Flooding
 Forecasting - look for times of
intense/prolonged rainfall
 Environment Agency monitors flood risk
24 hours per day/warning systems
 Look at previous cycles of flooding (e.g.
monsoon rains)
Earthquakes
 Measure seismic activity vibrations/foreshocks can indicate an
earthquake
 Remote sensing by satellite has been
used to view small (centimetre level)
crust movements
 Identify earthquake zones/risk areas
 Some idea About the frequency of
certain size events to then predict
recurrence interval
 Inability to forecast earthquakes limits
potential warnings and evacuation
procedures
 Evacuate at risk populations
 Search and rescue teams
 Set up temporary housing/emergency
shelters
 Emergency aid sent by government
and/or other countries – food, clothes,
money, medical supplies (can help to
significantly reduce secondary effects)
 Clearance of debris/rebuilding
 Sand bag stockpiles to protect buildings
 Education people about preparation
(e.g. moving furniture upstairs)
 Evacuate at risk populations
 Move livestock off agricultural land
 Set up temporary housing/emergency
shelters
 Emergency aid sent by government
and/or other countries – food, clothes,
money, medical supplies (can help to
significantly reduce secondary effects)
 Search and rescue
 Land use zoning – don’t build/low value
on the floodplains
 Flood defences (channel modifications,
soft & hard engineering)
 Insurance
 Building floating houses/houses which
are adapted to flooding
 Implement and practice emergency
protocols
 Hazard mapping to show areas which
are at risk
 Search and rescue use infrared to
measure heat (people) amongst debris
 Set up temporary housing/evacuation
shelters to help homeless
 Emergency aid sent by government
and/or other countries – food, clothes,
money, medical supplies (can help to
significantly reduce secondary effects)
 Clearance of debris/rebuilding
Long-term management
Short-term management
Prediction
Mass Movement
 Monitor weather conditions – look for
times of intense/prolonged rainfall
 Monitor slopes – steep slopes more
likely to fail
 Monitor movement on slopes
 Mapping past events and identifying
risk areas
 Building restraining structures e.g.
gabions
 Improving groundwater drainage and
diverting surface water away from gully
areas
 Erosion control e.g. rock armour,
revetments
 Banning logging on slopes
 Afforestation
 Insurance
 Education of local population
 Artificial avalanches/landslides
 Hazard mapping to show areas which
are at risk
 Land use zoning to avoid at risk areas
 Building design to resist shaking – more
common in MEDCs
 Stabilisation of steep slopes – helps
prevent landslides
 Redevelopment of vulnerable sites - can
put in earthquake proof buildings
 Insurance to cover the cost of future
damage
 Educate people how to respond during
earthquakes e.g. go under table
 Remote sensing/seismometers
 Implementation and practice of
emergency protocol
Volcanoes
 Monitor ground deformation – indicates
rising magma, this can be monitored to
the nearest cm by GPS
 Small earthquakes can indicate an
impending eruption
 Monitor gas emissions (increasing levels
of sulphur dioxide and hydrogen
chloride can indicate eruptions)
 Changes in the direction of seismic
waves can give warnings of impending
eruptions almost a year before they
occur
 Network sensors to create accurate
eruption models
 Build diversion channels for lava
 Spraying seawater onto the lava can
slow the lava (Heimaey, Iceland)
 Evacuate at risk populations
 Temporary housing for homeless
 Clean up ash and debris
 Emergency aid sent by government
and/or other countries – food, clothes,
money, medical supplies (can help to
significantly reduce secondary effects)
 Insurance (although many policies do
not cover damage from volcanoes)
 Rebuilding
 Implement and practice emergency
protocols
 Improve monitoring and prediction
 Hazard mapping to show areas which
historically have been affected