NORTH FORK MOSQUITO ABATEMENT DISTRICT
PesticideDischarge
Management Plan
NPDES: 2013
5/13/2013
Compilation of Compliance Certification with NPDES Pesticide Discharge Management Plan
NFMAD PDMP2013
PESTICIDE DISCHARGE MANAGEMENT PLAN
For the North Fork Mosquito Abatement District
The Pesticide Discharge Management Plan (PDMP) Contents:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Pesticide Discharge Management Team
Problem Identification
Pest Management Options Evaluation
Response Procedures
1. Spill Response Procedures
2. Adverse Incident Response Procedures
Signature Requirements
Pesticide Discharge Management Plan
Record Keeping
Operators/Applicators’ Responsibilities
A: Pesticide Discharge Management Team 2013
A Compliance Certification provides notice to the Colorado Permiting
Division and the EPA/CDC that the district is operating in accordance with
the general permit for discharges to surface waters of the State of Colorado
from pesticide application activities eligible for coverage under this permit.
The Compliance Certification must at least include the following
information:
Operator Name
Operator Type
Operator Representatives, Contact Information
Applicator Name, Applicator Representatives, and Contact
Information, and
Pest Management areas and related information.
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If required to submit a Compliance Certification, the field manager or
board president must submit the Compliance Certification once, in
accordance with state guidelines. In addition, the field manager
and/or board president must submit an updated Compliance
Certification as required by the state.
Annual compliance paperwork must be submitted to the following
department:
Oral Notifications, during normal business hours shall be to:
Compliance Assurance Section-Industrial Compliance Program
Water Quality Control Division
303-692-3500
Written Notification shall be to:
Compliance Assurance Section-Industrial Compliance Program
Water Quality Control Division
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
WQCD-WQP-B2
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver, CO 80246-1530
Operator Names: NFMAD 2013
Christopher Tschinkel, Field Manager
Carl Woolhiser, tech crew/Gregg Lucero, tech crew/Jonathan Gutz-tech
crew/Lee Owlsley-tech crew/Zach Hotchkiss-board member/Glenn Austinboard member/Rain Klepper-board president/Tom Wills-board
secretary/treasurer/DeeDee Durrance-board vice president.
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Operator type: application of all appropriate products, in the NFMAD
boundaries covered by this permit.
Telephone contact, address list attached in Appendix A
Pest Management areas and related information: Map, site evaluation
with specifics of each treatment area, data card compiling all
environmental data, trapping counts, threshold levels met, product data for
each specific application, are filed for each site.
The following are the Decision-makers who make up the PDMP
Team, and their contact information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rain Klepper, Board President (970) 201-4909, 527-8219
Chris Tschinkel, Operations Manager (720) 984-9693
Glenn Austin, chair Operation Committee (970) 260-4298
Gary Klepper, Operations/Mitigation, Lab chair, (970)270-4709
Each Decision-maker is responsible for:
1. Managing pests in relation to the pest management area
2. Developing and revising the PDMP
3. Developing, revising, and implementing corrective actions and
other effluent limitation requirements.
The PDMP Team Responsibilities:
All PDMP Team members must minimize the discharge of
pesticides to surface waters of the state of Colorado from the
application of pesticides, and through the use of Pesticide
Management Measures.
To the extent the North Fork Mosquito Abatement District
determines the amount of pesticide or frequency of pesticide
application, NFMAD must use only the amount of pesticide and
frequency of pesticide application necessary to control the target
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pest, mosquito species that carry West Nile virus, and other
mosquito-borne illnesses.
The Decision-maker’s responsibilities: For any Decision-maker
who is or will be required to submit a Compliance Certificate to
meet the effluent limitations of this permit, the NF mosquito
district is or will be required to submit a Compliance Certification
as required. The district will minimize the discharge of pesticides
to surface waters of the State of Colorado from the application of
pesticides, through the use of best Pest Management Measures.
B: Identification of Mosquito, Flying Insect Pest Problems
The Field manager and/or the Board President must document the
following two lists of items:
Pest Problem description with documentation including identification of
the target pests (trapping, identification, and counting of species), source of
the pest problem (site evaluations, search for breeding habitat, physically
mitigate whenever possible, use biopesticides before pesticide usage),
sources of data used to identify the problem (traps, surveillance,
identification, RAMP testing, treatment, trap again, RAMP test to confirm).
Action Thresholds: Description of the action thresholds for the pest
management area, including the data used in developing the thresholds
and the methods of determination that thresholds have been met. For
NFMAD, the thresholds have been established using historical data from
the district as well as 5 districts in Utah with similar terrain, the Colorado
Mosquito Control division, Alameda Cty. Mosquito Control district, and the
El Paso Board of Health thresholds for Culex species. We further refined the
threshold levels in concert with the Delta County Board of Public Health
director, K. Nordstrom, as well as the Colorado Dept. of Public Health.
Population density was considered with all threshold levels for all products.
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General location mapping must be included in the plan, for example, USGS
quadrangle map, a portion of a city or county map, or other map, that
identifies the geographic boundaries of the area to which the plan applies
and location of the surface waters of the state. For NFMAD, this has been
accomplished using ARC GIS ESRI software in concert with the Delta County
Mapping GIS division, providing large wall maps that meet a higher level of
requirements for surveying of the district territory and all immediate
boundaries. Surface waters are mapped, as well as rivers, tributaries of the
rivers, ponds, lakes, irrigation ponds from mountain waters, organic and
biodynamic farming locations and the springs that feed the internal waters.
Water quality standards must be documented if outstanding surface waters
have been impaired by a substance which is either an active ingredient or a
degradate of such an active ingredient. No such contamination or
impairment of surface waters of the NFMAD has occurred. Forms are
available to document any occurrence of impairment.
1. Identification of the Problem: Prior to the first pesticide
application covered under this permit that will result in a
discharge to surface waters of the State of Colorado, and at
least once each calendar year, thereafter prior to the first
pesticide application for that calendar year, the
operations/general manager and/or the board president will be
required to submit a Compliance Certification that must do the
following for each pest management area:
A. Establish densities for larval and adult mosquito or other
flying insect pest populations OR identify environmental
condition(s), either current or based on historical data, to
serve as action threshold(s) for implementing Pest
Management Measures;
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B. Identify target pest(s) to develop Pest management
measures based on developmental and behavioral
considerations for each pest;
C. Identify known breeding sites for source reduction, larval
control program, and habitat management;
D. Analyze existing surveillance data to identify new or
unidentified sources of mosquito or flying insect pest
problems as well as sites that have recurring pest problems;
and
E. In the event there are no data for the pest management
area in the past calendar year, use other data as
appropriate to meet control criteria.
NFMAD has an extensive trapping program in place, using historical
and current “hotspot” sites to define placement of CDC light traps, forming
a perimeter around population dense areas, and recreational sites. Trap
pools are then identified by numbers of each mosquito species present,
using laminated photos of all stages of each species, through visual and
microscopic methods. If numbers of Culex Tarsalis, and/or Culex Pipiens
meet threshold levels, a RAMP reader test for West Nile virus is run.
Positive testing on RAMP triggers another level of action plan, according to
stated thresholds, the Site Evaluation data for the identified problem area,
the proximity of population centers or recreational areas, plus increased
search for physical mitigation of breeding and drainage sites, and habitat
management. Negative testing on RAMP analysis may trigger the same
level of action plan as a Positive test if other factors are present, such as
proximity to population, high numbers of Aedes, or other nuisance species,
calendar events at schools or recreational parks and areas, historical data
that supports the credible suspicion of an imminent threat, or human W.
Nile viral infection, or other mosquito-borne illness in the area.
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Identification of primary, most common targets of NFMAD program,
including life cycle, habitat, identification factors, disease potentials, and
methods of control with larval products matched to terrain, is the primary
method of larval control. Identifying characteristics of each species is listed
below, through all phases. Training is conducted for field crew, and each
crew member carries a loupe to magnify and correctly identify the insect
observed. Current dipping techniques are employed, and density within
the site is recorded per dip, and dip count.
This PDMP is specific to the control of disease vector and nuisance
mosquitoes within the North Fork district, including all species of Culicidae,
in all life stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults), and in all habitats in
which they occur, as described below. Historically, 50 species of
mosquitoes have been recorded in Colorado, of which the following are the
primary targets of control efforts under this PDMP:
Culex Tarsalis
Culex Pipiens
Aedes Vexans (possible carrier of WNV and WEE, SLE) Known carrier of
Heartworm for dogs and cats.
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Culex tarsalis
Introduction: This mosquito can be separated from other species of the Culex genera by the
median banding on the proboscis, as well as the wide basal and apical bands on each tarsal
segment. They are golden brown in color and possess a blunt rather than pointed abdomen.
Culex tarsalis are locally abundant and are persistent biters that are most active at dusk and
after dark.
Life Cycle: Females hibernate through the winter in secure locations. In spring egg rafts
containing approximately 190 eggs are laid in newly created sunlit pools that are frequently
surrounded by grasses and annual vegetation. Larvae will hatch off in 3-5 days depending on
the temperature of the water, with several generations occurring throughout the summer.
Habitat: Larvae of the Culex tarsalis tolerate a wide range of water conditions including
agricultural tail waters, alkaline lake beds and fresh and saline wetlands. Although they don’t
prefer to breed in water that contains organic pollutants they are known to dwell in permanent
standing water, which includes ponds, ditches, and artificial containers.
Disease: This species of mosquito is probably the most prominent vector of arboviruses in
North America. After emergence in early spring when mosquito populations are low the
females will primarily feed on birds. However, as mosquito populations rise later in the summer,
bird mosquito avoidance behavior diverts many to begin feeding on small mammals, livestock,
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and man. This shift in hosts may account for an increase in viral transmission of West Nile Virus,
Western Equine encephalitis and Saint Louis encephalitis, among many others.
Control: Due to the nature of the breeding locations this species of mosquito should be carefully
monitored, and a regiment of the bacterial larvicides Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus
sphaericus should be applied.
Culex pipiens
Introduction: The Culex pipiens is the most widely distributed species in the world, and can be
found on every continent except Antarctica. The adult female is golden brown and can be
recognized by its blunt rather than pointed abdominal tip. This species of mosquito has shown
great skill in finding ways to get into homes where it feeds on their occupants at night. It is for
this reason that it known as the “Northern House” mosquito. Although females of this species
will also feed outdoors they prefer to shelter themselves in protected locations.
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Life Cycle: Females hibernate through the winter in protected locations such as cellars and
basements. In late spring they will lay rafts that contain several hundred eggs which will float on
top of the water for 3-5 days before hatching, after this first brood several generations will occur
throughout the summer.
Habitat: The larvae of Culex pipiens prefer water that contains organic pollutants. It is for this
reason that they can be found breeding in such location such as catch basins, storm drains, rain
barrels, ponds, and sewage treatment effluent.
Disease: This species of mosquito is a vector for many diseases including Saint Louis
encephalitis, Western Equine encephalitis, Dog Heart Worm and West Nile Virus.
Control: Due to the nature of the breeding locations this species of mosquito should be
carefully monitored, and a regiment of the bacterial larvicides Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus
sphaericus should be applied.
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Aedes vexans
Introduction: This inland floodwater mosquito can be characterized by its distinctive physical
features that give it a “warrior like” appearance. The adults are black and brown with white and
grey markings, and they possess a distinct tip at the base of their abdomen. These tiny warriors
will attack and bite ferociously, especially at dusk. In the North Fork Valley these mosquitoes
dwell in heavily irrigated pastures, as well as along the floodplains of the river bottom.
Life Cycle: In the late fall the adult female will lay her eggs in areas that have a history of
holding flood water, which are referred to as floodplains. The eggs are laid singularly either on
the ground or on dried up vegetation, and are protected with a strong exterior that keeps them
safe throughout the winter. In spring, as irrigation and rising river water are introduced to the
dry floodplains, the eggs are soaked and within 3-5 days a larvae will hatch. The Aedes vexans
mosquito begins hatching early in the spring, however many generations may occur throughout
the summer, with a new brood hatching about every 18-24 days dependant on flood patterns.
Habitat: A. vexan larvae occur in a wide variety of habitats, however in the North Fork Valley it
is common for this species to occur as a result of pasture irrigation. This habitat provides a
large, known flood plain and exposure to direct sunlight which accelerates that mosquito
lifecycle. Brackish waters in the river bottom often contain large numbers of A. vexans that are
introduced to runoff waters via the river in the early spring. Finally, at the base of the Bookcliffs,
there are pools of water that form during runoff or heavy rains that can produce large numbers
of very aggressive mosquitoes.
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Disease: Mosquitoes have the ability to transmit pathogens that cause some of the worst
diseases in the world. This particular species of mosquito is no exception, as it has been shown
that they transmit Western Equine Encephalitis, California Encephalitis and dog heart worm.
Control Methods: Due to the nature of the breeding locations, the insect growth regulator
Altosid would be applied followed by the bacterial larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis (BTI).
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Culiseta
Ochlerotatus dorsalis
Introduction: The Ochlerotatus dorsalis mosquito is sometimes referred to as the ‘Pale Marsh’
mosquito due to its light coloration and its propensity to prefer areas where brackish water is
present. Known for its salty personality, this mosquito is an aggressive biter that tends to bite
most fiercely in early spring. In the North Fork Valley this mosquito will be found near the river
bottom, occasionally near desert water holes, and in heavy agricultural areas.
Life Cycle: In the late Fall the adult, female, O. dorsalis, mosquito will lay her eggs in areas that
have a history of holding flood water. These areas are referred to as flood plains. The eggs are
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laid singularly either on the ground or on dried up vegetation, and are protected with a strong
exterior that keep them safe throughout the winter. In spring, as irrigation and rising river
water are introduced to the dry flood plains, the eggs are soaked and within 3-5 days a larvae
will hatch. While the O. dorsalis mosquito is most prominent in the spring, several generations
may occur throughout the summer, a new brood hatching about every 18-24 days dependant on
flood patterns.
Habitat: O. dorsalis larvae occur in a wide variety of habitats, including both fresh and alkaline
waters. In the North Fork Valley it is common for this species to occur as a result of pasture
irrigation. This habitat provides a large, known flood plain and exposure to direct sunlight which
accelerates that mosquito lifecycle. Brackish waters in the river bottom often contain large
numbers of O. dorsalis that are introduced to runoff waters via the river in the early spring.
Disease: Mosquitoes have the ability to transmit pathogens that cause some of the worst
diseases in the world. This particular species of mosquito is no exception, as it has been shown
that they transmit both California Encephalitis and dog heart worm.
Control Methods
Due to the nature of the breeding locations, the insect growth regulator Altosid would be
applied, followed by the bacterial larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis (BTI).
Trapping, Identification, Counting of Mosquito Species, Analysis of Data
Mosquitoes are identified in larval stages instar 1-4, pupae, and flying
adults. Trap perimeters around the towns of Hotchkiss, Paonia, and the
midway corridor along Rt. 133, are trapped, identified, and counted, once
per week unless priority increases due to higher instar, presence of pupae,
or landing adults while crew is observing and testing the site.
Historical areas of breeding have been compiled, analyzed, and
evaluated for physical mitigation by hand or machine. Public Works, Fire
Department, Volunteer crews, and the NFMAD crew continue to work
together to destroy and mitigate breeding habitat, before the use of
pesticides of any type are necessary.
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Surveillance:
Mosquito surveillance is a routine part of the NFMAD control
program, providing information on the numbers and species types of
mosquitoes present in the district. Mosquito surveillance pre-treatment
helps direct the mitigation program of the district, and post-treatment
gives information on the effectiveness of the control strategies being used,
and the need for alteration of the NFMAD plan. Trapping also helps to
determine priority and timing, along with visual inspection and dipping at
the sites. Routine surveillance also supports identification of unknown
breeding sites, for example, if a trap pool contains a large number of adults,
the search for the breeding site is expanded in .25 mile increments.
Successful control strategies used in the district include treatment during
the mosquito lifecycle, where products and physical mitigation are aimed at
egg, larval, and if necessary, pupae phases, to avoid the hatching of adults
whenever possible. This decreases the usage of pesticide products
significantly, which is both cost-effective, as well as environmentally a best
management practice.
Larval Surveys
Most of the equipment for larval surveillance may be commonly
purchased at local stores, and is a cost-effective, efficient method of
mosquito control. NFMAD performs extensive larval surveillance on sites
that have historically shown breeding activity, as well as any newly
reported or evaluated areas. Larvicide programs are targeted at controlling
mosquito larvae before they leave the water. This strategy can be the most
effective, most economical, and the safest method of controlling mosquito
populations. Given that one adult mosquito can increase the mosquito
population by hundreds every week to ten days, depending on adult
control will doom the program to failure. Without a larval surveillance and
mitigation plan that is extensive within the district, the incidence of
mosquito-borne illness will inevitably rise. Chemical control, essentially
adulticide sprays, do not have the level of success that would constitute
mosquito control without a larvicide program, as well as a physical
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mitigation effort. Avoidance of pesticide usage by eradication of the
mosquito populations earlier in the lifecycle allows NFMAD to decrease the
discharge and application of pesticides into the environment.
A white plastic or metal dipper is used for collecting water from
artificial and natural water sources, including ditches, margins of ponds,
stagnant areas, culverts, etc., as described in Source Reduction site types,
above. Estimates of larval population densities are obtained by counting
the number of larvae per dip, using a standard size dipper. Three to five
dips are taken, essentially every 10 feet around a site, noting and recording
on the data card for the site, the number of dips taken, and the numbers of
larvae in each dip, and the life stage of the larvae (instar 1-4), and presence
of pupae. Water temperature is also recorded, and using this combination
of factors, an educated estimate as to when adult mosquitoes will emerge,
and hence, what control efforts should be made, in what timing. Larvae
generally develop faster in higher temperature water. Large numbers of
pupae indicate a large number of adults will emerge within a few days,
signaling an urgent priority for pupae treatment to prevent the hatch.
Since pupae do not feed, larval products such as Bti that must be eaten by
mosquito larvae are ineffective, and a pupacide must be added to the
treatment protocol for successful mitigation. If larvae are present in instar
1 and 2, exclusively, it may be 8-10 days before adults emerge, depending
on the species and temperature, hence larval products containing Bti or Bs
may be suitable. Large numbers of pupal skins floating on the surface is a
sign that adults have recently emerged, and adult control methods must be
added. Accurate identification of species is useful in determining the
appropriate larval control agent. For example, Bacillus Sphaericus is highly
effective on Culex mosquitoes, but not Anopheles.
Adult Surveys
Adult mosquito surveillance is an essential part of the NFMAD
program of control. Adult surveillance provides information on the
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effectiveness of the larvicide program. However, the presence of some
adult mosquitoes does not mean that larviciding efforts are not working as
no product-based program will be totally successful in eradicating
mosquitoes of all species. The objective is to control the mosquito
populations as early in the lifecycle as possible, while using physical
mitigation techniques to search and destroy breeding habitat, improve
agricultural irrigation practices, educate homeowners, and work towards
community coordination to achieve eradication of mosquito habitat. This is
the only way to successfully eradicate mosquito-borne illness.
Adult surveillance involves routine trapping, identification, and
counting of each species to estimate the population density and
distribution, indicate the presence of breeding sites that have been
overlooked or unsuccessfully mitigated at an earlier stage, and provide
Culex females for West Nile virus testing using the RAMP reader system.
CDC Light traps, dry ice for C02, are employed by NFMAD. These
traps are designed to collect adult female mosquitoes that are seeking a
blood meal source, attracted to carbon dioxide produced by a potential
vertebrate host. NFMAD sets these traps throughout the season, starting
quite early and continuing through September, depending on weather and
variables such as the irrigation season start and end dates, to collect data
on mosquito relative population numbers and species diversity. Twenty
traps are set at the same locations throughout the season, at the same
height, the same night of the week whenever possible, and when feasible,
the same locations are used year to year. Floater traps are set in response
to nuisance reports from residents of the district, to close a perimeter
around an event or recreational site, or as a “rental” to individuals that
want information on their home. Traps are set between 3pm and sunset,
and are collected the following morning between sunrise and 11am. Adult
mosquitoes are then euthanized by freezing, identified to species when
possible, and counted. If threshold levels are met for Culex species, the
mosquitoes are then RAMP tested for West Nile virus. Testing results
determine the next phase of treatment.
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NFMAD maintains a voicemail telephone number, 970-527-6681, as a
“mosquito hotline” where residents of the district can call with mosquito
annoyance complaints, reports of standing water, or observance of crew
behavior. Information obtained from these calls is used to help direct
trapping efforts using floater traps, and the need for evaluation of a site not
currently in the database.
With new site areas, or sites without historical data for a variety of
reasons, proximity to populated areas is given higher factor-weight.
In addition to trapping, NFMAD includes surveillance of possible
daytime resting stations for adults, both natural and manmade. These
include houses, barns, sheds, privies, bridges, culverts, hollow trees,
overhanging cliff areas, and foliage.
C. Pest Management Options Evaluation
Once each calendar year, the board president and/or field
manager must select and implement efficient and effective means
of Pesticide Management Measures that minimize discharges
resulting from the application of pesticides to control mosquitoes
or other flying insects pests. Management measures for each
area must be evaluated by the District, to include all the options
listed below, including a combination of these management
options, considering impact to water quality, impact to non-target
organisms, feasibility, and cost effectiveness, and any relevant
previous Pest management measures. Vector-borne disease
outbreaks may require changes to this PMDP, and elevation to a
higher Level of Response.
When products are used, the application rate and
application frequency is always as specified on the product label.
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Management Options:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
No Action
Prevention
Mechanical or Physical Methods
Cultural Methods
Biological Control Agents
Pesticides
C-1: Determination of Action or No Action: determination of
action vs. no action is dependent upon the current Response
level that exists within the district, and Delta County
surrounding areas contiguous with NFMAD boundaries, as well
as Delta Mosquito Control District #1, and Response Level as
determined by the Delta county Board of Health director and
office. Regardless of surrounding areas, if NFMAD Response
Levels indicate Action within the district boundaries, efforts at
coordinated communication and action plans will continue, but
not delay Action initiation within the NFMAD boundaries.
NO ACTION:
The district will not conduct pesticide applications unless pest
populations meet treatment thresholds, with all factors in
consideration, including weather, proximity to population areas,
proximity in distance and timing to calendar events at recreational
areas, schools, fairgrounds, etc., historical data on site of
proposed treatment, proximity to river or other outstanding
waters, ownership of site and permissions, proximity to organic
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agriculture and/or bees, pesticide sensitivity registry, and
possibility of control using physical mitigation techniques.
RESPONSE LEVELS OF NFMAD 2013
NFMAD surveillance and response plan is based on the federal regulations for the state of
Colorado Permit 3/15/13, hence, on conditions at three levels: Normal season, Emergency
planning, and Epidemic. Five risk factors are analyzed to determine the appropriate response
level:
1. Environmental condition: snowfall, rainfall, temperature, previous to current season
2. Adult mosquito vector species, “abundance”
3. Viral test positives on RAMP and/or PCR
4. Human cases of mosquito-borne illness, including West Nile and SL Encephalitis
5. Proximity of detected viral activity in relation to population areas
Each of these risk factors counts as 1 point, with 5 points representing conditions indicative of a
high risk of human infection with a mosquito-borne virus.
Level 1: Normal Season, 1.0-2.5
-typical snowpack, rainfall, average typical temperatures
-mosquito vector species at or below threshold
-Zero viral activity in test pools from trapping
-No human cases
RESPONSE:
Conduct public education for reducing habitat for breeding at home and personal protection
Conduct mosquito and virus surveillance activities consistent with IPM program
Conduct routine mosquito larval control, as well as continued physical mitigation
Evaluate possible pesticide resistance in vector species, research possible mutations
Ensure adequate emergency response funding
Continue press notices and public information announcements
Level 2: Emergency Planning 2.6-4.0
-Snowpack, rainfall, weather atypical moisture conditions
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-mosquito vector species greater than threshold
-One or more positive viral tests of trapped mosquito pools
-One human case in Delta County
-viral activity in close proximity to populated areas
RESPONSE:
Enhance public education, include signs and symptoms of prevalent illnesses (West Nile, SLE)
Increase surveillance and larval controls
Increase adult surveillance
Increase number of mosquito pools tested for virus
Review, update, and enact selection criteria for adulticide products. Review candidate
pesticides and current product specs for availability and susceptibility of vector species
Conduct localized chemical controls of mosquito adults, up to Phase 3 of Adulticide measures
Contact commercial applicators in anticipation of large scale treatment for adults
Review crisis public communication plan, coordinate with Public Health office.
Level 3: Epidemic, 4.1-5.0
-Snowpack, rainfall, weather, Atypical, over longer period of time and seasons
-Adult vector populations extremely high, at top of threshold and above
-One or more human illness cases in NFMAD district
-Virus detection on testing in Delta County, regardless of population density
RESPONSE:
Conduct full scale media campaign
Initiate crisis communication plan
Continue enhanced larval surveillance and control of immature mosquitoes
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Broaden geographic coverage of adult mosquito surveillance and trapping
Accelerate adult mosquito control if appropriate, consider Phase 4
Coordinate response with county Public Health office
Coordinate mosquito surveillance and control in geographic regions that border the NFMAD
district.
Continue mosquito education and control programs until mosquito abundance is substantially
reduced and no additional human cases of illness are detected.
Thresholds for Action vs. No Action NFMAD 2013
2013 Thresholds for Adult Mosquito Mitigation
Area with Higher Population Density:
*3-20 Culex species mosquitoes in trap:
RAMP TEST
WITH POSITIVE RAMP:
*Go to Phase I of Adulticide protocol with targeted fogging
WITH NEGATIVE RAMP:
*Go to Phase 1 Adulticide protocol if there are human West
Nile cases in area of trapping, and/or a strong, credible
suspicion of infected Culex presence based on historical
data.
In addition:
*Expand breeding site search, larval and pupal treatment by
.25 mile.
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*Evaluate site for possible physical mitigation
*Contact immediate landowners for cooperative mitigation
effort and warning of illness possibility
*Re-trap after adulticide application to determine success of
treatment.
*Re-trap again in one week: if Culex numbers do not drop,
advance to Phase 2 of Adulticide protocol, and expand
search/treatment to .50 mile, in accordance with NPDES
response level requirements.
Area with Lower Population Density:
*15 and above Culex species in trap
Same modifiers as Area of Higher Population
Total Mosquitoes, non-specified species:
*100 total count and above mosquitoes in trap:
Trigger Phase 1 Adulticide protocol due to potential for
human disease.
For a Scheduled Community Event:
*Increase surveillance, including trapping, 2 weeks prior to
event. *Apply Adulticide according to higher population
density modifiers.
C-2: Prevention
Primarily prevention is accomplished through education. NFMAD
maintains an extensive website (www.nfmad.org), with information for the
general public, including actions they can take to avoid creating mosquito
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habitats in areas under their personal control, and ways to reduce the risk
of contracting West Nile virus or other mosquito-borne illness. Prevention
education also includes information on proper use of mosquito repellents
for various age groups. Community outreach and education continues,
with the production of brochures and other informational handouts, given
out at local events and available in local farm and feed stores that sell
larvicides.
The North Fork Mosquito Abatement District (NFMAD) will continue
to conduct source reduction and enhancement of drainage/terrain to
reduce mosquito breeding sites as part of the prevention plan. This is
essential to the success of mosquito abatement, comfort for residents, and
safety from mosquito-borne illness, and protection of our outstanding
waters, rivers, lakes, and springs.
Prevention and education are the cornerstones of the NFMAD
program, and necessary to reduce the need and usage of pesticides in
general. Cooperative efforts between the district, and private
homeowners, the towns, the county, the railroads, the mines, and federal
lands are an integral part of successful mitigation, and ultimate eradication,
of mosquito-borne illness.
Examples of physical/mechanical methods include emptying
containers holding water in residential neighborhoods, cleaning junk, tires,
etc., that can hold water from land, removing animal and manmade dams
such as beaver dams, draining water from irrigated fields, opening drainage
ditches using hand tools or backhoe, controlling irrigation tail water.
Site evaluation forms the basis of preventive measures. Below are
the instructions for NFMAD’s Site Evaluation Form, completed for every site
that may require physical and/or chemical mitigation for mosquitoes.
Source Reduction is the most effective mosquito control in current
use, and creates success without the use of pesticides, hence less issues
with discharge to the surface waters of Colorado.
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Definitions of Source Types:
Canal: large ditch with flood control gate
CatchBasin: Basins used to collect and direct runoff water. Found in
streets, parking lots, and sometimes, private driveways.
Large container: over 100 gallons
Small container: holding less than 100 gallons, such as urns, trough,
buckets, flower pots, etc.
Creek: Creeks, streams, and potholes, naturally formed
Ditch: roadside, railway, and other manmade, longer runs of excavation
Gutter: usually in the street, where water accumulates
Marsh: shallow marshy areas, low areas
Natural pond: lakes and ponds, including stock, duck, and gravel pits
Ornamental pond: fish ponds, water garden, fountains, pots, tubs
Overwatering: pooled water
Rainwater: places collecting storm water, puddles, fields, etc.
Sanitary sewers: sewer ponds, cesspools, sewer lines, septic tanks.
Seepage: natural springs, ground water
Spa: spa or hot tub
Stormdrain: pipe or culvert carrying storm water
Swimming pools: obvious!
Tires: tire storage and disposal site
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Treehole: cavity in a tree holding water
Instructions for Site Evaluation Sheet
Grid Sector: from District Map/ Site #: Is this a new site? If so, assign a
number. Revised? Historical hotspot? Deleted? Reassigned a number?
Site Type: Same list as the data cards:
Roadside, Field, RailRoad, Private Home, Irrigation Ditch, Culvert, Cattails,
Swamp, Bog, Marsh, Pond, Wetland, Conservation Easement, River Front,
Recreation/Park, Misc. Backyard features, Riparian, County, Town, etc.,
same list of site types on data card instructions.
Site Factors: Organic Farm, Bees, Chemical Sensitivity/No Spray Registry,
Conservation easement, wetlands, endangered species area, protected bird
rookery, or other designation that would influence physical and chemical
mitigation efforts.
Priority: Low/Medium/High/Urgent and Immediate
Physical mitigation possible by hand or machine? Is it possible to get a
piece of equipment to the mitigation site? By hand, one man or two? A
crew? Would the area be cleared with a controlled burn?
Possible Causes: Trace the issue whenever possible to locate the source of
the problems. Basically, this is finding the impediment to the flow of water.
For example:
Irrigation tailwater? Irrigation overflow? Pond overflow or seep? Fingers
of water coming off river or pond? Is there a blockage, such as a beaver
dam, manmade obstruction, junk, plastic, etc. in the drainage area?
Blocked culvert? Is the flow of water blocked by vegetation, cattails, or
other organic matter? Willows?
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Most causal chains involve more than one of these factors, and following
the fall lines of water will give the best information on possible mitigation.
Under possible causes, please include the owner, if known, of each site
area, such as the county, a town, a private home, a renter, etc.
Comments/Physical Treatment:
What is the condition of the site?
Dense foliage, or other cover that would interfere with treatment?
Size of area to be treated?
Is there work to be done before treatment would be effective, or possible?
Would burning help?
Can the outflow and movement of water be improved with physical
mitigation by hand or machine?
Will the level of mitigation eradicate the site, or will it need to be updated
and kept under surveillance during the mosquito season? Has this site had
treatment and/or physical mitigation in the past seasons? Is there anything
that can be added that will permanently fix the site, or will this continue to
be an ongoing problem area?
Special notes on directions, access, gate combinations, dogs or other
animals, parking?
C-3: Mechanical /Physical Methods
The district will use all physical and mechanical methods available,
both by paid crew and volunteers, to reduce mosquito breeding sites where
possible with permission of property owners, either private or public, with
the purpose of reducing pesticide usage. All mechanical and physical
methods of mitigation and reduction of breeding sites in the NFMAD area
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are based on site evaluation and remediation planning. See above, C-2:
Prevention, for details of site evaluation and examples of mechanical and
physical mitigation.
Source reduction is focused on the mitigation of mosquito-breeding
habitat. Mosquitoes in Colorado occur in a wide range of habitats and
larvae are found at nearly every elevation wherever water occurs. Many
mosquito larvae occur in man-made environments, as a result of
agricultural irrigation practices, drainage issues with irrigation tail water,
containers around buildings, junk and debris that catch water, pond
seepage, depressions from uprooted foliage and trees, hoof prints from
livestock, etc., as well as urbanization of natural environments.
Ditches and irrigation canals are prevalent in the NFMAD. These
structures are often cited as sources of mosquito problems by the general
public, however, it is primarily the pooling and seepage along these ditches
that often result in more significant larval habitats rather than the canals.
When the flow is discontinuous, pools left behind in drying irrigation canals,
also can become significant sources of nuisance species, especially Aedes.
Livestock pastures can pose a serious problem to the Mosquito
Abatement district as the livestock not only provide a reliable blood meal
for female mosquitoes, but form numerous isolated larval habitats from
their hoof prints. Livestock dung also adds nutrients to the water for
species that need highly organic conditions for survival. Over-irrigation of
pastures and hay fields can also create perfect temporary conditions for
mosquito larvae. For the NFMAD area, these fields primarily host Aedes
species, although if the water persists due to aggressive irrigation or
weather factors, even a short time, Culex can also lay eggs and eventually
hatch from these conditions.
Crop Agriculture practices result in a wide variety of water features
associated with tilling and watering the soil. This includes agricultural
holding ponds for temporarily storing irrigation water, crop row furrows
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that temporarily retain irrigation or precipitation water, and field tail
waters that collect run-off water from the irrigated field, or precipitation.
Human-modified drainages consist primarily of existing streams and
riparian areas that have been altered to restrict flow, reclaim land, or to
intentionally create new wetlands for wildlife habitat by including extensive
marshes with emergent vegetation. Species commonly encountered in
these drainages include Aedes Vexans and Dorsalis. Culex Tarsalis also may
be common when weather conditions result in water persisting longer.
Gravel quarry lakes have existed in the North Fork district, but most
hold water permanently and support fish populations and other mosquito
predators. However, some include shallow vegetated edges, and cattail
marshes, which can be significant sources of Culex tarsalis and other
related Culex species.
Detention and retention ponds, that primarily serve to collect and
store storm water temporarily (detention), or permanently (retention), are
not mosquito breeding issues unless there is flood waters or the pond is not
designed to drain completely. Aedes are fast-developing and can go
through entire cycle of stages to flying adults quickly. If the water persists,
Culex can develop.
Ornamental ponds are intentionally filled with water, usually for
aesthetic purposes but also as landscape boundary features, recreational
waters such as fish ponds, etc., occur on private and municipal properties,
including yards and parks. Culex species will inhabit shallow side-waters
with emergent vegetation (cattails, sedges, etc) where predators such as
fish are unable to access the larvae. If the water levels fluctuate
significantly, these ponds can also become a source for floodwater types of
Aedes, as water levels reach eggs laid along the shore.
Storm drains and catch basins are found in the towns and outer
residential areas, and when not maintained or blocked, can hold water long
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enough to be a habitat for Culex Pipiens, an important vector for W. Nile
virus.
Containers come in all sorts of shapes and sizes, and may be as small
as a bird bath or a flower pot, or as large as a discarded boat or abandoned
swimming pool. Containers are the primary larval site for Culex Pipiens,
and are difficult to control since most likely containers will be on private
land.
C-4: Cultural Methods
NFMAD will continue to work with private residential property
owners, farmers and ranchers, township properties, and county properties,
to conduct proper water management with the purpose of reducing
pesticide usage. Examples of cultural methods of mitigation include
allowing irrigated fields to dry down within 5 days, opening drainage to
allow irrigation water to return to the river rather than becoming standing
puddles, and pasturing livestock in a manner that reduces hoof prints
holding water.
C-5: Biological Control Agents
NFMAD uses biological control agents, such as Bti, Bs, and predator
species such as fish, whenever feasible. Larviciding is a general term for the
process of killing mosquitoes by applying natural agents or commercial
products, designed to control larvae and pupae.
Larvae Threshold Levels
Larval control methods are applied, one or more, for any site where
an average per dip count is greater than one larva or one pupa detected by
visual inspection of a series of dips at the site. Treatment is then
necessitated only in those areas of the site where larvae or pupae are
present, or where conditions are such that they would be expected to
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occur. Prophylactic measures may also be taken at sites where high levels
of larval production are historically known to occur, or can be reliably
predicted, utilizing primarily long-duration methods, including physical
controls such as site-modification, biological controls using fish or other
predators, or long-duration biological pesticide control products.
Bti: the primary biological control methods used in the NFMAD include
formulations containing Bti, an environmentally responsible bio-larvicide
derived from Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis, a naturally occurring spore
and crystal-forming soil bacterium. The active ingredient in Bti is a
crystalline delta-endotoxin. Mosquito larvae are killed through the
ingestion of the delta-endotoxin, which reacts with the stomach secretions
and causes gut paralysis and death. Bti is the most widely used mosquito
larvicide in the United States of America. The safety of Bti was determined
by extensive toxicological testing before approval for use. Research and
field trials have shown that Bti has no toxic effects on beneficial and
predacious arthropods or on aquatic vertebrates.
Natural predators: such as fish…in the past mosquito fish (Gambusia
affinis) was introduced in some situations to reduce mosquito populations,
but their use has now been prohibited by the Colorado Parks and Wildlife
agency. Alternatively, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a
native predator that is useful for control in smaller ponds.
Aquabac
Short Description:
AQUABAC® is a biological larvicide used to control mosquito larvae and black fly larve in aquatic
habitats. AQUABAC is based on the naturally occurring soil bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis (Bti). This highly effective and economical microbial insecticide can be used in nearly
all aquatic habitats, to effectively and efficiently control target species in the larval stage.
Active Ingredient:
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis
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Mode of Action:
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis is specific to mosquitoes and black flies due to the
reaction in their high PH mid-gut. Bti spores contained within a crystal, known as a delta
endotoxin, only activate in a highly basic digestive tract such as those specific to mosquitoes and
black flies. When AQUABAC is ingested by a mosquito or black fly larvae, the Bacillus
thuringiensis subspecies israelensis act as a stomach poison. The mid-gut of the mosquito or
black fly larvae is broken down, eventually resulting in paralysis and death of the larvae. Bti is
target specific and does not adversely affect wildlife or beneficial insects, humans or pets.
Where/When to use:
AQUABAC can be used in any habitat which supports mosquito or black fly larvae. Common
appropriate mosquito habitats include, but are not limited to woodland pools, roadside ditches,
tree holes, temporary pools, artificial containers, and floodplains. To target black flies,
AQUABAC is applied to production areas of rivers and streams. AQUABAC must be applied when
mosquito or black fly larvae are present and in a feeding life stage, the active ingredient in
AQUABAC must be ingested by the larvae, no contact effects.
Formulations/Packaging:




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AQUABAC 200 G/CG 10/14 Mesh Granule is available in 40 lb bag and 1,000 lb bag.
AQUABAC 200 G/CG 5/8 Mesh Granule is available in 40 lb bag and 1,000 lb bag.
AQUABAC 400 G is available in 40 lb bag.
AQUABAC 400 DG Lite is available in 50 lb bag.
AQUABAC Primary Powder is available in 100 lb dr.
AQUABAC XT liquid is available in 2X2.5 gl case, 30 gl dr, and 250 gl tote.
Features/Benefits:




Bti is a species specific microbial agent; it does not interrupt the normal functioning of
other beneficial species and predator.
Bti can be applied to almost any aquatic habitat without environmental impact
concerns.
Bti is highly effective and due to its mode of action there is little chance mosquitoes will
build resistance.
400G has twice the potency of all other Bti formulations on the market allowing
treatment of significantly more acres with less product, by air or ground.
Manufacturer:
Becker Microbial Products
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Bsph: Like Bti, Bacillus sphaericus (Bsph) is also a naturally occurring soil
bacteria with mosquito larvicidal properties. Additionally Bsph has the
favorable property of a longer persistence in nature and the ability to
release fresh spores into the water column and to recycle itself. This
recycling offers an extended residual control of newly hatched mosquito
larvae. Bsph contains toxic protein crystals and living spores which larvae
feed on. In the larvae’s gut, enzymes dissolve the crystals into smaller
crystals called protoxins. The protoxins almost immediately begin to
paralyze the gut and within a few hours break through pores in the gut wall
and invade the body cavity where they begin to multiply. The mosquito
larvae will die within two days. Bsph is utilized in more permanent or longterm waters, where mosquitoes, especially vector Culex species, will
continue to lay eggs in the water, such that a longer residual product is
useful.
VectoLex: Bsph product:
Short Description:
VECTOLEX® is a biological larvicide and provides selective, environmentally sound control of
most mosquito larvae. VECTOLEX is based on Bacillus sphaericus a naturally occurring bacturim
in the environment. These fast-acting products are commonly used in municipal and industrial
water treatment facilities, animal waste lagoons, storm sewer catch basins, continuously
irrigated croplands and pasture, and mosquito breeding sites. VECTOLEX offers effective residual
control of a number of mosquito species.
Active Ingredient:
Bacillus sphaericus (Bs)
Mode of Action:
The larvae ingest the insecticide, consisting of Bs spores produced by the bacteria. Only when
activated by the larva's specific gut PH and enzymes, do the spores become toxic, causing
damage to the gut of the mosquito. Mortality rate is dependent on consumption of the Bs by 1st
through early 4th instar larvae. The product is quick acting and highly effective against a number
of mosquito species and its long term residual makes it ideal for use in a wide number of
permanent aquatic habitats.
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Where/When to use:
VECTOLEX may be applied to any water sites except treated, finished drinking water reservoirs
or drinking water receptacles. VECTOLEX is primarily designed for permanent water habitats and
intermittently flooded sites that stay wet long enough for production of additional broads.
Formulations/Packaging:



VECTOLEX CG and FG are available in 40 lb bags
VECTOLEX WDG is available in 24x1 lb containers and 25 lb dr
VECTOLEX WSP is available in cases of 800 water soluble packets
Features/Benefits:



Because of the products specificity it has little effect on plants, fish, or other organisms
that live in the water.
The toxins in Bs are target specific and will not affect pets, humans, birds, fish and other
non-target organisms.
Provides long term residual control of mosquito larvae
Manufacturer:
Valent BioSciences
Altosid: Another biological control used by NFMAD is Altosid, methoprene,
which is a hormonal insect growth regulator (IGR). Methoprene disrupts
normal mosquito development and metamorphosis, preventing the
emergence of breeding, biting adult mosquitoes. Altosid briquettes,
pellets, granular and liquid formulations, have a long residual duration, but
are expensive and are also not specific to mosquitoes only, such that other
insects exposed to it may be unable to complete their metamorphosis.
Therefore, this control method is only used in limited situations, including
abandoned swimming pools, ornamental ponds, fountains, cisterns, and
similar situations where non-target insects are not an issue, and where the
likelihood of continual mosquito production makes a long-duration residual
product more cost-effective is useful.
Short Description:
ALTOSID® is a larvicide that disrupts the normal growth pattern of immature mosquitoes in
water and prevents them from becoming breeding, biting adults. ALTOSID is an easy to use,
long-term, cost-effective and environmentally responsible mosquito control larvicide.
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Active Ingredient:
(S)-Methoprene
Mode of Action:
All ALTOSID formulations contain the Insect Growth Regulator, (s)-Methoprene, which interferes
with a mosquito's normal metamorphosis. (S)-Methoprene in ALTOSID products has the
industry's lowest toxicity rating. ALTOSID naturally degrades in the environment and will not
adversely affect humans, fish, waterfowl, mammals or beneficial insects, thus it can be used in
your program's most sensitive areas. And you'll feel even better about the effective, long-term
control you'll get in return. Furthermore, residual larvicidal activity reduces adult populations
and the need for using adulticides.
No two mosquito habitats are alike - and neither are the ways you treat them. That's why
there are a variety of ALTOSID formulations. Each provides the extended control you
need in easy-to-access or difficult-to-treat areas. ALTOSID formulations are labeled for
use in known fish habitats. ALTOSID offers the most diverse product line of all
larviciding products, and can effectively prevent the emergence of breeding, biting adults
without upsetting the food chain or impacting non-target species. So you're ensured
consistent control - and peace of mind.
Where/When to use:
ALTOSID Briquets are designed to control mosquitoes in small bodies of water such as catch
basins, ponds, lakes, ditches.
ALTOSID Liquid Larvicide SR-5 & Liquid Concentrate SR-20 may be applied to
areas when flooding may result in floodwater mosquito hatch. It may also be applied to
irrigated croplands after flooding to control mosquito emergence.
ALTOSID XR-G may be applied to temporary and permanent sites that support
mosquito larval development with multi-broad potential.
ALTOSID SBG is ideally suited for short-term (five to seven days) control of
mosquitoes.
ALTOSID WSP release effective levels of ALTOSID Insect Growth Regulator for up to
30 days under typical environmental conditions for treatment in abandoned swimming
pools, catch basins, storm drains etc.
ALTOSID PELLETS provide a slow dissolving, extended residual for up to 30 days
making it extremely cost effective for sites like rice fields, cattail marshes, abandoned
tires or other man-made habitats. Can be applied up to 15 days before flooding.
ALTOSID PRO-G is an easy to apply granules. Altosid Pro G releases effective levels
of Altosid insect growth regulator for up to 30 days after application. Applications should
be continued throughout the season to maintain adequate control.
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Formulations/Packaging:

Features/Benefits:



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


Kills all mosquito pest species.
Consistent results in all populations/densities.
No impact on food web.
Labor savings with extended residual.
Multiple formulations to meet application and economic requirements.
Pretreatment capabilities
Excellent canopy penetration
Manufacturer:
Central Life Sciences
Barrier Spray: BVA 13
Short Description:
BVA 13 Oil is an effective ULV diluent oil that is compatible with all pesticide active agents. BVA
13 is clear to white, odor free, and non-toxic.
Active Ingredient:
Refined petroleum distillate
Mode of Action:
BVA 13 acts as an inert diluent to allow for different mix and application ratios of other active
pesticide products.
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Where/When to use:
BVA 13 is used to dilute concentrated pesticide products, such as most mosquito control
adulticide products to achieve the desired dilution rate customized for any aerial or ground
application. It is commonly used for ground and aerial ULV applications of Permethrin,
Resmethrin, Natural Pyrethrum, Etofenprox, and other concentrated mosquito adulticides.
Formulations/Packaging:

5 gl pail, 50 gl dr, 55 gl dr, 275 gl tote, Bulk
Features/Benefits:



BVA 13 is a light grade petroleum oil that is clear to opaque in appearance which may be
used as r a diluent for most mosquito control adulticides and on certain specified crops.
BVA 13 is a widely known product that is consistent in viscosity, free from excessive
contaminants and debris which may cause damage to ULV systems.
BVA 13 is a low odor product that has a very discrete profile.
Manufacturer:
Pupae Control
Pupae do not ingest foodstuffs, therefore Bti and Bsph larvicides are
ineffective.
Agnique, information below
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Short Description:
AGNIQUE® MMF is a larvicide and pupicide with a unique physical mode of action rather than
chemical toxicity. It is ideally suited for mosquito control programs as it can be used in a wide
range of habitats from fresh water to salt water and it's even labeled for use in potable water.
Active Ingredient:
Poly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-(C16-20 branched and linear alkyl)-ω-hydroxy (100%). AGNIQUE MMF
is a biodegradable, alcohol ethoxylated surfactant.
Mode of Action:
AGNIQUE MMF produces an invisible monomolecular film that rapidly spreads over the surface
of standing water habitats. This film interrupts the critical air/water interface (surface tension)
in the mosquito's larval and pupal development cycle causing them to drown. AGNIQUE MMF is
highly effective and has the unique ability to spread quickly and completely across the water's
surface. When the correct amount has been applied, there will be no breaks or gaps in the film;
preventing mosquito emergence. Because the layer is thin, larvae can still temporarily penetrate
the film to get air allowing for them to survive for up to 5 days. Mortality rate is somewhat
dependent on life cycle stage. Larvae are typically killed within 48 to 72 hours, however some
species, and under certain environmental conditions (such as cool temperatures when
development is slow) larval control may take upwards of 120 hours. Water temperature will
affect oxygen demands and rate of maturation thus slowing control. Pupae are typically
controlled within 24 - 72 hours and any pupae that attempt to emerge will be controlled due to
the presence of the film.
Where/When to use:
AGNIQUE MMF can be applied to any mosquito habitat with standing water using any
conventional spraying methods. Typical sites where the product has been proven effective
include wetlands, salt marshes, abandoned swimming pools, swamps, catch basins, and
roadside ditches, woodland pools, flooded pastured, rice field and many more.
Formulations/Packaging:


AGNIQUE MMF Liquid is available in 2x2.5 gl cs, 12x1 liter cs, 53 gl plastic dr and 263 gl
returnable tote
AGNIQUE MMF G Pak 35 is available in 400 water soluble pouches cs
Features/Benefits:



No need to time application to a specific life stage - controls all immature life stages.
Self Spreading formulation - means it covers the entire surface area without having to
physically apply it evenly.
A significant advantage is that mosquitoes and midges cannot develop resistance to
AGNIQUE MMF because control is through a physical mode of action. Another
advantage of the physical mode of action is its effectiveness on all mosquito species.
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
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Low application rate per acre compared to Pupiciding oils: 0.35 to 1 gallon per acre
versus 3 to 5 gallons per acre.
Provides residual control from 7 to 21 days for multi-brood control and reduced
application costs.
Physical kill, no chemical toxicity.
Non-toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms.
No oily sheen; no odor; non-phytotoxic.
No effect on dissolved oxygen, pH or conductivity of water.
Leaves no residue.
Manufacturer:
Cognis
Pesticides: Use of chemical control measures are usually the least
preferred option and generally utilized only as the last choice for control of
mosquito populations. These products are applied as directed by their
respective labels, and all equipment used in this process is closely
monitored and calibrated by staff. Climatic conditions are always checked
prior to any pesticide applications. Wind speed and direction, and the
possibility of impending rain are taken into consideration whether applying
liquid or solid products because of drift, dilution, or chemical breakdown,
depending on the product being used. Temperature also plays a role,
especially in the timing of applications and the choice of product used, as
cooler temperatures warrant the use of water-based products while oilbased products may be used during warmer temperatures. No applications
are made when temperatures fall below 50 degrees F.
C-6: Pesticides
The district will use pesticides when the aforementioned methods
prove to be ineffective in controlling mosquito populations. The District
believes in using an integrated pest management (IPM) plan, using
aforementioned methods as well as larval control, and pupae control, when
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possible, followed up with adulticide treatments if necessary, in accordance
with strict guidelines of application to ensure the lowest environmental
impact and avoidance of effecting non-target species.
NOTE: Response Levels to Vector-Borne disease outbreaks may necessitate
deviation from the NFMAD’s PDMP. The District’s treatment criteria and
thresholds will be upheld without deviation except in times of
acknowledged epidemic, as defined by the CDC, the Colorado Board of
Public Health, and the Delta County Board of Health. Clusters of human
illness from mosquito-vectors in the district and county may require rapid
response, before acknowledgment of epidemic is made by the CDC, or
State of Colorado.
NFMAD uses only appropriately calibrated equipment, ULV sprayers, and
strictly adheres to all labeling.
AquaReslin:
Short Description:
AQUA-RESLIN® is a mosquito adulticide that is highly effective against various mosquito species.
It has permethrin and the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). AQUA-RESLIN utilizes the unique
patented FFAST formulation that allows the product to be diluted with water rather than oil.
Active Ingredient:
Permethrin
Mode of Action:
Permethrin is a common synthetic chemical, widely used as an insecticide, an acaricide, and as
an insect repellent. It belongs to the family of synthetic formulations called pyrethroids and
functions as a neurotoxin, affecting neuron membranes by prolonging sodium channel
activation. It is not known to harm most mammals or birds. It generally has a low mammalian
toxicity and is poorly absorbed by skin. AQUA-RESLIN is a synergized Permethrin (synthetic
pyrethroid) formulation. The synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) aids by allowing the
formulation to act faster and use less permethrin in doing so. AQUA-RESLIN is designed for
application as an Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) aerosol to control adult mosquitoes and flies in
residential, industrial, urban, recreational and other areas where adult mosquitoes and flies are
found. The formulation greatly reduces the evaporation rate of water from the droplets and
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allows the water-based spray cloud to behave as that produced by a typical oil-based
formulation.
Where/When to use:
AQUA-RESLIN is used for control of annoyance flies and mosquitoes, mosquitoes and flies of
public health or disease vector importance in areas such as residential, industrial, and urban
areas.
Formulations/Packaging:

2x2.5 gl cs, 30 gl dr
Features/Benefits:






Unique patented formulation allows dilution with water rather than oil and yields a true
water based formulation.
Fast and effective control of adult mosquitoes.
Provides quick knockdown and effective control of mosquitoes, black flies, gnats, biting
and non-biting midges as well as other biting flies.
For aerial, ground, and barrier application.
May be applied undiluted or diluted in water.
ULV application provides excellent control at rates up to 0.007 pounds permethrin per
acre.
Manufacturer:
Bayer Environmental Science
EVERGREEN:
Short Description:
EVERGREEN® is a synergized pyrethrin formulation for ULV adulticide applications. The
emulsifiable concentrate contains 0.5 lb pyrethrin and 5 lb of synergist (PBO) per gallon, which
provides the highest pyrethrin to PBO ratio of 1:10. Labeled for aerial and ground ULV
treatment, the concentration and specific gravity make this formulation an ideal choice where
organophosphate or pyrethroid resistance is a concern. EVERGREEN is an option for use in
product rotation for resistance management.
Active Ingredient:
Pyrethrin; 60% Piperonyl butoxide (PBO)
Mode of Action:
Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist, Neurotoxin. Pyrethrin affects the sodium channel at the nerve
axon, which interferes with the nerve function causing repeated and extended misfiring of nerve
impulses, causing quick paralysis and knockdown. PBO has no insecticidal activity, but has
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synergistic properties when combined with pyrethrin. The synergist interferes with insects'
ability to metabolize pyrethrin, thus allowing less pyrethrin to be required to produce mortality.
Where/When to use:
Approved for urban, rural, residential, agricultural areas, cropland, wetland, recreational areas,
etc. Very broad range of use sites. No crop restrictions, however, not certified for organic crops.
Formulations/Packaging:

5 gl pail, 30 gl dr, 55 gl dr, 275 gl returnable tote
Features/Benefits:



Provides highest synergist ratio for pyrethrin and PBO formulations.
Has higher specific gravity than most pyrethroid formulations, making it a good
alternative for aerial applications.
Excellent choice for chemical rotation for resistance management.
Manufacturer:
MGK
PerManone:
Short Description:
PERMANONE® is an oil based ULV product for safe and effective control of mosquitoes.
PERMANONE exceeds all minimum requirements for scientifically based mosquito control
programs. PERMANONE is a permethrin based product that is the most widely used chemical
family in domestic mosquito control. The PERMANONE product group is considered to be a
more environmentally friendly alternative without the unpleasant odors, corrosiveness, and
paint damage associated with organophosphate products.
Active Ingredient:
Permethrin
Mode of Action:
The active ingredient, permethrin, belongs to a class of chemicals called pyrethroids. Pyrethroids
work quickly by paralyzing the nervous system of insects. Pyrethroids kill insects by direct
contact or when eaten.
Where/When to use:
PERMANONE products are recommended for applications as an ultra low volume (ULV) nonthermal aerosol (cold fog) to control adult stages of insects in residential, recreational and other
areas where these insects are a problem.
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Formulations/Packaging:



PERMANONE Ready-To-Use is available in 2x2.5 gl cs, 30 gl dr, 275 gl tote and bulk
shipments over 2,000 gl
PERMANONE 31-66 is available in 4x1 gl cs, 30 gl dr and 275 gl tote
PERMANONE 30-30 is available in 5 gl pail, 30 gl drums, and 275 gl tote
Features/Benefits:






Quick knockdown, effective control of mosquitoes and target species.
Low odor, non-corrosive formulation.
Product degrades rapidly resulting in no residual effects.
Effective in controlling a wide range of mosquito species.
PERMANONE products have a long history of success in mosquito control.
No water setback.
Manufacturer:
Bayer Environmental Science
Zenivex:
Short Description:
ZENIVEXTM contains the active ingredient etofenprox which is a new and unique molecule for
adult mosquito control in the US. It contains no synergist (PBO) and it has a very favorable
toxicity profile; it poses a low risk to human health and the environment. It is a nonorganophosphate, non-carbamate, and non-ester pyrethroid. It has been shown to be highly
effective in a wide range of habitats on a wide range of mosquito species. This new molecule
provides very rapid and permanent knockdown of adult mosquito populations.
Active Ingredient:
Etofenprox
Mode of Action:
Sodium channel blocker
Where/When to use:
As with any adulticide - apply when adult mosquitoes are most active around dusk and dawn
and weather conditions are conductive to effective applications.
Depending on the habitat and mosquito pressure rates should be varied accordingly. As
the amount of vegetation and/or mosquito pressure increases more optimum results are
likely to occur with higher application rates.
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ZENIVEX has been shown to be effective at all rates from 0.00175 to 0.007. Over 30
tests have been conducted in locations throughout the US on a wide variety of mosquito
species with 90% or better mortality.
ZENIVEX can be the may stay product in any program, can be used as a rotational
product to help preserve all chemistries we have, or can be the product of choice when
mosquito pressure is high and maximum control is required to control high levels of
nuisance or disease carrying mosquitoes.
Formulations/Packaging:

2x2.5 gl cs, 30 gl returnable dr, 120 gl returnable tote and 275 gl returnable tote
Features/Benefits:







No piperonyl butoxide (PBO) - No concern about PBO buildup in the environment.
Non-ester pyrethroid (new adulticide chemical class) - May provide control of
mosquitoes that are resistant to other adulticides.
Use diluted with ULV oil or undiluted - wide range of applications for effective control in
wide range of environmental conditions.
Quick and Permanent knockdown - mosquitoes are knocked down in minutes and do
not recover as with some other adulticides.
EPA reduced risk classification with an LD50 > 42,880 mg/kg: Poses low risk to humans'
health and environment and for improved safety of operators and bystanders.
Average half-life of 1.7 days in water and 4.4 days in soil. It rapidly breaks down in
sunlight and does not persist in soil, surface water or sediment.
Etofenprox is a sodium channel blocker that provided rapid and permanent knockdown.
This product works by contact and there is essentially no mosquito recovery once they
are knocked down just minutes after application.
Manufacturer:
Central Life Sciences
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D: RESPONSE PROCEDURES
The Field Manager and/or President of the Board must document the
following procedures;
-Procedures for expeditiously stopping, containing, and cleaning up leaks,
spills, and other releases to surface waters of the State of Colorado.
Employees who may cause, detect, or respond to a spill or leak must be
trained in these procedures and have necessary spill response equipment
available. If possible, one of these individuals should be a member of the
PDMP team. For NFMAD, there are 3 members of the PDMP that may
serve in this capacity.
-Procedures of notification of appropriate facility personnel, emergency
response agencies, and regulatory agencies.
-Adverse Incident Response Procedures: At a minimum, the Field Manager
or Board President must have:
-Procedures for responding to any adverse incident resulting from
pesticide applications.
-Procedures for notification of the adverse incident, both internal to
the Decision-Maker’s agency/organization and external. Contact
information for the Division, nearest emergency medical facility, and
nearest hazardous chemical responder must be in locations that are readily
accessible and available.
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NFMAD Pesticide Spill Procedures 2013
+In Accordance with the Colorado Commercial Pesticide Application and Safety Training guide,
produced by the Co. Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry and Colorado State
University.
Pesticide spills can pose serious threats to human health and
significant environmental contamination. A thorough knowledge of the
appropriate steps to take in event of a spill will help minimize the potential
for adverse effects and save a great deal of money in expensive clean-up
costs. All NFMAD crew members must be prepared to handle spills BEFORE
an accident occurs. Always have a spill kit available in pesticide storage and
mixing areas. Remember: Contamination can greatly increase when
delaying a response to a pesticide spill due to lack of appropriate supplies.
Regardless of the magnitude, the objectives of a proper response are
the same: The three C’s of Spill Management
1. CONTROL the spill
2. CONTAIN the spill
3. CLEAN it up
Control:
when attempting to control the flow of the chemical, do not
expose yourself or other crew members unnecessarily. Always use and
carry protective clothing and equipment when mixing, loading, and
transporting pesticides. Use the full uniform and protective covering when
pesticide emergencies occur.
Contain:
After the leak has been controlled as well as possible, contain the
spilled material in as small an area as possible. With liquid spills, construct
a dam to prevent the chemical from spreading. It is particularly important
not to allow any chemical to get into any body of water, including storm
sewers.
Do Not Hose Down The Area; this will cause further spread of the
chemical. Liquid spills can be further contained by spreading absorbent
materials such as fine sand, vermiculite, sawdust, or clay over the entire
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spill. For absorbing small spills and minor leaks, kitty litter is particularly
useful. Note: Avoid the use of sawdust or sweeping compounds if the
pesticide is a strong oxidizer. Such a combination presents a possible fire
hazard.
Clean up:
After the spill has been contained, if possible, pump or vacuum
with a ShopVac as much of the liquid as possible into a tank designed
specifically for this purpose or another empty spray tank, or one with the
same material or a compatible pesticide, so that it may be applied to a
labeled site.
After these preliminary stages of cleanup have taken place, it may be
necessary to further decontaminate and neutralize the area. This is
particularly recommended if highly hazardous pesticides are involved.
Often a mixture of full-strength bleach and hydrated lime is effective
for decontamination. Work the solution into the spill area with a coarse
broom. Add absorbent material to soak up the cleaning solution.
Sweep and dispose the contaminated material. Repeat the
procedure until the area is thoroughly decontaminated.
SOILS:
When large amounts of pesticides are spilled on soils, effective
decontamination is often not possible. In these instances, the top 2-3
inches of soil should be removed and disposed of. Cover the remaining soil
with at least 2 inches of lime, then cover with fresh topsoil.
Minor spills on soil: activated charcoal may be used in the cleanup.
The charcoal may absorb and tie-up enough chemical to avoid significant
long-term injury.
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MAJOR SPILLS:
Major spills on public property and all spills involving pesticides that
are considered to be highly hazardous must be immediately reported to
local and state emergency planning personnel.
Police and fire officials are our local contacts to whom such spills
should be reported. Call 911, and proceed to contain the site. These
agencies will advise on the proper procedures for cleaning and disposing of
accidentally released pesticides. Failure to report such spills is considered
to be a violation of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act (EPCRA/SARAIII). Such violation can result in fines up to $25,000 for
each day the violation continues.
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SPILL RESPONSE FORM
NAME:_______________________________DATE_____________
ADDRESS OF OPERATOR__________________________________
ANY OTHER OPERATOR
INVOLVED?:____________________________________________
______________________________________________________
SITE WHERE SPILL OCCURRED______________________________
DESCRIPTION OF LOCATION_______________________________
______________________________________________________
HOW AND WHEN OPERATOR BECAME
AWARE:_______________________________________________
______________________________________________________
PHONE POLICE?__________FIRE DEPT.?_____________________
REPORTED
TO:__________________WHEN____________________________
WITHIN 24 HOURS?______________________________________
IF NOT, WHY
NOT?_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
NAME OF
PESTICIDE(S):___________________________________________
______________________________________________________
REGISTRATION_#________________________________________
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CONTROL
PROCEDURES___________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
CONTAINMENT
PROCEDURES___________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
CLEANUP
PROCEDURES___________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
SURFACE WATERS INVOLVED:____________________________________
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ADVERSE INCIDENT DOCUMENTATION AND REPORTING
TWENTY-FOUR HOUR ADVERSE INCIDENT NOTIFICATION
REQUIRED:
The Operator involved in an accidental pesticide spill or other adverse
incident, or made aware of such an adverse incident which may have
resulted from a discharge from a pesticide application, must immediately
contact the Field Manager, and a Board Member, within 24 hours of the
incident.
The Operator must include the following information:
The caller’s name and telephone number
Operator’s name and mailing address
Name and telephone of a contact person, if different from the reporter of
the incident.
How and when the Operator became aware of the incident
Description of the adverse incident location
Description of the pesticide product, including the EPA registration number,
for each product involved.
Description of any steps the Operator has taken or will take to correct,
repair, remedy, cleanup, or otherwise address adverse effects. And, if
known:
Any other Operator(s) involved in the incident.
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If the incident is not reported in 24 hrs., why?All Notification of adverse
incident and reporting requirements are in addition to what the registrant
is required to submit under FIFRA section 6(a)(2) and its implementing
regulations at 40 CFR Part 159.
ADVERSE INCIDENT NOTIFICATION NOT REQUIRED
Reporting of adverse incidents is not required under this permit in the
following situations:
Operator is aware of facts that indicate that the adverse incident was not
related to toxic effects or exposure from the pesticide application;
Operator has been notified by the board of directors and retains such
notification, that the reporting requirement has been waived for this
incident or category of incidents;
Operator receives obviously erroneous information regarding an incident or
An adverse incident occurs to pests that are similar in kind to the potential
target pests identified on the FIFRA label.
THIRTY DAY ADVERSE INCIDENT WRITTEN REPORT
Operators must provide a written report within 30 days of a reportable
adverse incident within the district. The adverse incident report must
contain the following information:
The date, time, and contact with board, at time of notification of incident.
Location of incident and any waters affected, with appearance (sheen,
color, clarity, etc)
A description of the circumstances of the adverse incident, including
species affected, estimated number of individual and approximate size of
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dead or distressed organisms, as well as magnitude and scope of affected
area. Include aquatic square area or total stream distance affected, and a
description of the habitat.
The pesticide application rate, intended use site (on the bank, above
waters, or directly to water), method of application, and the name of
pesticide product and division registration number, along with any ambient
water data.
If lab tests were performed, an indication of which tests were performed,
the results, and a summary must be provided in 5 days, if not available
then, add to the 30-day report.
Finally, a description of actions taken to prevent recurrence of adverse
incidents, and a signature of the Field Manager or President of the Board,
date, and certification.
One operator constitutes compliance for multiple operators involved in the
incident, as long as each name is provided within the written report.
OTHER CORRECTIVE ACTION DOCUMENTATION
Operators must document the situation triggering the adverse incident and
the corrective action planned within 30 days of becoming aware of the
situation. Retain a copy of this documentation. This documentation must
include the following:
-Identification of the condition triggering the need for corrective action
review, including any ambient water quality monitoring that assisted in
determining that discharges did not meet water quality standards.
-A brief description of the situation, and the date the problem was
identified.
-Brief description of how the problem was identified, how the Operator
learned of the situation, the date of awareness, and a summary of
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corrective actions both planned and taken. Include the date initialed and
the date of completion or expectation of completion.
-Any measures to prevent reoccurrence of such an incident, including
notice of whether PDMP modifications are required or necessary as a result
of the incident.
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E: SIGNATURES REQUIRED
________________________________________ Rain Klepper, Board President
________________________________Elizabeth Durrance, Vice President
________________________________Thomas Wills, Secretary, Treasurer
________________________________Glenn Austin, Board Member
________________________________Zach Hotchkiss, Board Member
________________________________Christopher Tschinkel, Field Mng.
Date___________Certification__________________________________
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F: PESTICIDE DISCHARGE MANAGEMENT PLAN: REVISIONS,
MODIFICATIONS, MEASURES, AVAILABILITY
Modifications
The NFMAD board will modify the PDMP whenever necessary to address
any of the triggering conditions for corrective action or when a change in
pest control activities significantly changes the type or quantity of
pollutants discharged. Changes to the PDMP must be made before the next
pesticide application that results in a discharge, if practicable, or if not, no
later than 90 days after any change in pesticide application activities. The
revised PDMP must be signed and dated.
Pesticide Discharge Management Plan Availability
The Field Manager or Board President will retain a copy of the current
PDMP, along with all supporting maps and documents, at the address
provided in the Compliance Certification. The PDMP and all supporting
documents will be readily available, upon request, and copies of any of
these documents provided, upon request, to the Division of State
Permitting, EPA, or any other State, Tribal, or local agency governing
discharges or pesticide applications within their respective jurisdictions.
The Board of Directors of NFMAD may provide copies of the PDMP or other
information related to this permit that is in its possession to members of
the public. Any Confidential Business Information (CBI), as defined by the
State of Colorado, may be withheld from the public provided that a claim of
confidentiality is properly asserted and documented in accordance with the
constitution of the State of Colorado and the United States of America,
however, CBI must be submitted to the State Division of Over-Sight of this
permit, if requested, and may not be withheld from staff within the State
Division.
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CORRECTIVE ACTION
All Operators must comply with the provisions of the PDMP
SITUATIONS REQUIRING REVISION OF PEST MANAGEMENT MEASURES
Operators of the NFMAD must receive training and review of the
following situations:
-an unauthorized release or discharge associated with the application of
pesticides, for example, a spill, leak or discharge not authorized by this or
another CDPS permit, occurs.
-Operators of the district become aware, or the CO Division concludes, that
Pest Management Measures are not adequate/sufficient for the discharge
to meet applicable water quality standards.
-Any monitoring activities indicate failure to meet applicable technologybased effluent limitations in Part 2.
-An inspection or evaluation of activities by a CO Division official, or EPA
local, state, tribal entity, reveals that modifications to the Pest
Management Measures are necessary to meet the effluent limitations in
this permit.
-Any Operator of the district observes or is otherwise made aware of an
adverse incident.
CORRECTIVE ACTION DEADLINES
If an Operator of the district determines that changes to the Pest
Management Measures are necessary to eliminate any situation identified
above, such changes must be made before or, if not practicable, as soon as
possible after the next pesticide application that results in a discharge.
EFFECT OF CORRECTIVE ACTION
The occurrence of a situation may constitute a violation of this
permit. Correcting any situation does not absolve Operators of liability for
any original violation. However, failure to comply constitutes an additional
permit violation. The CO Division will consider the appropriateness and
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promptness of corrective action in determining enforcement responses to
permit violations. The CO Division may impose additional requirements
and schedules of compliance, including requirements to submit additional
information concerning the condition(s) triggering corrective action or
schedules and requirements more stringent than specified in this permit.
G: RECORD KEEPING
Operators of the NFMAD will keep records as required by the district
for the following activities:
Pre-inspections
Post-inspections
Treatments
Source Reduction
Surveillance
The following data is required for the above activities:
1. Description of each treatment area, including location and size, acres or
linear feet, of treatment area and identification of any surface waters
of the State of Colorado, either by name or by location, to which
pesticide(s) are discharged.
2. Pesticide use pattern(s), against mosquito and other flying insects
3. Target Pest(s) and explanation of need for pest control;
4. Action Thresholds;
5. Method and/or Data used to determine that action threshold(s) has
been met;
6. Description of pest management measure(s) implemented prior to the
first pesticide application;
7. Company Name and Contact Information for pesticide applicator;
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8. Name of each pesticide product used including the EPA registration
number;
9. Quantity of each pesticide product applied to each treatment area;
10. Pesticide application date(s); and
11. Whether or not visual monitoring was conducted during pesticide
application and/or post-application and if not, why not, and whether
monitoring identified any possible or observable adverse incidents
caused by application of pesticides.
RECORD KEEPING FOR THE DISTRICT
The District will retain the following records at the address provided
on the Compliance Certificate:
1. Copy of the Compliance Certification submitted to the CO Division,
and any correspondence exchanged between the Decision-Maker(s)
and the CO division specific to coverage under this permit;
2. A copy of the PDMP, including any modifications made to the PDMP
during the term of this permit;
3. Documentation of equipment calibration;
4. Information on each treatment area to which pesticides are
discharged, including:
-Description of each treatment area, including location and
size (acres or linear feet) of treatment area and identification of any
surface waters of the State of Colorado, either by name or by
location to which pesticide(s) are discharged.
-Pesticide use pattern(s), against mosquito and other flying
insects
-Target Pest(s) and explanation of need for pest control;
-Action Thresholds;
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-Method and/or Data used to determine that action
threshold(s) has been met;
-Description of pest management measure(s) implemented prior to
the first pesticide application;
-Company Name and Contact Information for pesticide applicator;
-Name of each pesticide product used including the EPA registration
number;
-Quantity of each pesticide product applied to each treatment area;
-Pesticide application date(s); and
- Whether or not visual monitoring was conducted during pesticide
application and/or post-application and if not, why not, and whether
monitoring identified any possible or observable adverse incidents
caused by application of pesticides.
RETENTION OF RECORDS FOR ALL OPERATORS
All required records will be documented as soon as possible, but no
later than 14 days following completion of each pesticide application.
Operators will retain any records required under this permit for at least 3
years after the Operator’s coverage under this permit expires or is
terminated. Operators will make available to the CO Division, including an
authorized representative of the Division, all records kept under this permit
upon request and provide copies of such records, upon request.
H: OPERATORS/APPLICATORS’ RESPONSIBILITIES
To meet the effluent limitations of this permit, all Applicators must
comply with this PDMP to minimize the discharge of pesticides to surface
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waters of the State of Colorado from the application of pesticides, through
the use of Pest Management Measures.
Amount
To the extent not determined by the District, use only the amount of
pesticide and frequency of pesticide application necessary to control the
target pest, using equipment and application procedures appropriate for
this task.
Maintenance
Maintain pesticide application equipment in proper operating condition,
including requirement to calibrate, clean, and repair such equipment and
prevent leaks, spills, or other unintended discharges.
Applicable Federal Requirements
Assess weather conditions (eg. Temperature, precipitation and wind speed)
in the treatment area to ensure application is consistent with all applicable
federal requirements.
Monitoring/Visual Monitoring Requirements for Pesticide Applicators
During any pesticide application with discharges authorized under this
permit, all applicators must, when considerations for safety and feasibility
allow, visually assess the area to and around where pesticides are applied
for possible and observable adverse incidents, caused by application of
pesticides, including the unanticipated death or distress of non-target
organisms and disruption of wildlife habitat, recreational or municipal
water use.
Visual Monitoring Requirements for all Operators
During any Operator post-application surveillance of any pesticide
application with discharges authorized under this permit, all Operators
must visually assess the area to and around where pesticides were applied
for possible and observable adverse incidents, caused by application of
pesticides, including the unanticipated death or distress of non-target
organisms and disruption of wildlife habitat, recreational or municipal
water use.
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Inspection and Treatment Criteria
Applicators/Operators are required to record field and treatment data as
outlined in this document (see recordkeeping)
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