Guided Notes – Chapter 4
The Exchange of Ideas (p.78 – 103)
In 1663 Galileo, a scientist and astronomer, was brought to court and charged with Heresy.
Heresy was a terrible crime in 1663. What was it? ___________________________________________
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What had Galileo done to be charged with this horrible crime? _________________________________
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What were his the possible punishments for this crime? ______________________________________
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How was this court different from the courts that we have today? ______________________________
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Look at the Worldview Icon on page 79 – what two parts of the worldview were in conflict in the story
of Galileo ______________________________ and ___________________________.
SCIENCE: A NEW WAY OF SEEING (80-87)
The Scientific Method
______________________ towards science changed during the Renaissance. Thinkers dramatically
expanded the range of texts they read. In addition, the new importance that ___________________
placed on ____________________ __________________ and their experiences encouraged people to
_______________________ and _____________________.
What is the “Scientific Method”? _________________________________________________________
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Astronomy
Until the Renaissance, people in Europe believed that the __________ went around the ___________ .
This idea of how the universe was organized was from a Greek Astronomer named ________________.
The new theories presented by Galileo and the astronomers who came ___________________ him
threatened the ______________________ of their time.
FILL IN THE CHART BELOW
ASTRONOMER
HOW DID THEY MAKE THEIR
DISCOVERY
WHAT DID THEY DISCOVER
______________________
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Why do you think that the ideas of these astronomers threatened the Catholic Church at the time?
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Medicine
Imagine that you are living in Europe in the year 1350, just before the Renaissance. Would you want to
go and see a doctor if your were sick? _______________ Explain why you feel this way? ____________
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During the Renaissance medical knowledge _____________, particularly in ______________________
and ________________________. Scientists and doctors began to apply the _____________________
method to make new discoveries about the human body and how it worked.
Anatomy
During the Renaissance, ____________________ was made legal for the purposes of study in many
Italian cities. _________________________________, a professor at the University of Padua, dissected
bodies in classrooms. He wrote a book called On the fabric of the human body which was filled with
_____________________, _______________________ drawings.
What was significant about putting this knowledge into a book? ________________________________
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Dissection was a controversial practice until the Renaissance. It was condemned by the Catholic Church
during the middle ages because people believed that people who had died would one day be physically
resurrected in their own bodies. Think about the worldview icon; this is an example of how
_____________________ affected the actions of people.
Mathematics
Thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci believed that mathematics was the basic tool for understanding the
_____________________. What parts of Renaissance society were using mathematics to improve their
field or work? ________________________________________________________________________
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Show three elements or branches of mathematics being used by Renaissance people and their sources:
TYPE OF MATH or MATH CONCEPT
EXAMPLE: ALGEBRA
SOURCE
Muhammad Al- Khwarizmi (a Persian from the 8th
Century)
Filippo Brunelleschi, was a Renaissance architect. He re-discovered perspective: a type of math shown
below.
Math was used by people in the Renaissance for a bunch of different things. Painters, sculptors,
engineers, architects and musicians all used math to understand and change their fields of study.
POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS LEADERSHIP (88-96)
As you learned about earlier, there was lots of competition between and within the city-states. This
competition was good in some ways – it encouraged people to try hard and take risks and to find new
and improved ways to do things. However, sometimes the competition became extreme and led to
violence fighting and even war. Merchants, bankers and humanists came to believe that
_________________ ______________________ was the solution. Why? ________________________
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Born into Leadership
Isabella D’Este grew up in a ____________________ family in the city-state of Mantua. She received a
fine ______________________ ______________________ and as, a girl, met many famous humanists
______________________ and ______________________. When she was ______ she married the
Duke of Mantua. Their court became a centre of ______________________,
______________________ and ______________________. Isabella’s brilliant mind was much admired
and she became known as “the ____________________________of the world.”
The Duke of Mantua was often away on military campaigns, so Isabella ruled the city-state in his
absence. She wrote many letters to her husband keeping him informed about the political situation in
Mantua.
Read her letter and then explain some of her activities and how she ruled ________________________
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The Scientific Ruler
Just as Renaissance scientists were using ______________________ to
learn about the ______________________, the Florentine civil servant
Niccolò ______________________ was observing people and
governments. His observations led him to new ways of
______________________ about leadership and power.
Read the EXPLORING SOURCES on page 89 to answer the following:
What did Machiavelli think most people were like? __________________________________________
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Do you agree or disagree with his observations?_____________________________________________
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What was Machiavelli’s most important VALUE or GOAL for leaders (Prince)? _____________________
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(HINT: Read the next page (p.90) for more information about Machiavelli)
Changing Leadership in the Church (p.92-96)
During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the ________________________________ was the most
powerful institution in _____________________. Many Church leaders considered that they were
responsible for more than the religious well- being of people; some considered the Church to be the
natural leader in ___________ areas of society—political and business, as well as religious.
As happens sometimes today, people in positions of _____________________do not always
behave _____________________. Some Church leaders, and some parish priests, took
_____________________of their authority to gain power and money for themselves and members of
their family. Some bishops and cardinals “_____________________” their titles. Some priests did not
honour their vow of poverty but spent the Church’s money on _____________________. People complained, and over the decades, the complaints became _____________________and
_____________________. How would the tension between the Church and many of its followers be
resolved?
Who was Savonarola? (p.92-93) _________________________________________________________
What did he dedicate his life to doing? ____________________________________________________
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What was the Bonfires of the Vanities? ____________________________________________________
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What were Savonarola’s criticisms of the church? ___________________________________________
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Why do you think some people wanted Savonarola to be quiet? ________________________________
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What happened to Savonarola as a result of his values, beliefs and actions? _______________________
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What does this tell you anything about the power of the Catholic Church at this time? ______________
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Martin Luther (p.93-94)
Savonarola’s _________________ didn’t result in any _________________ in the Church. But almost
20 years later, Martin Luther, a German monk, took _______________________________________.
Influenced by _________________ methods, he began to carefully _________________ the Bible for
himself. He came to the conclusion that the _________________, rather than the
_________________, should be a Christian’s _________________ spiritual guide.
Luther was also upset by the _________________ of the Church and critical of the way it was
_________________. The Church made money by selling ________________________, which were
certificates that reduced the time people would be _________________ for their sins
_____________________________________. In 1517, Luther nailed his _________________
_____________________criticizing the selling of indulgences on the Church door in Wittenberg. He
challenged other scholars to debate Church issues. The Ninety-Five Theses were _________________
and distributed throughout _________________.
In 1521, Luther was called before the _________________ at an Imperial Diet (assembly) in the
city of Worms and, like _________________, asked to give up his ideas. But unlike Galileo, Luther
__________________________________. According to legend he said, “Here I stand. I can do no
other.” The pope _________________ Luther, and Emperor Charles V declared Luther an
_________________ who could be _________________. Luther went into hiding.
FACT CHECK: Why was Martin Luther and outlaw who should be killed on sight? (What had he done?)
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The Protestant Reformation – Kind of a big deal! (p.94)
Like his Ninety-Five Theses, Luther’s Protestant _____________________ of the ________________
reached an unprecedented number of Germans. They followed Luther when he broke with the Catholic
Church. A ________________ church was started in Northern Europe—the ________________ Church.
Before long, Luther’s ideas spread all across ________________. Luther and people who agreed with
him were called ____________________, and this time became known as the “Protestant
Reformation.” Protestants “________________” against the Church’s refusal to allow
“________________” and eventually achieved a Reformation.
The Catholic Counter-Reformation (p.95)
The Catholic Church lost much of its ___________________ and membership because of the
___________________ ___________________. Pope Paul III called a series of meetings, now known as
the Council of Trent, at which the Church examined its policies. This movement was known as the
“_________________________________________________________.” As a result of these meetings,
___________________ among the higher ___________________ was cleaned up and priests were
given a better ___________________. New religious orders that focused on ___________________
people to Catholicism were also established during this time. The most important of these was
founded by Ignatius Loyola. It was called the ______________________________________; his
followers were called ___________________.
How might things have turned out differently if the Church had reformed before Martin Luther posted
his Ninety-Five Theses?_________________________________________________________________
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THE SPREAD OF IDEAS (p. 97 - 102)
Gathering Great Minds
Some wealthy merchant _____________________ played an important role in the exchange of ideas
and knowledge. In Florence, the ____________________ family established the Platonic Academy
where ____________________ thinkers gathered to discuss ____________________ ideas. As you saw
in Chapter 3, the Medici also founded one of the great libraries of the time. The books, manuscripts,
and documents it contained were a valuable resource for ____________________ from all over
____________________.
Universities
Many early humanists ____________________ at Italian ____________________. They shared their
new ideas through discussions with one another and through their writings. Some instructors, such as
Vesalius at the University of Padua, were so ____________________ that ____________________
came from across Europe to study with them. The students then went back to their own
____________________ and ____________________ their learning.
Travelling Celebrities
Famous Renaissance ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________
like Leonardo ____________________ and Erasmus were celebrities—the “____________________”
of their day. They were in demand in courts and universities all over Europe. Everywhere Leonardo
went, he set up a ____________________ and trained ____________________ artists. Erasmus taught
at several universities and engaged in discussions with scholars all over Europe both in person and by
____________________.
Royal Courts
Kings and queens were eager to attract ____________________ and ____________________ to their
____________________. The court of François 1er (Francis I) of ____________________ became a
centre of learning. He collected manuscripts, Renaissance paintings, and sculptures. He invited
Leonardo da Vinci to his court after France invaded Milan in 1515. He provided Leonardo with a
____________________ and a very generous ____________________.
Why do you think that King Francis I of France did this? _______________________________________
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In what ways do you think modern communication technology affects your worldview? ____________
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The Printing Press: A New Technology
If you lived in Europe at the beginning of the Renaissance, you would probably have been
_____________________. Only the most educated people in society could _____________________
and _____________________. Being literate meant that you needed to know Latin or Greek. Most
books at that time were written in Latin, the language of scholars and the Church. And finally, unless
you were very _____________________, you would never be able to afford a
_____________________. How would these circumstances affect people’s ability to learn and to share
their ideas with others? ________________________________________________________________
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Then, in about 1450, everything changed. A German named Johannes ________________________
developed a printing press that allowed ________________________ to be produced
________________________ and ________________________. Using this new technology, printers
could produce ________________________ of books in the time it had once taken to make a
________________________ copy. They were printed on paper, which was much less expensive than
parchment.
The Spread of Knowledge
By 1500, there were more than ________________________ books in print in
________________________. Books allowed an exchange of ideas and knowledge in Europe on a scale
that had never been known before.
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Now that books were cheaper and more accessible, ________________________ people began
to ________________________, discuss, and eventually ________________________ about
the exciting ideas of their time.
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Instead of printing books only in Latin, more books, including translations of the Bible, were
printed in the ________________________, that is, the language that
________________________ people spoke. The success of Luther’s 1522 New Testament was
based in part on existing demand for books and Bibles in ________________________.
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Thinkers like Erasmus made ________________________ from the books they wrote. This gave
them the ________________________ to travel to many cities and universities
________________________ their ideas.
Consider a dilemma: The printing press allowed for a more-educated population. These educated
people usually create greater progress and wealth in a society. However, educated citizens are often
critical thinkers and might challenge those in power. What would you do if you were a ruler during the
Renaissance? Would you encourage or discourage the establishment of publishing companies in your
state? Explain your position._____________________________________________________________
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