws of
_________________________________________.
21 What would the genotype and phenotype ratios be for a cross between a homozygous tall plant (TT) and a homozygous
recessive short plant (tt)?
a. Genotype Ratios _____________________________
b. Phenotype Ratios ____________________________
22 What would the genotype and phenotype ratios be for a cross between a plant that is heterozygous for round seeds and
another plant that is heterozygous for round seeds?
a. Genotype Ratios _____________________________
b. Phenotype Ratios ____________________________
23 __________________________ mutation is when a piece of chromosome breaks off resulting in the loss of some genes.
24 __________________________ mutation is when a piece of chromosome is rotated reversing the order of the genes.
25 During _______________________________ mutations a piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to the homologous
chromosome.
26 _________________________ mutation is when a piece of chromosome is transferred to a non-homologous chromosome.
27 During ______________________________ the homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally during Meiosis
resulting in an addition or loss of a whole chromosome.
28 ____________________ happens during synapsis of Meiosis and is when pieces of homologous chromosomes are
exchanged.
29 The presence of an extra copy of the 21st chromosome is what genetic disorder? _____________________________
30 The presence of an extra X chromosome in males is what genetic disorder? _____________________________
31 The presence of only one X chromosome in females is what genetic disorder? _____________________________
32 What are the phenotype and genotype ratios of a cross between a female with type A blood whose father was type O and a
man with type AB blood?
a. Genotype Ratios _____________________________
b. Phenotype Ratios ____________________________
33 What are the phenotype and genotype ratios of a cross between a white chicken (CWCW) and a black chicken (CBCB)?
a. Genotype Ratios _____________________________
b. Phenotype Ratios ____________________________
Unit 2: Evolution
1. ______________________________________ is the differences in species that get passes onto the next generation.
2. ______________________________________ is when more offspring are produced than can survive.
3. ______________________________________ is when there is competition for limited resources.
4. ______________________________________ is when the organisms with the most beneficial traits will survive and
reproduce to pass on the traits.
5. Evolution happens over (one generation / over many generations).
6. Natural selection chooses the organisms that are better adapted to ________________________________________.
7. (True / False) Charles Darwin came to understand that individuals whose variation gives them an advantage in staying alive
long enough to reproduce are more likely to pass their traits on to the next generation
8. (True / False) Populations of plants and animals in nature most often consist of individuals that are clones of each other.
9. ________________________, ________________________, _____________________________,
_______________________________, and __________________________are the five pieces of evidence that support
evolution.
10. _____________________________ structures are similar but have different functions.
11. _____________________________ structures have similar functions but different internal structures.
12. _____________________________ structures are remnants of structures that were functional in an ancestral form but are
reduced in size and serve little to no function.
13. _______________________________ helps to ensure that chance alone does not disrupt genetic equilibrium.
14. During _________________________________ individuals show no mating preference for a particular phenotype.
15. ____________________________________ is when mutations from “A to a” must equal mutations from “a to A”.
16. ________________________________________________ is when no new alleles can come into the population and no
alleles can be lost.
17. When all genotypes are equal in reproductive success and no alleles are selected over the others no
____________________________ is happening.
18. ____________________________ is when chance or random events change the genetic composition of a population rather
than natural selection.
19. ____________________________ _____________________ is the loss of genetic variation when a new colony is formed by
a very small number of individuals from a larger population.
20. ____________________________ _________________________ is when an event causes a population to be greatly
reduced, which reduces the genetic variation.
21. During __________________________________, one extreme trait in a population is selected for, and as a result the
population’s trait distribution shifts toward the other extreme.
22. During _________________________________, the average traits in a population are favored while the extreme traits in a
population are selected against.
23. During _________________________________, the extreme traits in a population are both selected for causing a reduction
in the number of individuals with intermediate traits.
Unit 3 - Ecology
1. A __________________________ is all of the individuals of one species living in a specific area.
2. A community is all of the ____________________ of different organisms living in a specific area.
3. An ___________________________ is all of the living organisms and their physical environment.
4. _________________________ factors are the living factors in an ecosystem.
5. _________________________ factors are the non-living factors in an ecosystem.
6. Light Intensity is an example of a(n) (abiotic/biotic) factor.
7. Competition is an example of a(n) (abiotic/biotic) factor.
8. Predation is an example of a(n) (abiotic/biotic) factor.
9. Temperature is an example of a(n) (abiotic/biotic) factor.
10. A niche is all of the _______________________ and ______________________ factors of an organism and how they
________________________ those factors.
11. _____________________________ is when two species live in close association with each other to the benefit of at least
one.
12. ________________________________ is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
13. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is
__________________________________.
14. Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is
____________________________________.
15. A clover plant and a buttercup fighting for access to sunlight is an example of (interspecific competition/intraspecific
competition/symbiosis/predation).
16. A killer whale killing and eating a seal is an example of (interspecific competition/intraspecific
competition/symbiosis/predation).
17. A remora fish swimming behind a shark to catch the left over food is an example of (interspecific competition/intraspecific
competition/symbiosis/predation).
18. A wolf killing and eating a deer is an example of (interspecific competition/ intraspecific competition/symbiosis/predation).
19. According to the ____________________________ __________________________ principle, no two species can occupy
the same niche in the same area at the same time. If two species do, then one will _______________________________ the
other and it will go extinct.
20. _____________________________ growth is when a population multiplies by a constant factor at a constant time interval,
because of _______________________________ resources for growth.
21. ____________________________ growth is when a population has an S shaped curve, because of
___________________________________ resources for growth.
22. The maximum number of individuals that the environment can support is the _________________
______________________.
23. During the initial stage of population growth, the population grows _________________________ because there are few
numbers for __________________________________.
24. During the exponential stage of population growth, the population grows ____________________ because there are
______________________________ resources.
25. A population reaches carrying capacity because there is ________________________ competition for
___________________________ resources.
26. __________________________ succession is change that occurs on surfaces where soil is already present. The pioneer
species will be __________________________ and ___________________. There will be less
________________________ communities and it will take _______________.
27. __________________________ succession is change that occurs on surfaces where there is no soil present. The pioneer
species will be _______________________ and ___________________. There will be more _________________________
communities and it will take a __________________ time.
28. A _____________________ ___________________ is the first organisms to occupy an area.
29. _____________________ ____________________ are the in between stages of succession.
30. _____________________ __________________________ is the last community to occupy an area.
31. A food web shows the flow of ______________________________.
32. Food Chains are a ______________________ line, while food webs are many food chains
_________________________________.
33. ____________________ flows through the ecosystem in one direction.
34. _________________ are the organisms in a food web that make food from sunlight energy.
35. ___________________ ________________ are the organisms that consume producers to get energy.
36. ___________________ ______________________ are the organisms that consume primary consumers to get energy.
37. ___________________ ________________________ are the organisms that consume secondary consumers to get energy.
38. Heterotrophs must ______________________________ their food to get energy, while _________________________ make
their own food.
39. ______________________ is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
40. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is ________________________.
41. Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is ___________________________.
42. Two elephant seals fighting for mating ground is an example of (Interspecific/Intraspecific/Predation).
43. A cheetah hunting and eating a gazelle is an example of (Interspecific/Intraspecific/Predation).
44. __________________________ succession is change that occurs on surfaces where soil is already present.
45. __________________________ succession is change that occurs on surfaces where there is no soil present.
46. ____________________ flows through the ecosystem in a cycle.
47. ____________________ flows through the ecosystem in one direction.
Be able to answer each of the following as completely as possible. 3-5 will appear on the final exam.
Unit 1: Genetics
1. Explain what happens during crossing over and how it increases genetic variation in gametes (sex cells) resulting in unique
individuals.
2.
Using a Punnett Square, complete the following cross: YyRr x YyRr and list the genotype and phenotype ratios for the
offspring.
Genotype ratios:
Phenotype ratios:
Unit 2: Evolution
1. List and define the 5 conditions necessary for genetic equilibrium in a population.
2.
Using the graph explain the three types of natural selection occurring and how the mice populations are affected.
3.
Choose three of the following lines of scientific evidence and explain how each is used to support evolution:
a. Fossil Evidence
b. Homologous Structures
c. Analogous Structures
d. Vestigial Structures
e. Embryological Similarities
f. DNA/Biochemical Similarities
g. Artificial Selection
Unit 3: Ecology
1. State the Competitive Exclusion Principle and predict the effect of 2 species occupying the same niche in an ecosystem.
2.
Label the following graph as logistic or exponential. Label the carrying capacity.
3.
Describe the growth of a population over time in a logistic growth curve.
4.
Use the food web to answer the following questions.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
What do the arrows show? ______________________________________________________________________________
Identify one (1) producer. _______________________________________________________________________________
Identify Two (2) Primary consumers. ______________________________________________________________________
Identify Two (2) Secondary consumers. ____________________________________________________________________
Identify Three (3) Tertiary consumers. _____________________________________________________________________
What is the immediate effect of taking out the Foxes in the food web? ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is the immediate effect of taking out the plants in the food web? ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Which would have a larger biomass, plants or seed-eating birds? ________________________________________________
Why? _______________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Which would have a larger energy, plants or Hawks? ____________________________________
Why? _______________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
g.
h.
i.
5.
Diagram the Carbon cycle.
6.
Diagram the Nitrogen cycle.
7.
Decide if each of the ecosystems is caused by primary or secondary succession and what stage they are in.
Scenario 1: An area that has been paved over for a parking lot and then abandoned is dominated by a community that
includes lichens and mosses. Predict the stage of succession the community is in.
Scenario 2: A rainforest ecosystem that was clear cut is dominated by large trees. Predict the stage of succession the
community is in.
Scenario 3: A Northwest forest ecosystem that has been clear cut is now dominated with grasses and shrubs. Predict the
stage of succession the community is in.
Scenario 4: Weeds dominate an area of abandoned farmland. Predict the stage of succession the community is in.