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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
Coast horned lizard
(Phrynosoma blainvillii
a.k.a., Phrynosoma coronatum
blainvillii)
Legal Status
State: Species of Special
Photo courtesy of Kathryn Calderala.
Concern
Federal: None
Critical Habitat: N/A
Recovery Planning: N/A
Notes: State status applies to Phrynosoma blainvillii. Phrynosoma
coronatum blainvillii was previously listed as a Category 2 Candidate
Species in 1982 (47 FR 58454–58460) and again in 1994 (59 FR
58982–59028).
Taxonomy
The following discussion of coast horned lizard taxonomy is taken
primarily from Klauber (1936) and Montanucci (2004). The coast
horned lizard was first described as Agama coronate by De Blainville
(1835) based on a specimen collected by P.E. Botta. It was soon
ascribed to Phrynosoma blainvillii by John Edward Gray in 1839
(Beechey et al. 1839). However, the taxonomy of the coast horned
lizard was and continues to be a subject of contention. Various papers
have ascribed various forms of the coast horned lizard to other
species or subspecies with revisions made in 1893 (Stejneger), 1894
(Van Denburgh), 1921 (Barbour), 1922 (Schmidt), and 1932 (Terron),
among others. Linsdale (1932) recognized only one species (P.
coronatum), while Reeve (1952) indicated a single species composed
of five subspecies. Jennings and Hayes (1994) list two subspecies of
the coast horned lizard: P. c. blainvillii and P.c. frontale. As many as six
subspecies have been ascribed to the coast horned lizard (SDMNH
2011): San Diego horned lizard (P. c. blainvillii), Cape horned lizard (P.
c. coronatum), California horned lizard (P. c. frontale), central
peninsular horned lizard (P. c. jamesi), northern peninsular horned
lizard (P. c. schmidti), and Cedros Island horned lizard (P. c. cerroense).
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
Prior to 1997, two of these subspecies, P. c. blainvillii and P.c. frontale,
were recognized, but Brattstrom (1997) has demonstrated that the
two subspecies were synonymous. More recently, Crother (2008)
renamed coast horned lizard Blainville’s horned lizard (P. blainvillii).
However, because the California Department of Fish and Game Special
Animals List (CDFG 2011a) still retains the coast horned lizard as the
common name for the special-status species, this account also refers
to coast horned lizard. Information in this account would also apply to
Blainville’s horned lizard because only the scientific and common
names have been revised.
A more recent examination of coast horned lizard taxonomy by
Leaché et al. (2009), based on ecological, morphological and genetic
(mtDNA nuclear DNA) characteristics, suggests “… there are three
ecologically divergent and morphologically diagnosable species
within the P. coronatum complex.” However, the authors go on to state
that the grouping of the P. coronatum complex into three [full] species
“… is not supported by all of the operational species criteria evaluated
in this study …”
Distribution
General
As the name implies, the coast horned lizard is found primarily in
coastal areas of the southwestern coast of the United States and the
Baja Peninsula of northwestern Mexico (Figure 1). Although little is
known of the historical range of the coast horned lizard, according to
Jennings (1998, cited in SAWA 2004), the species was found from the
Transverse Ranges of Kern and Santa Barbara Counties, south along
the coast and inland valleys to the tip of the Baja Peninsula, Mexico. It
is reported to have disappeared from 35% to 45% of its historical
habitat (Jennings and Hayes 1994).
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
Figure 1. Overall Range of Phrynosoma Coronatum
(Source: Leaché et al. 2009)
Within California, in addition to coastal areas generally south of San
Francisco, the coast horned lizard crosses the coastal ranges into the
southern areas of the Central Valley, as well as the fringing desert side
of the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and the more southern
Peninsular ranges (Figure SP-R3). Within the Central Valley, its range
extends across the Tejon Pass/Taft area and then follows the lower
foothills of the Sierra Nevada Range in a narrow band as far north as
Butte County.
Distribution and Occurrences within the Plan Area
Historical
The range of the coast horned lizard extends to the western portion of
the Desert Renewable Conservation Plan (DRECP) Area. There are 15
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
historical (i.e., before 1990) occurrences of coast horned lizard in the
Plan Area and an additional 31 occurrences that have an unknown
observation date (Figure SP-R3) (CDFG 2012; Dudek 2011). These
occurrences are generally along the western and southern boundaries
of the Plan Area along the base of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
Mountain ranges, with one disjunct record from 1949 east of
Twentynine Palms.
Recent
There are 39 current (i.e., since 1990) occurrences of coast horned
lizard in the Plan Area (CDFG 2012; Dudek 2011). These occurrences
generally overlap with the historical occurrences along the western
and southern boundaries of the Plan Area along the base of the San
Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountain ranges, but also include two
occurrences at the base of the Tehachapi Mountains north and south
of State Highway 58 (Figure SP-R3).
Natural History
Habitat Requirements
The coast horned lizard is found in a fairly wide variety of habitats
within its range (Stebbins 1985; CDFG 2000; SAWA 2004; UC Davis
2011). These habitats can include various scrublands, grasslands,
coniferous and broadleaf forests, and woodlands. It can range from
the coast to elevations of 6,000 feet in the Southern California
mountains (CDFG 2000). It is most common in mid-elevations of the
coastal mountains and valleys within open habitat that offer good
opportunities for sunning. It is often associated with sandy soils in
which it will bury itself; these often support ant colonies (Behler and
King 1979). The coast horned lizard needs loose, fine soils with open
areas for basking and shrubs for refugia (Jennings and Hayes 1994,
cited in UC Davis 2011). Fischer et al. (2002) report the primary
determinants of coast horned lizard presence and abundance in
coastal mountain areas are 1) a lack of Argentine ants (Linepithema
humile) (and the presence of native ant species), 2) the presence of
chaparral plants, and 3) the presence of sandy soils.
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
In the Plan Area, it appears that the desert fringing areas that support
the coast horned lizard are generally the shrubby areas at the desert
base or mid-elevations of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
mountains, and some areas around Yucca and Morongo valleys.
Foraging Requirements
The coast horned lizard is considered to be myrmecophagous, or an
ant-eating specialist, although it is reported that they will take other
small insect prey, including beetles, wasps, grasshoppers, and
caterpillars (CDFG 2000). Ants have been estimated as comprising
more than 90% of the diet for some local populations (Pianka and
Parker 1975 and Suarez et al. 2000, cited in UC Davis 2011). They
almost exclusively favor native harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex
desertorum, P. rugosus, P. californicus, and Crematogaster californica)
(Suarez and Case 2002; Zipcodezoo 2011). Coast horned lizards that
are forced to eat the introduced Argentine ant experience reduced
fitness (Suarez and Case 2002).
Reproduction
Coast horned lizards mate and reproduce in spring and early summer,
and depending upon local conditions and climate, they are generally
active through the summer and into the early fall months. In some
areas, they may aestivate during especially hot summer months. During
the colder winter months, they hibernate. In Southern California, the
male coast horned lizard reproductive cycle begins during mid- to late
March and ends in June (Goldberg 1983). Usually a clutch of 6 to 17
eggs is laid (Hollingsworth and Beaman 2001), with a mean clutch size
of 13 (CDFG 2000). Eggs hatch in about 2 months (Hollingsworth and
Beaman 2001) in the summer and early fall. These hatchlings will reach
sexual maturity in 2 to 3 years (Zipcodezoo 2011).
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
July
June
May
April
March
Feb
Jan
Table 1. Key Seasonal Periods for the Coast Horned Lizard
Breeding
X
X
X
X
General
Activity
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hibernation X
X
X
X
X
X
X
________________
Notes: Activity can vary with location and yearly differences in temperature.
Sources: Hollingsworth and Beaman 2001; Zipcodezoo 2011.
Movement
The coast horned lizard exhibits extremely high site fidelity
(Zipcodezoo 2011), and pronounced seasonal movement or
migration has not been reported (CDFG 2000). They apparently lack
territorial behavior, although it has been reported that males will
joust for mating purposes (CDFG 2000). Daily movement distances
average 154 feet per day (Whitford and Bryant 1979, cited in
Zipcodezoo 2011). There are no movement and dispersal data
specifically for the coast horned lizard, but horned lizards as a group
show limited home ranges, usually less than 5 acres (Munger 1984).
However, daily foraging distances and home range size appear to vary
inversely with lower plant diversity and higher disturbance (Grant
and Alberts 2005).
Ecological Relationships
Coast horned lizards are ant specialists. It is reported that more than
90% of their diet can consist of ants. As ant specialists, the presence of
native ants in their habitat is essential (Suarez and Case 2002, Suarez
et al. 2000, and Pianka and Parker 1975, as cited in UC Davis 2011).
The coast horned lizard serves as prey to a wide variety of predators,
including snakes, loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), burrowing
owl (Athene cunicularia), greater roadrunner (Geococcyx
californianus), hawks, and domestic cats and dogs (CDFG 2000;
Jennings and Hayes 1994; Shiozuki 2006).
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
The coast horned lizard abuts the range of the desert horned lizard (P.
platyrhinos) in these areas, but apparently there is little overlap in
their use of the available habitats, the coast horned lizard being found
only in juniper-desert chaparral habitat, while the desert horned
lizard is found in creosote bush scrub (Brattstrom 1997).
Population Status and Trends
Global: G3G4 (NatureServe 2011)
State: Same as above
Within Plan Area: Same as above
The coast horned lizard has a fairly limited distribution within the
Plan Area, but is widespread further toward the coast. Due to their
limited range and habitats within the Plan Area, populations there are
probably stable to slightly imperiled assuming that development of
the lower elevations of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains
remains light. Traditionally, development has been relatively light in
these areas. However, should increased development pressure occur
in these areas, the persistence of the coast horned lizard within the
Plan Area may become more tenuous.
Threats and Environmental Stressors
Several threats and stressors affect the coast horned lizard, although
few are extensively documented. It is reported to have disappeared
from 35% to 45% of its historical habitat in California (Jennings and
Hayes 1994). Figure 2 presents a simple conceptual model of threats
and stressors for the coast horned lizard.
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
Figure 2. Simple Conceptual Model of Threats and Stressors for the
Coast Horned Lizard.
Chief among these is the loss of habitat by urbanization in the coastal
areas of Southern California (SDNHM 2011). Accompanying this loss
of habitat, areas adjacent to development are generally subject to
higher disturbance and a decrease in vegetative density. As a result,
horned lizards adapt by increasing their home ranges to ensure
enough resources are available to them (Grant and Alberts 2005).
This necessary increase in home range in disturbed areas, especially
those adjacent to development, increases the probability of horned
lizard mortality as they are forced to range into areas where vehicles
and pets are found.
A recent and highly significant threat to the coast horned lizard is the
expansion of the Argentine ant (Jennings and Hayes 1994;
Hollingsworth and Beaman 2001; Suarez and Case 2002; Yolo Natural
Heritage Program 2009; SDNHM 2011). Argentine ants are typically
associated with areas of disturbance, principally around urban
development, and they displace native harvester ants, the main food
of the coast horned lizard. Hatchling horned lizards fed on Argentine
ants showed decreased or no growth, compared to those fed native
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
ant species (Suarez and Case 2002). Thus, as native ants are displaced
by this biological invasion, horned lizards may be significantly
affected, and may be eliminated in areas where complete dominance
by Argentine ants has occurred.
In conjunction with the direct habitat loss by development, an
increase in wildland fires associated with adjacent highways and
other activities (e.g., off-road vehicles) can impact horned lizard
populations. Domestic pets, especially domestic cats, have increased
predation pressure (Jennings and Hayes 1994).
In the past, collecting for the curio trade and later by biological supply
houses has significantly impacted the species (Jennings 1987; SDNHM
2011). However, since 1981, commercial collecting of the horned
lizard has been banned (SDNHM 2011).
Conservation and Management Activities
Because the coast horned lizard is not listed as threatened or
endangered, specific recovery plans or other management efforts for
this species are lacking. However, the coast horned lizard is often
included as a covered species in habitat conservation plans (HCPs).
The following is a list of HCPs that include the coast horned lizard as a
covered species (USFWS 2011):






California Department of Corrections Statewide Electrified
Fence Project;
El Sobrante Landfill HCP;
Fieldstone/La Costa and City of Carlsbad;
Lake Mathews Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan
(MSHCP);
City of Carlsbad Habitat Management Plan; and
Western Riverside County MSHCP.
Data Characterization
Although taxonomic and habitat relations of the coast horned lizard
are well represented in the scientific literature, it appears that little is
known about the distribution of the coast horned lizard within the
confines of the Plan Area (i.e., desert slopes of the San Gabriel and San
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
Bernardino mountains). As this species is primarily coastal in nature,
there are significant data gaps in its specific range (especially along
the Mojave River), habitat characteristics, and abundance within these
areas. Additionally, the nature and extent of Argentine ants within
these areas is poorly understood, and should be assessed. Jennings
and Hayes (1994) indicate that data are needed on how domestic cats,
grazing, prescribed fire, and off-road vehicles impact the coast horned
lizard. Fisher et al. (2002) caution against using remote sensing for
determination of abundance based on perceived habitat, since data on
the single most important variable for determining presence, native
ants, is not obtainable by this method.
Management and Monitoring Considerations
Effective management for the coast horned lizard in the Plan Area
could include the following:









Attempt to control (or eliminate) Argentine ants in project areas;
care must be taken to not affect native ants if using pesticides;
Ensure a mixture of shrub and open areas in the habitat to
allow efficient thermoregulation by the coast horned lizard;
Investigate re-introduction of native ants into project areas;
Ensure sandy substrates;
Maximize isolation by limiting public access to areas of known
coast horned lizard populations to help prevent vehicle
accidents and collecting;
Prevent wildland fires and other disturbances that could foster
the colonization of the area by Argentine ants;
Close redundant or unnecessary roads to curtail vehicle travel
in areas known to support the coast horned lizard
For residential developments within or adjacent to occupied
habitat, develop an information program (e.g., informative
pamphlet) about the significance of collecting, off-road driving,
and uncontrolled pets to the horned lizard; and
Develop a set of best management practices and construction
education programs for developments within areas likely to
support the coast horned lizard.
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
Predicted Species Distribution in Plan Area
There are 1,931,508 acres of modeled suitable habitat for coast
horned lizard. Modeled suitable habitat occurs in the western
portion of the Plan Area from Joshua Tree National Park north to the
northern end of the High Desert Plains and Hills below 6,000 feet in
elevation. Modeled suitable habitat includes grassland, forest,
woodland, scrub, and chaparral communities, as well as rural areas.
Modeled suitable habitat is also restricted to sandy soils (Figure SPR3). Appendix C includes specific model parameters and a figure
showing the modeled suitable habitat in the Plan Area.
Appendix C provides a summary of the methodology used to model
DRECP Covered Species with Maxent. For the coast horned lizard, 64
occurrence points were used to train the Maxent model and 11
occurrence points were used to test the model’s performance. Overall,
the Maxent model has excellent statistical support. The occurrence
points occur in a limited geographical area relative to the Plan Area,
increasing the predictive power of the model. Based on a natural
break in the distribution of the probability of occurrence that Maxent
estimates, all 100-meter grid cells with greater than 0.222 probability
of occurrence were defined as coast horned lizard habitat.
The Maxent model predicts 1,307,471 acres of coast horned lizard
habitat, compared with 1,931,508 acres predicted by the expert
model. The Maxent model predicts coast horned lizard habitat along
the southwest border of the Plan Area from Bakersfield to
Twentynine Palms, with the majority around known occurrences,
except the northern and southern tips of the model’s prediction
where occurrences are rare. The expert model predicts habitat
similar to the Maxent model around occurrence samples, but also in
the West Mojave where occurrence data are very scarce.
Literature Cited
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Wildlife and Plants; Review of Vertebrate Wildlife for Listing as
Endangered or Threatened Species.” December 30, 1982.
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
59 FR 58982–59028. Notice of Review: “Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife and Plants; Animal Candidate Review for Listing as
Endangered or Threatened Species.” November 15, 1994.
Beechey, F., J. Richardson, N. Vigors, G. Lay, E. Bennett, R. Owen, J.
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documents/ContextDocs.aspx?cat=CWHR.
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Coast Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma blainvillii)
Dudek. 2011. “Species Occurrences–Phrynosoma blainvillii.” DRECP
Species Occurrence Database. Updated November 2011.
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coronatum blainvillii). USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep.
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Online Encyclopedia of Life. Version 7.1. Arlington, Virginia:
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the Santa Ana Watershed: San Diego Horned Lizard
(Phyrnosoma Coronatum Blainvillii).” Accessed November 23,
2011. http://www.ocwd.com/fv-427.aspx.
Shiozuki, R. 2006. “Phrynosoma Coronatum, Coast Horned Lizard.”
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Stebbins, R. 1985. Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Peterson Field
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November 23, 2011. http://arssc.ucdavis.edu/reports/
Phrynosoma_blainvillii.html.
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USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2011. “San Diego Horned
Lizard: Phrynosoma Coronatum Blainvillii.” Accessed November
29, 2011. http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/
profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=C05W.
Van Denburgh, J. 1922. “The Reptiles of Western North America.”
Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences (X). San
Francisco, California: California Academy of Sciences.
Yolo Natural Heritage Program. 2009. “Coast Horned Lizard
(Phrynosoma Coronatum Frontale).” Draft species account.
Carlsbad, California: Technology Associates.
Zipcodezoo. 2009. “Phrynosoma Coronatum Blainvillii (Coast Horned
Lizard).” Accessed November 23, 2011. http://zipcodezoo.com/
animals/p/phrynosoma_coronatum_blainvilli.
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