Descriptions
Science and Technology
Development Fund
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
Kafrelsheikh
University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
Report WP3-A10
Work package
WP3
Activity
A10
Title
Create optimal model for energy and water management and the corresponding energy management to be a design guide for turbine system selection
Schedule
Work
Month
Planed
Gantt chart
Actual
Work Team
No Name Position
1 Dr. Motaz K. El-Nemr Researcher
2 Dr. Said AbouZahir Researcher
3 Dr. Mohamed El-Nemr Researcher
Workgroup
KFR
KFR
TAN
Main Task
Literature Review and Analysis
Literature Review
Analysis and Formulation
(WP3-A10) Page: 1
Science and Technology
Development Fund
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
Kafrelsheikh
University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
Contents
(WP3-A10) Page: 2
Science and Technology
Development Fund
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
Kafrelsheikh
University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
(WP3-A10) Page: 3
Science and Technology
Development Fund
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
Kafrelsheikh
University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
Table of Figures
(WP3-A10) Page: 4
Science and Technology
Development Fund
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
Kafrelsheikh
University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
Objectives
Develop a mathematical optimal model for energy and water management and corresponding energy requirements.
Descriptions
The development of mathematical model for energy and water management will be a key factor to design an experimental system. The rate of aquaculture water change determines the energy requirements. The model relates the total land area, basin area, basin depth, salinity, feeding amount, aerator type, temperature of water and water flow rate. The model determines the suitable aeration rate and water change requirements. The directly leads to the energy requirements to be taken as a guide to select suitable wind system configuration based on each farm conditions.
(WP3-A10) Page: 5
Science and Technology
Development Fund
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
Kafrelsheikh
University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
The aim of this activity is to assist the farmer to evaluate the water environment. In addition, scientifically evaluated actions are provided to allow optimal aeration system for fisheries. Easy to use utility is introduced in the form of Microsoft-Excel 2003 Workbook. The workbook has two main work sheets.
First work sheet is the water-environment-judgment sheet. It helps the farmer to know whether the permanent water properties, it is suitability for fish growing. It does judge dissolved oxygen, water temperature, PH, salinity, transparency, and Ammonia. The suitable ranges for each factor affects breeding water were cited from Kaoud 2003. The suitable ranges were for Tilapia, Mullet, and Carp which act the most widely spread fish in Borolus fisheries.
Type
Tilapia
Mullet
Carp
Table 1: Temperature
Range(
C)
8-39
3-35
4-33
Table 2: Oxygen
Type
Tilapia
Mullet
Carp
Optimal Oxygen ( mg/l)
5-10
≥7
≥5 range
4-1
3.7
3
Type
Tilapia
Mullet
Carp
Type
Tilapia
Mullet
Carp
Table 3: PH
Optimal PH
6.7-8.2
7
6.7-8.2
Table 4: Salinity range
5-6.5 and ≥9
<6.5 and ≥ 8.3
<6.5 and ≥9
Maximum Salinity to live
Urea 36-44
Nilotica
Zilli
Fingers
Breeding
11
50
42-45
65
Propagation
6-18
14-29
11-29
≥30
7-9
Optimal
7-9
5-.0.2
5-50
(WP3-A10) Page: 6
Science and Technology
Development Fund
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
Kafrelsheikh
University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
Table 5 standard specifications for breeding water
Transparence
Non Ionic Ammonia
NH2
NH3
≥10
0.125 mg/l
0.2 mg/l
3-5 mg/l
Second worksheet helps the farmer to calculate the power requirement for his aeration system for his farm conditions. Consequently, it assists the selection of the most suitable type of aerator according to his budget and farm conditions.
The worksheet will determine the operation time of aerator. Such that, it keeps the dissolved-oxygen content around 8mg/l, which is suitable for the types Tilapia, Mullet, and Carp.
In addition, it avoids the oxygen toxicity. The needed input data and output data are summarized in the next table:
Table 6: Required inputs and outputs
Input
Water temperature, C
Salinity, ppm
Feeding daily amount, kg/d
Water flow rate, m3/s
Basin area, m2
Basin depth, m
Output
Power requirement
Number of units needed
Aeration efficiency
Dissolved oxygen, mg/l
Operating hours
The calculations are arrange in the sequence described in the following few sections. First, the farmer will choose an aeration method to get its standard aeration efficiency. Researchers at Auburn University evaluated the performance of many aerators and studied the effect of design features and operating conditions on performance. Results in terms of pounds of oxygen transferred per kilowatt of electrical power – usually indicated by the Standard Aeration
Efficiency (SAE) - used are summarized in the table below. The average values of SAE were used in calculations.
Table 7: SAE lb O2/hp-hr
Aerator type
Paddle wheel, all types
Propeller-aspirator pump
Vertical pump
Pump sprayer
Diffusion
Average
3.1
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.3
Range
1.6 - 4.3
1.9 - 2.6
1.0 - 2.6
1.3 - 2.8
1.0 - 2.3
Second, the temperature and salinity are used as inputs to calculate the dissolved oxygen and correction factor. The correction factor (cf) values were cited from figure 1.
(WP3-A10) Page: 7
Science and Technology
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Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
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University
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University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
Figure 1: Monograph for estimating correction factors for SOTR and SAE
After that the fixed Oxygen transfer rate per unit time (OTR f
) and field aeration efficiency
(FAE), which is the oxygen transfer per a unit power input under the field conditions, are given for a certain standard Oxygen transfer rate (SOTR), by :
OTR= SOTR* cf (1)
FAE = SAE * cf (2)
Finally the electrical power required can be calculated as follows:
Number of units needed = Supplemental oxygen / (OTRf) (3)
Power requirements (kW) = Supplemental oxygen / (FAE) (4)
The supplemental oxygen can be estimated from the following empirical formals:
Supplemental oxygen=1.44*(OFR)*R-84.4Qw(DOout – DOin) (5) where, DO out
is the effluent DO concentration (mg/L) and assumed to be 8 mg/l , DO in
is the influent DO concentration (mg/L), and Q w
water flow (m 3 /s). The DO indicates the dissolved oxygen.
(WP3-A10) Page: 8
Science and Technology
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Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
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University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
OD max
=1.44 (DODave ) (6) where, OD max
is the maximum daily oxygen demand (kg/d) and DOD ave
is the average daily oxygen demand (kg/d).
DOD ave
= R . OFR (7)
DOD ave
is the average daily oxygen demand (kg/d). OFR is the ratio of average daily oxygen demand to daily feed consumption (kg/kg), and R is daily feed consumption (kg/d). Finally, the dissolved oxygen DO is given by: ln
(DO) = A
1
+ 100 A
2
/ T + A
3
. ln(T / 100) + A
4
T / 100
+ S [B
1
+ B
2
* T /100 + B
3
(T / 100) 2 ] (8) where ln
is the natural logarithm and the other variables take the following values:
Table 8: Table of coefficients
A
1
= -173.4292
B
1
= -0.033096
T : temperature (kelvins)
S :salinity (g/kg)
A
2
= 249.6339
B
2
= 0.014259
A
3
= 143.3483
B
3
= -0.001700
A
4
= -21.8492
Fish use about 150 to 300 mg oxygen per kg of fish per hour for each kilogram of feed applied, 0.2 kg of oxygen will be required (Boyd and Watten 1989). The OFR was assumed 0.2.
The following screen shoots presents the outlines of the developed MS-Excel Workbook. The
Arabic language is used to provide more user friendly interface for farmers in Borolus area.
(WP3-A10) Page: 9
Figure 2: Water environmental parameters
Science and Technology
Development Fund
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
Kafrelsheikh
University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
Figure 3: Farm planning
Figure 4: Friendly user interface version with MS-Office 2007
(WP3-A10) Page: 10
Figure 5: User guide with FAQ MS-Office 2007
Science and Technology
Development Fund
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
Kafrelsheikh
University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
REFERENCES
Boyd, C. E. 2010. Types of Aeration and Design Considerations . Online document.
Available at" http://aquanic.org/systems/recycle/ces-240_aeration.htm
", June, 25(2010).
Boyd, C. E. and T. Ahmad. 1987 . Evaluation of aerators for channel catfish farming. Ala. Agr.
Exp. Sta., Auburn Univ., Ala., Bulletin 584. 52 pp.
Boyd, C. E. and B. J. Watten. 1989.
Aeration systems in aquaculture. CRC Critical Reviews in
Aquatic Sciences 1:425-472.
Colt, J. 1984 . Computation of dissolved gas concentrations in water as functions of temperature, salinity, and pressure. Amer. Fish. Soc., Spec. Publ. No. 14. 154 pp.
Kowsari,A. 2008. Analysis of design factors influencing the oxygen transfer efficieny of a speece cone hypolimnetic aerator. m.sc thesis. university of british columbia.
Soderberg, R. W. 1982 . Aeration of water supplies for fish culture in flowing water. Prog. Fish-
Cult. 44:89-93.
Stickney, R. R. (2000). Encyclopedia of aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ةيبرعلا عجارملا
.ةيبرعلا رصم ةيروهمج فراعملا راد .ةبذعلا هايملا تايرشقو كامسأ عرازمو يكمسلا عارزتسلاا .
2003 .ع،ح، دوعاق
(WP3-A10) Page: 11
Science and Technology
Development Fund
Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research
Kafrelsheikh
University
South Valley
University
Colon University of
Applied Sciences
Tanta University
Program Documentation
The program documented below is a hardware implementation of the calculations of the above described algorithm. The documentations include variable needed
Variables
No. Description Name
1
2
3
4
Total Area
Mother's basins
Incubation basins
Hatchery ponds
5
6
Fattening bonds
Breeding bonds
8 Number of basins
10 Fingers counted
11 Cultural density
12 Water temperature
13 Salinity
14 Feeding daily amount
15 Water flow rate
16 Basin area
17 Basin depth
18 DO
19 Basin volume,
20 Field aeration efficiency
21 Average DOD
22 Maximum DOD
23 Supplemental oxygen
24 Power requirement
25 SOTR,
26 Field OTR
27 Number of units
28 Operating hours per day
29 Salinity
30 Temperature, K
31 SAE
32 Correction factor
33 OFR tArea
MoBasin
IncBasins
Hatchery
Fattening
Breeding
Basins
Fingers
Density
34 Power requirement
35 Number of units needed
Power nUnits
36 Daily operating Time, min OpTimeMin
37 Supplemental oxygen SupOxygen
38 ON/OFF operation
39 Initialization opFlag
InitFlag
Tc
Salinity
Feeding
Qw
Abasin
Dbasin
DO vBasine etaAeration avgDOD maxDOD supO2
Power
SOTR
OTR nUnits
OpTimeH gSalinity
Tk
SAE corFactor
OFR
I/O/M
Default
Value
Unit Type Bytes
Fed
Fed
Fed
Fed
Fed
Fed
Basins
Finger
Fish/m 3
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
C ppm kg/day m 3 /s m 2 m
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4 mg/l m 3 kW kg/day kg/day kg/day mgO
2
/hr mgO
2
Unit
Hours g/Kg
/hr
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double
Double
Double
Double
4
4
4
4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Kelvin Double 4 mgO
2
KW/hr Double 4
-- Double 4
Double 4
Hp
Unit
Min kg/day
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
Double 4
UINT
UINT
2
2
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Flow charts
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Init System
Colon University of
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Tanta University
InitFlag No Init Farm
InitFlag = TRUE
Yes
I, Farm Definition tArea, MoBasin, IncBasins,
Hatchery, Fattening, Breeding,
Basins, Fingers, Density
I, Conditions
Tc, Salinity, Feeding
Qw, Abasin, Dbasin
Calculations
OFR, gSalinity, Tk
DO, vBasine, SAE corFactor, etaAeration, avgDOD maxDOD, supO2, Power
SOTR, OTR, nUnits, OpTimeH
Calculations
Power, nUnits, OpTimeMin, SupOxygen
OpFlag, Timer
No
OpFlag=FALSE
OpFlag
Yes
Timer<OpTime
Figure 6: The program flow chart
(WP3-A10) Page: 13
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Functions
Prototype
UINT InitMicro()
Description
Initialize the registers of the microcontroller that includes:
- Ports
- Timers
- Display screen
- Keypad
Parameters
None
Return
True if successful initialization, False otherwise
Prototype
UINT InitVariables()
Description
Initialize the input, output and intermediate variables used in calculations
Parameters
None
Return
True if successful initialization, False otherwise
Prototype
UINT InitDRomVariables()
Description
Initialize the farm variables that should be kept in Dynamic Rom to be available for each restarting
Parameters
None
Return
True if successful initialization, False otherwise
Prototype double TemperatureK2C(double _Tk)
Description
Transfer temperature from Kelvin to Celsius
Parameters
_Tk: temperature in Kelvin
Return
The temperature in Celsius, otherwise ERROR_CALC
Prototype double TemperatureC2K(double _Tc)
Description
Transfer temperature from Celsius to Kelvin
Parameters
_Tc: temperature in Celsius
Return
The temperature in Kelvin otherwise ERROR_CALC
(WP3-A10) Page: 14
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Prototype void SetOFR(double _OFR)
Description
To change the OFR simply
Parameters
_OFR: new value of OFR
Return
None
Prototype double SalinityPPM2g (double _Salinity)
Description
Convert units of Salinity from ppm to grams
Parameters
_Salinity: the Salinity value in PPM
Return
Salinity in grams, otherwise ERROR_CALC
Prototype
BOOL SalinityG2PPM (double _Salinity)
Description
Convert units of Salinity from grams to PPM
Parameters
_Salinity: the Salinity value in grams
Return
Salinity in PPM, otherwise ERROR_CALC
Prototype
BOOL CalcDO()
Description
Calculate the dissolved oxygen using empirical formulas in mg/l
Parameters
None
Return
True if successful, otherwise ERROR_CALC
Prototype
BOOL BasinVolume()
Description
Calculate the basin volume
Parameters
None
Return
True if successful, otherwise ERROR_CALC
Prototype
BOOL FieldAerationEfficiency ()
Description
Calculation of field aeration efficiency
Parameters
None
Return
True if successful, otherwise ERROR_CALC
Colon University of
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Prototype
BOOL CalcSAE()
Description
Calculation of SAE
Parameters
None
Return
True if successful, otherwise ERROR_CALC
Prototype double corFactor()
Description
Correction factor calculated based on curve fitting
Parameters
None
Return
The EROR_COR_FACTOR is set True if calculation succeeds, the return value presents the correct factor.
Prototype void avgDOD()
Description
Calculates the average DOD
Parameters
None
Return
None
Prototype void maxDOD()
Description
Calculates the maximum DOD
Parameters
None
Return
None
Prototype
Void CalcSupO2()
Description
Calculates the supplementary O
2
required
Parameters
None
Return
None
Prototype void CalcPower()
Description
Calculate the required power based on aerator type
Parameters
None
Return
None
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Prototype void CalcSOTR()
Description
Calculates the SOTR
Parameters
None
Return
None
Prototype void CalcPower()
Description
Calculate the required power based on aerator type
Parameters
None
Return
None
Prototype void CalcSOTR()
Description
Calculate SOTR
Parameters
None
Return
None
Prototype void calcOTR()
Description
Calculates OTR
Parameters
None
Return
None
Prototype void CalcUnits()
Description
Calculates the required oxygen units
Parameters
None
Return
None
Prototype void CalcOperationTime()
Description
Calculates the required operation time in hours
Parameters
None
Return
None
South Valley
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Colon University of
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Prototype
BOOL GetOperationFlag()
Description
Determine the status of operation
Parameters
None
Return
None
Prototype
Description
Parameters
Return
Prototype
Description
Parameters
Return
Implementation System
Mother Board
I/O peripherals
Screen:
Keypad:
Processor
Code
Colon University of
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(WP3-A10) Page: 18
