Lesson 3.1: Learning the Key Terms
15. epidermal dendritic cells
1. H
16. stratum corneum
2. F
17. keratinocytes
3. B
18. papillary layer
4. I
19. Merkel cells
5. C
20. epidermis
6. D
7. K
Lesson 3.3: Learning the Key Terms
8. G
1. D
9. E
2. A
10. J
3. P
11. A
4. Q
5. H
Lesson 3.2: Learning the Key Terms
6. F
1. melanocytes
7. J
2. stratum lucidum
8. M
3. dermis
9. B
4. sebaceous glands
10. E
5. stratum basale
11. I
6. hypodermis
12. N
7. sudoriferous glands
13. C
8. keratin
14. G
9. stratum granulosum
15. K
10. integumentary system
16. R
11. reticular layer
17. O
12. stratum spinosum
18. S
13. sebum
19. L
14. melanin
Lesson 3.1: Study Questions
Lesson 3.2: Study Questions
1. Body membranes surround and help protect the
body’s internal and external surfaces.
1. Answers may vary. Protection, water barrier,
temperature regulation, Vitamin D production, waste
elimination, and sensory perception
2. Epithelial membranes and connective tissue
membranes
3. Epithelial membranes line, or cover the internal and
external surfaces of the body.
4. Three—mucous membranes, serous membranes,
and cutaneous membranes
5. Mucous membranes line the body cavities that open
to the outside world, while serous membranes line body
cavities that are closed to the outside world.
6. Answers may vary. Mouth, nose, lungs, digestive
tract, and bladder
7. Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
8. Skin is a keratinizing, stratified squamous epithelium
over dense, fibrous connective tissue.
9. Serous fluid lubricates the space between the
parietal and visceral membranes to minimize friction
and “wear and tear” on organs that move within the
linings.
10. Synovial membranes secrete synovial fluid which
provides cushioning and reduces friction and wear on
moving structures.
2. Capillaries in the skin dilate to dissipate heat and
constrict to conserve heat. Sweat evaporation also
provides a cooling effect.
3. Five
4. Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
5. Cutaneous sensory receptors; part of the nervous
system
6. The lowest layer, the stratum basale, continuously
produces new skin cells. They come up to the outer
layer of epidermis, which is made of dead cells that fill
up with keratin and thus continually shed.
7. Melanin
8. Exposure to sunlight causes melanocytes to produce
more melanin. The excess melanin granules push out
into neighboring skin cells, darkening their pigment.
9. An immune system response that fights off the
bacteria and viruses
10. The hypodermis stores fat, which pads and
insulates the interior of the body
11. Answers may vary. Knee, shoulder
11. Their numbers decrease
12. Bursae are small, connective tissue sacs that serve
as cushions for tendons and ligaments surrounding the
joints.
12. Four; sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous (oil)
glands, hair, and nails
13. Sweat itself does not have odor, but when left on
the skin, bacteria chemically change sweat to produce
an unpleasant odor.
14. Sebum helps to keep the skin and hair soft and also
contains chemicals that kill bacteria.
15. Melanocytes produce the color of hair produce less
pigment as a person ages, thus resulting in gray or
white hair.
Lesson 3.3: Study Questions
1. Every 25 to 45 days
2. Bedsores result from localized pressure that hampers
blood flow to areas of the body that press against the
bed. Without the normal blood supply to provide
nutrients and oxygen, the skin cells die. A bedridden
patient must be turned frequently, or sustained
pressure over an area can result in a bedsore.
3. Answers may vary. Vitamins A, B, C, and E and the
minerals magnesium, manganese, selenium, and zinc all
aid healthy skin. Eating enough protein is also
important.
4. First-degree burns affect only the epidermal layer of
skin. Second-degree burns involve damage to both the
epidermis and the upper portion of the underlying
dermis. (First- and second-degree burns are called
partial-thickness burns.) Third-degree burns destroy the
entire thickness of the skin; they are also called fullthickness burns.
5. The rule of nines is a rule used to estimate the extent
of burned tissue. The percentage of total body surface
area covered by burns is approximated as follows: 9%
for both the anterior (front) and posterior (back) of the
head and neck; 18% for the anterior and 18% for the
posterior of the torso; 9% for both the anterior and
posterior of each arm; 18% for both the anterior and
posterior of each leg; and 1% for the genital region.
8. Viral infections, fungal infections, and bacterial
infections
6. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), sometimes
associated with the common cold, generates cold sores
or fever blisters around the mouth. Herpes simplex
virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the genital form of herpes.
7. Both types of HPVs cause warts, but high-risk HPVs
cause nearly all cervical cancers, as well as vaginal,
vulvar, and penile cancers.
10. Viral
11. Because it does not enter the bloodstream
12. Athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm, and toenail
fungus; they usually develop in moist areas of the body
13. Increased blood flow
14. Pleurisy: Chest pain that sharpens with inhalation
or coughing. The pain may radiate to one or both
shoulders; also can cause an accumulation of fluid in the
thoracic cavity.
15. Peritonitis: abdominal pain and tenderness that may
worsen with movement or touch. The abdomen may
also be swollen. Other symptoms may include fever and
chills, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, shortness of
breath, rapid heartbeat, and decreased urine and stool
output.
16. Psoriasis: This condition is characterized by areas of
thick, red skin with fl aky, silver-white patches called
scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed.
17. Benign cancers have tumors that do not
metastasize, or spread, to remote regions of the body.
A malignant, or cancerous, tumor tends to metastasize
to other body parts.
18. Basal: least malignant; cell overproduction is in the
stratum basale; slow growth
19. Squamous cell carcinoma: cell overproduction is in
the stratum spinosum; rapid growth
20. Malignant melanoma: attacks the melanocytes;
changes shape, color, size, and elevation more than
other types
21. Asymmetry (shape of mole is irregular); border
irregularity (outside borders are not smooth); color
(more than one color is present); diameter (the mole
size is larger than about one-quarter of an inch in
diameter, or about the diameter of a pencil
Lesson 3.2: Parts of the Skin
9. M
1. O
10. I
2. E
11. A
3. Q
12. E
4. H
13. C
5. B
14. L
6. J
15. H
7. K
16. P
8. D
17. B
9. N
18. J
10. R
Lesson 3.3: Contagious or Non-Contagious?
11. I
Contagious:
12. A
athlete’s foot
13. G
common warts (HPV)
14. L
genital warts
15. P
herpes simplex I
16. F
herpes simplex II
17. M
herpes varicella
18. C
impetigo
Lesson 3.2: Layers of the Epidermis
jock itch
1. F
ringworm
2. K
Non-Contagious:
3. R
basal cell carcinoma
4. O
malignant melanoma
5. N
peritonitis
6. Q
plantar warts
7. D
pleurisy
8. G
psoriasis
shingles
19. I
squamous cell carcinoma
20. A
Membranes
21. D
1. serous
22. B
2. mucous
23. C
3. serous
25. F
4. serous
26. E
5. mucous
27. J
6. mucous
28. A
Chapter 3 Practice Test
29. C
1. integumentary system
30. G
2. sebum
31. H
3. membranes
32. I
4. chicken pox
33. D
5. malignant
34. B
6. T
35. F
7. T
36. ABCD is a procedure or checklist for detecting
melanoma. The letters ABCD stand for steps in the
detection process. A stands for asymmetry (shape of
mole is irregular); B is for border irregularity (outside
borders are not smooth); C is for color: more than one
color is present; D is for diameter, of which the mole
size is larger than about one-quarter of an inch in
diameter
8. T
9. F
10. T
11. A
12. B
13. D
14. B
15. D
16. E
17. H
18. J
37. Answers may vary.
Protection: Tough keratin protects against mechanical
injury and chemical damage. Melanocytes produce
melanin, which protects again UV ray damage. Acidic
sweat kills bacteria on the skin.
Water barrier: Keratin and oils in the skin reduce water
loss through evaporation and form a barrier against
water infusion.
Temperature regulation: Capillaries in the skin dilate to
dissipate heat and constrict to conserve heat. Sweat
evaporation cools the body.
Vitamin D production: Sunlight converts modified
cholesterol molecules to vitamin D, which is essential
for bone health.
Waste elimination: Urea and uric acid are expelled in
sweat.
Sensory perception: Receptor cells transmit information
about touch, pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature
to the central nervous system.