Chapter 2 Learning Guide – Population
Key Issue 1 – Where is the World’s Population Distributed?
Pgs. 44 – 53
Population Concentrations
1.
The world’s population is highly clustered, or concentrated in certain regions.
FOUR major population concentrations are identified in the text. Shade and
label the areas of these concentrations on the map in red. TWO smaller
concentrations, or emerging clusters, are also identified. Shade and label these
areas on the map in blue.
2.
In the boxes below, make note of significant facts, features, countries involved and
characteristics of the four most important population concentrations and two secondary
ones.
EAST ASIA
SOUTH ASIA
SOUTHEAST ASIA
EUROPE
EASTERN NORTH
AMERICA
WEST AFRICA
Sparsely Populated Regions
2.
Define ecumene:
3.
What would non-ecumene mean?
4.
List the four “lands” which are sparsely populated in Earth in the table below.
For each region, briefly explain the reason that makes it inhospitable for human
habitation.
Sparsely Populated Land
Reason for Inhospitality
Dry Lands
Wet Lands
Cold Lands
High Lands
5.
Use the maps on page 49 to prepare a sketch map that shows non-ecumene and
very sparsely inhabited lands.
Population Density
6.
Define arithmetic density:
7.
Define physiological density:
8.
What occurs the higher the rate of physiological density?
9.
Define agricultural density:
Chapter 2 Learning Guide – Population
Key Issue 2 – Where Has the World’s Population Increased?
Pgs. 53 – 56
1.
Define crude birth rate (CBR):
2.
Define crude death rate (CDR):
3.
Define natural increase rate (NIR):
Natural Increase
4.
What is the NIR today?
5.
When did the global NIR peak, and what was it?
6.
About how many people are being added to the world’s population each year?
7.
Define doubling time:
8.
In what world regions is most growth occurring?
Fertility
9.
Define total fertility rate (TFR):
10.
What is the global “average” TFR?
11.
Note the rates and locations of the global “highs and lows” in TFR.
Mortality
12.
Define infant mortality rate:
13.
Define life expectancy:
14.
How are these mortality rates distributed globally, in terms of the developed and
developing worlds?
Chapter 2 Learning Guide – Population
Key Issue 3 – Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?
Pgs. 56 – 66
The Demographic Transition
1.
The demographic transition is a ________________________ with several
___________________ and every __________________________ is in one of the stages.
2.
Fill in the chart below with characteristics describing each stage in the
demographic transition model (CBR, CDR, NIR, etc.). Characterize the amount of
growth of each stage (low, moderate, high, etc.).
Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1
3.
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Read about how England passed through the various stages of the model on page
59 with Figure 2-17. Describe a historical event for stages 1 and 2 and a cultural
attitude for stage 4.
Stage 1 Event
Stage 2 Event
Demographic
Transition Model in
England…
Stage 4 Attitude
Population Pyramids
4.
The shape of a pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic rate?
5.
What is the dependency ratio?
6.
What age groups are categorized as “dependent”?
7.
What does the “graying” of a population refer to?
8.
What is the sex ratio?
9.
What types of countries/regions are likely to have more males than females?
Why?
Countries in Different Stages of Demographic Transition
10.
In the chart below, which represents the four stages of demographic transition,
identify the country and where it is located which is in that stage and briefly
describe how it got to that stage.
Stages of Demographic Transition: Example Countries
Stage 1
No Country in
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Demographic Transition and World Population Growth
11.
How many countries are in Stage 1 of the demographic transition?
12.
What portion are in Stages 2 and 3?
13.
And in Stage 4?
14.
Identify the two “big breaks” in the demographic transition and their causes.
15.
Complete the following statement: The first break came to Europe and North
America as a result of…
16.
Complete the following statement: The first break came to Africa, Asia and Latin
America as a result of…
Chapter 2 Learning Guide – Population
Key Issue 4 – Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem?
Pgs. 66 – 73
Malthus on Overpopulation
1.
Complete the chart below to describe the views and theories of various
population theorists.
Thomas Malthus
Neo-Malthusians
Critics of Malthus
Declining Birth Rates
2.
Where was Malthus right?
3.
In what way was Malthus mistaken?
4.
What two strategies have proven successful to lower birth rates?
5.
Take notes on important facts regarding the distribution of contraceptives.
World Health Threats
6.
What is “epidemiologic transition”?
7.
Complete the chart below with notes on the stages of epidemiologic transition.
Stages 1 and 2
Epidemiologic Transition
Stages 3 and 4
Possible Stage 5
Chapter 2 Learning Guide – Population
Key Issue 1 – Where is the World’s Population Distributed?
Pgs. 44 – 53
Population Concentrations
1. The world’s population is highly clustered, or concentrated in certain regions.
FOUR major population concentrations are identified in the text. Shade and label
the areas of these concentrations on the map in red. TWO smaller concentrations,
or emerging clusters, are also identified. Shade and label these areas on the map in
blue.
2.
In the boxes below, make note of significant facts, features, countries involved and
characteristics of the four most important population concentrations and two secondary
ones.
EAST ASIA – Eastern China, Japan, Korean SOUTH ASIA – India, Pakistan,
peninsula, Taiwan
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
- 25% of world’s population
- 25% of world’s population
- China most populous country in the
- India 2nd most populous country
world
- Most people concentrated on plains of
- Chinese population clustered near
Indus & Ganges rivers or coasts of
Pacific coast but ½ people live in rural
Arabian Sea or Bay of Bengal
areas & farm
- Most people are farmers in rural areas
- Japan/S. Korea – 40% live in 3 metro
- 25% live in urban areas
areas (Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul) which is 3%
of land area
- 75% live in urban areas & work in
industry & service jobs
SOUTHEAST ASIA – Islands EUROPE
EASTERN NORTH
in Pacific & Indian Oceans - 1/9th of world’s
AMERICA – Along east
th
- 4 largest cluster with
population with 4 dozen
coast west to Chicago
600 million people
countries
- 2% or world’s population
th
- Indonesia world’s 4
- 75% live in cities
- Largest population in
most populous country
- Less than 10% farm
western hemisphere
- Population clustered in
- Population concentration - Most people in urban
S.E. tip of Asian mainland
near coalfields as source
areas
- Most people are farmers
of energy for industry
- Less than 2% farm
in rural areas
- Dense roads/rail
- Don’t produce enough
WEST AFRICA – south
food for themselves
facing Atlantic coast
- Food is imported
- 2% of world’s population
- 50% living in Nigeria
(most populous African
country)
- Most people farm
- 16 urban areas
Sparsely Populated Regions
3. Define ecumene:
The portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
4. What would non-ecumene mean?
The portion of the Earth’s surface unoccupied by permanent settlement
5. List the four “lands” which are sparsely populated in Earth in the table below. For
each region, briefly explain the reason that makes it inhospitable for human
habitation.
Sparsely Populated Land
Reason for Inhospitality
Dry Lands
Unable to grow crops; no intensive agriculture
Wet Lands
50-90 inches of rain per year; rain & heat deplete soil
nutrients hindering agriculture
Cold Lands
High Lands
Ground permanently frozen (permafrost); unsuitable for
planting; few animals survive
Snow covered mountains; steep land; sparsely settled
6. Use the maps on page 49 to prepare a sketch map that shows non-ecumene and
very sparsely inhabited lands.
Population Density
7. Define arithmetic density:
The total number of people divided by total land area
8. Define physiological density:
The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land (suited for
agriculture)
9. What occurs the higher the rate of physiological density?
Greater pressure people place on the land to produce enough food to feed its
people
10. Define agricultural density:
The ratio of farmers to the amount of arable land
Chapter 2 Learning Guide – Population
Key Issue 2 – Where Has the World’s Population Increased?
Pgs. 53 – 56
1. Define crude birth rate (CBR):
Total number of live births in 1 year for every 1,000 people
2. Define crude death rate (CDR):
Total number of deaths in 1 year for every 1,000 people alive
3. Define natural increase rate (NIR):
Percentage a population grows in 1 year (subtract CDR from CBR)
Natural Increase
4. What is the NIR today?
1.2%
5. When did the global NIR peak, and what was it?
1963 at 2.2%
6. About how many people are being added to the world’s population each year?
80 million
7. Define doubling time:
The number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate
of natural increase
8. In what world regions is most growth occurring?
LDCs – S. Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, E. Asia, S.E. Asia, Latin America, Middle East
Fertility
9. Define total fertility rate (TFR):
The average number of children a woman will have throughout childbearing
years
10. What is the global “average” TFR?
2.6
11. Note the rates and locations of the global “highs and lows” in TFR.
6.0 in Sub-Saharan Africa & 1.9 in Europe
Mortality
12. Define infant mortality rate:
The annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to total
live births
13. Define life expectancy:
The average number of years a newborn can expect to live at the current
mortality levels
14. How are these mortality rates distributed globally, in terms of the developed and
developing worlds?
The infant mortality rate in higher in LDCs & life expectancy is lower. The
infant mortality rate is lower in MDCs & the life expectancy is higher
Chapter 2 Learning Guide – Population
Key Issue 3 – Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?
Pgs. 56 – 66
The Demographic Transition
1. The demographic transition is a ____process______ with several ___stages___ and
every _____country______ is in one of the stages.
2. Fill in the chart below with characteristics describing each stage in the
demographic transition model (CBR, CDR, NIR, etc.). Characterize the amount of
growth of each stage (low, moderate, high, etc.).
Stage 1
Low Growth
- Agricultural Rev.
- High CBR & CDR
- NIR was zero
- Population was
unchanged
Demographic Transition Model
Stage 2
Stage 3
High Growth
Moderate Growth
- Industrial Rev. in
- CBR drops sharply
N. America &
- CDR drops slowly
Europe
- NIR modest
- Medical Rev. in
- Gap between CBR
Africa, Asia, Latin
& CDR narrows
America
- CBR grows
- CDR plummets
- NIR high &
population grows
rapidly
Stage 4
Low Growth
- CBR declines to
equal CDR (both
very low)
- NIR is zero
- TFR of 2.1
produces ZPG
3. Read about how England passed through the various stages of the model on page 59
with Figure 2-17. Describe a historical event for stages 1 and 2 and a cultural
attitude for stage 4.
Stage 1 Event
Stage 2 Event
Demographic
Stage 4 Attitude
Transition Model in Women have
Between 1250 &
Industrial Rev.
England…
1350 population
spurred
decided to have
declined by 2
improvements in
less children…TFR
million due to
public health so
below 2.1
Black Death
CBR was high &
CDR declined
Population Pyramids
4. The shape of a pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic rate?
Crude birth rate in a community
5. What is the dependency ratio?
Number of people too old or young to work compared to people of working
age
6. What age groups are categorized as “dependent”?
0 to 14 & 65+
7. What does the “graying” of a population refer to?
The growing population of older people that places a burden on gov'ts to meet
the needs of adequate income & medical care
8. What is the sex ratio?
The number of males per 100 females
9. What types of countries/regions are likely to have more males than females? Why?
LDCs due to the mortality rate of women during childbirth
Countries in Different Stages of Demographic Transition
10. In the chart below, which represents the four stages of demographic transition,
identify the country and where it is located which is in that stage and briefly
describe how it got to that stage.
Stages of Demographic Transition: Example Countries
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
No Country in
Cape Verde – W.
Chile – S. America
Denmark – Europe
Stage 1
Africa
- Entered stage in
- Reached ZPG
- Entered stage in
1960s
- Elderly & young
1950s
- Drop in CBR
percentages are
- CDR dropped due - Gov’t family
the same
to reduction in
planning (since
- With medical
malaria
removed)
advances, elderly
- CBR fluctuates
- Reduced income
population
due to number of
- Unemployment
increasing
women in
childbearing years
at a given time
Demographic Transition and World Population Growth
11. How many countries are in Stage 1 of the demographic transition?
Zero
12. What portion are in Stages 2 and 3?
Majority of countries
13. And in Stage 4?
Very few countries
14. Identify the two “big breaks” in the demographic transition and their causes.
1st Break – Drop in death rate due to technological innovation has been
accomplished everywhere. 2nd Break – Drop in birth rate due to changing
social customs has yet to be achieved in many countries
15. Complete the following statement: The first break came to Europe and North
America as a result of…the industrial revolution which produced medical
advances.
16. Complete the following statement: The first break came to Africa, Asia and Latin
America as a result of…injections of medical technologies from Europe & N.
America instead of arising within those countries.
Chapter 2 Learning Guide – Population
Key Issue 4 – Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem?
Pgs. 66 – 73
Malthus on Overpopulation
1. Complete the chart below to describe the views and theories of various population
theorists.
Thomas Malthus
Neo-Malthusians
Critics of Malthus
- World population rate
- In LDCs there is a wider
- Large population could
growing faster than food
gap between population
stimulate economic
supply
growth & resources
growth & food production
- Population grows
- World population growth - Generates more
geometrically while food
is outstripping many
customers & improves
supply grows
resources (clean air,
technology
arithmetically
farmland, fuel) not just
- Lack of economic
- Today – 1 person, 1 food
food
development is a result of
unit
unjust social & economic
- 50 years – 4 people, 3
institutions not population
food units
growth
- 100 years – 16 people, 5
- There are enough
food units
resources to go around &
should be shared equally
- More consumers create
more jobs
Declining Birth Rates
2. Where was Malthus right?
With regard to food production
3. In what way was Malthus mistaken?
Population growth increased more slowly than food supply
4. What two strategies have proven successful to lower birth rates?
Reliance on economic development & distribution of contraceptives
5. Take notes on important facts regarding the distribution of contraceptives.
In LDCs demand is greater than supply. Contraceptives more effective if
distributed cheaply & quickly. Use of contraceptives low in Sub-Saharan
Africa. 2/3 of women use them in Latin America & Asia. Contraceptives are
opposed in several religions (Catholicism, Muslims, Hindus).
World Health Threats
6. What is “epidemiologic transition”?
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
7. Complete the chart below with notes on the stages of epidemiologic transition.
Stages 1 and 2
Stage 1 – Pestilence &
famine
- Black Plague
- Europe & China
Stage 2 – Pandemics
- Cholera
- Crowded industrial cities
& poor neighborhoods
Epidemiologic Transition
Stages 3 and 4
Stage 3 – Degenerative &
human created diseases
- Cardiovascular disease &
cancer
- Infectious diseases
decline
Stage 4 – Delayed
degenerative diseases
- As a result of medical
advances life can be
prolonged even with
degenerative diseases
Possible Stage 5
Stage 5 – Reemergence of
infectious & parasitic
diseases create higher
CDRs
1. Evolution of
infectious diseases
that are resistant to
drugs
2. Poverty keeps
people from
affording treatment
for infectious
diseases
3. Improved travel
spreads infectious
diseases rapidly