JOSEPH DILUZIO
ANNOTATION 1
1. Full citation.
Sabbagh, Singer, and Dakowski, Strangers abroad pioneers of social anthropology, Franz
Boaz – The Shackles of Tradition, 1990.
2. Where did/does the author work, what else has s/he written about, and what are her/his credentials?
Karl Sabbagh works for the BBC and PBS as a writer and television producer
(documentaries), who has written about physics, medicine, psychology, philosophy, technology, and anthropology, including best-selling books: The Living Body and
Skyscraper.
3. What are the topics of the text?
The video discusses the life and works of Franz Boas, German anthropologist as he seeks to find what causes culture, and the development of modern anthropology.
4. What is the main argument of the text?
The importance of the work of Boas in the preservation of the culture as well as the importance of the development of the process of modern anthropology by Franz
Boas.
5. Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported.

Boaz’s work with Inuit tribes in North America introduced the idea of culture being determined by more than just the environment.

Boaz’s work with the Kwakiutl tribe aided them in the preservation of their language and customs in the face of a society that was under collapse due to colonial pressures and westernization.

Boaz’s work on Ellis Island was influential in defeating biases towards race and ethnocentric thinking that dominated intellectual though at that time, as well as leaving a large set of detailed descriptions of now extinct cultures.
6. What three quotes capture the message of the text?

4:30 – “and it offered an opportunity to get an idea of the dynamics of culture … which would be fundamental to understanding our own culture and our own way of life, and this kind of research was innovative and pioneering so it offered a very exciting prospect to him.”

12:31 – “Boaz had to admit, as he reflected on human life in the frozen north, that what he had learned as a geographer was incomplete. … Environment wasn’t the only thing that determined culture.”


37:50 – “...The dances, the uses of the masks, because some of masks, we wouldn’t know how they would have been used unless we looked at what he wrote.”
7. What three questions about research methods does this article leave you with?
 Is the role of the cultural anthropologist to conserver and understand culture, or to analyze other cultures in order to improve his/her own?
 In the case of the work Boaz did towards the end of his life on race, how effective are the methods which analyze from a much less immersive role in the culture being analyzed?
 Was it necessary for Frank Boaz to live as the Inuit in order to fully document their culture.

ANNOTATION 2
1.
Full Citation
Ljungberg, Mirka Koro (2008). Validity and Validation in the Making in the Context of
Qualitative Research.
Qualitative Health Research, 18(7): 983-989.
2.
Where did/does the author work, what else has s/he written about, and what are her/his credentials?
Mirka Koro Ljungberg is a Professor at the University of Florida in the School of Human
Development and Organizational Studies in Education. She holds a Ph.D. in
Education from University of Helsinki and a M.S. in Education from the University of
Tampere. She has also written several publications in the field of qualitative research.
3.
What are the topics of the text?
This text focuses on the debate in social sciences over the use of qualitative or quantitative research.
4.
What is the main argument of the text?
This text makes the argument that qualitative research can be both a reliable and valid form of research.
5.
Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported

The definition of qualitative research is discussed and key points are pulled out, namely that qualitative research is inductivist, constructionist, and interpertivist.

The definition of validity is analyzed and applied to qualitative research, giving several possible applied definitions that touch on the key points of validity.

Several definitions of reliability are discussed and the resulting argument is made that reliability in context of qualitative research is a methodological concern, and therefore easily applied.
 Throughout the paper, the argument was supported from quotes and definitions from scholars within the field of qualitative research.
6.
What three quotes capture the message of the text?
 “Therefore, the aim is to seek meaning, not the meaning we inject to what people do, but the meaning that people attribute to what they do, this would enable us, in
Armstrong’s words, to ‘see beyond mere appearances’ (Armstrong, 1993: 11)” (8).


“Having said this, I argue that to achieve validity in qualitative research is to reduce the gap between reality and representation and the more data and conclusions are correspondent the more a piece of qualitative research is valid” (12).
 “the methods of qualitative strategy are as scientific as quantitative strategy, and in a broader sense, that the very idea and act of social research is a scientific conduct in the social sciences” (15).
7.
What three questions about research methods does this article leave you with?
 In the context of the social sciences and humanities research, is it a question of either qualitative or quantitative methods, or is the ideal process a blend of the two?
 When proposing a research study, how influential are these biases against qualitative research in the fields of sustainability research?

Specifically with the environmental sustainability research fields, how dominate is qualitative or quantitative comparatively?

ANNOTATION 3
1.
Full Citation
Phil Brown, "Qualitative Methods in Environmental Health Research," Environmental
Health Perspectives. 2003.
2.
Where did/does the author work, what else has s/he written about, and what are her/his credentials?
Phil Brown is a Professor of Sociology and Environmental Studies at Brown University and holds a Ph.D. from Brandeis University in Sociology, a M.A. in U.S. Social History from NYU, and a B.A. in History from Long Island University. Dr. Brown’s research includes issues of environmental causation of illness, social movements in health, and the Jewish experience in the Catskill Mountains.
3.
What are the topics of the text?
The use of qualitative research applied to public health due to toxic contamination of a community, specifically focused on the community’s interaction in the research.
4.
What is the main argument of the text?
Qualitative research methods are key to enabling community narratives to be constructed and shared, give an avenue for activist action for researches,
5.
Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported

Example given from the Woburn case, where layperson action was the first flag of warning in a large scale contamination of a community’s water supply, as well as key individuals in the research.

Several other examples of community relation success stories for dealing with postdisaster or contamination areas are given.

Key descriptors of qualitative research are described in detail and in context of giving voice to the affected communities through the study.
6.
What three quotes capture the message of the text?
 “These hybrid qualitative–quantitative forms are increasingly prevalent, and current interest makes it possible that methods will evolve to a point where there is no distinction between health effects research and community ethnography, where any project seeking to examine environmental health would combine epidemiologic approaches with sociologic/anthropologic analysis rooted in community collaboration.”
 “Virtually all cases of contaminated communities are detected by lay discovery, largely because affected populations tend to notice environmental problems.”


“They emphasized the democratic rights of individuals and communities to learn about the hazards and disasters befalling them and to achieve remediation, compensation, and justice.”
7.
What three questions about research methods does this article leave you with?
 How important and difficult is it to draw a line between social activism and unbiased research design when dealing with communities? Is it even possible to do so honestly?
 Should the classical use of experts and quantitative research be distressed in order to put more emphasis on the laypersons and their contributions to research?
 Is enough attention being brought to light surrounding the importance of information that laypersons can bring to an academic discussion? How do we increase this attention?

ANNOTATION 4
1.
Full Citation
Geertz, C. “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight.” Daedalus 101, no. 1 (1972): 1–
37.
2.
Where did/does the author work, what else has s/he written about, and what are her/his credentials?
Clifford Geertz worked as a professor emeritus at the institute for advanced study,
Princeton until 2006. C. Geertz wrote about symbolic anthropology and was a highly influential member of the community, championing the creation of the framework. Greetz was trained in philosophy from Antioch College, received his
Ph.D. from Harvard for social anthropology. He holds 15 Honorary Doctorate
Degrees from various colleges and universities.
3.
What are the topics of the text?
The text is about an anthropologist’s visit to Bali, and what that researcher learned of
Balinese culture and the ideas and reasons behind their practice of cockfighting, found to be symbolic of much more.
4.
What is the main argument of the text?
In Balinese culture, the use of cockfighting is not merely a superficial form of entertainment, cruelty, or gambling for the sake of money, but a deeply cultural artifact that is a central part of their heritage and identity. The cocks are highly symbolic of masculinity, with double-entendre meant and emphasized in both
English and Balinese. The betting surrounding the sport is also symbolic of the complicated network of social relationships in kin and village that controls Balinese traditional life.
5.
Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported
The use of double-entendre in Balinese and English surrounding the word for a rooster and the word for male genitals is used creatively through the text, and several
Balinese examples of comparing men to roosters in various situations to either mock or brag goes well to show how the cocks are central to the Balinese way of life, permeating so deep into their language.
The idea of disgust that the Balinese express for animalistic expressions and nature, and how that is so opposite the specific world surrounding roosters and cock-fights

does well to show the importance and significance of the cockfight.
6.
What three quotes capture the message of the text?
“Drawing on almost every level of Balinese experience, it brings together themes-animal savagery, male narcissism, opponent gambling, status rivalry, mass excitement, blood sacrifice-whose main connection is their involvement with rage and the fear of rage, and, binding them into a set of rules which at once contains them and allows them play, builds a symbolic structure in which, over and over again, the reality of their inner affiliation can be intelligibly felt.”
“[the cockfight] is a Balinese reading of Balinese experience; a story they tell themselves about themselves”
“For it is only apparently cocks that are fighting there. Actually, it is men.”
7.
What three questions about research methods does this article leave you with?
When being alienated so far from society as the researchers were in the beginning of their trip, what made them trust the villagers enough to run and hide with them?
Even if panic was the driving motivation, I would feel unsafe hiding with villagers that had made it so painfully obvious that I was an outsider not worth notice.
Is it more important to speak for a people you are researching by reading into their actions and the symbols of their life, or to listen to what they have to say and realize that their interpretation may be skewed?
8.
Follow up?
I looked into Deep Play as defined by Jeremy Bentham in order to better understand the latter half of Geetz’s essay.

ANNOTATION 5
1.
Full Citation
Participatory Action Research + Complexity, 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-
SAJPF5xiA&feature=youtube_gdata_player.
2.
Where did/does the author work, what else has s/he written about, and what are her/his credentials?
E. Alana James, Ed.D specializes in action research methods. She has a website full of examples of her work, has written books on action research and its applications, and has a large video portfolio of interviews recorded over the web and placed onto youtube.com.
3.
What are the topics of the text?
The video describes Participatory Action Research (PAR) and how it is a useful tool to address complex distributed problems.
4.
What is the main argument of the text?
PAR is a four step cyclic process that can systematically approach complex problems and make real change. 1. Research and evaluate 2. Plan and implement 3. Measure the results, 4. Reflect on the process, and then back to 1.
5.
Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported
The argument was backed by results from unnamed individuals praising the PAR process.
The argument was supported through the explanation of the PAR four step process.
The argument that PAR can be used to systematically solve complex problems was back only by this four part cycle breakdown of the process. Research what has been done, implement some actions, measure the results, and then reflect. Steps 2 and 3 are the key differences in this process.
The idea of reflecting back on the process was also a process of measuring your level of enjoyment and happiness of the research. This point was emphasized as extremely important to success.
6.
What three quotes capture the message of the text?

“Be like this little kid, look and play and do what you’re doing without having the adult eye of “oh this is so big I couldn’t possibly do it.” That won’t get you anywhere.”
5:15.
“What are complex adaptive problems? Well they are places where reality hurts. We feel confused, we feel alienated from each other, and why is that? Because it puts us in the middle of the tension between the ideals that we hold in our head and our hearts for our lives and the realities we actually face. So if we think it should be a different way, we are in the middle of a complex adaptive problem.” – 1:35
“Step 2 taking action and step 3 measuring the action are what makes this process different from other strategic planning tools.” – 3:05
7.
What three questions about research methods does this article leave you with?
Does the use of these small, incremental changes conflict with the quick, large change that we feel needs to happen?
How do you balance the level of happiness with the level of impact with this form of research?
When sitting down over a cup of coffee and discussing with your research group what they think of what you are doing, are there issues with changing the direction of your research midstream, or is that the point?
8.
What three points details or references from the text did you follow up on to advance your understanding and skill with HASS research methods?
I looked into the researcher’s other works via www.ealanajames.com

ANNOTTION 6
1.
Full citation
Baum, Fran, Colin MacDougall, and Danielle Smith. “Participatory Action Research.”
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60, no. 10 (October 2006): 854–
857.
2.
Authors’ bios
Fran Baum is a professor and director of the Southgate Institute of Health, Society and
Equity, school of medicine at flinders university Australia. Her BA is from University of Wales, Aberystwth, and PhD from Nottingham, and her publications focus on social determinates of health and health inequities.
Colin MacDougall is an Associate Professor of Public Health, a principal fellow
McCaughey Centre, University of Melbourne, and an executive member of the
Southgate institute. He holds a BA from Hons, MA from Flinders and Ph.D from
Adelaide. His work focuses on academics and public health.
3.
Topics of text?
The text discusses participatory action research, which is research that involves people that would be affected by the issues being researched in the process, differing from conventional ideas of “knowledge” and “expertise” which often neglect the knowledge of experience.
4.
Main argument of text?
The text seeks to define PAR and how it is useful as “a methodology enabling researchers to work in partnership with communities in a manner that leads to action for change.” That is, that the use of PAR would be better suited to work for a community’s wellbeing.
5.
How the argument is supported (3)
The article first defines PAR, and how it differs in methodology from conventional research methods, namely the iterative reflective cycle, subject involvement in research, and power shifts away from favoring the researcher and towards evenly favoring the researched as well.
Next the article details how the use of PAR applies to health research, citing specific applications as well as a few examples

The article then discusses the idea of subjective and objective views of the world, and how the use of PAR acknowledges the fact that you cannot have a purely objective measurement of the world, as the “scientific world” believes.
6.
Key Quotes (3)
“PAR principles also form the basis of “empowerment evaluation” 17 that argue that the evaluation of health promotion should include those whose health is being promoted.
18 While there has been some debate about the distinctiveness of empowerment evaluation 19 it certainly strives to be more democratic, to build capacity, to encourage self determination and make evaluation less expert driven.”
Para 6
“PAR draws on the paradigms of critical theory and constructivism and may use a range of qualitative and quantitative methods.” Para 4
“PAR sees that action and reflection must go together, even temporally so that praxis cannot be divided into a prior stage of reflection and a subsequent stage of action.
When action and reflection take place at the same time they become creative and mutually illuminate each other” Para 16
7.
Questions this leaves you with? (3)
Does this shift away from “expert knowledge” mean that the training experts are receiving needs to change to be more like the training required for PAR?
What is the value of professionals and experts in this framework?
To what extent can the involvement of the public in research be taken, as in, how far is too far?

ANNOTTION 7
1.
Full citation
“Participatory Action Research & Organizational Change.”
Participatory Action
Research & Organizational Change , 2008. http://participaction.wordpress.com/.
2.
Author’s bio
I believe the author of this blog is Graham J. Dover of Simon Fraser University. Dover is a recent PhD grad in the Management and Organization Studies department of the
Segal Graduate School of Business at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, BC. The author focuses on the use of organizations as areas for innovation in the public arena.
3.
Topics of text?
This website discusses the topic of Participatory Action Research (PAR)
4.
Main argument of text?
The website seeks to investigate and report the method of Participatory Action
Research and how this can method can be used to shape and change organizations.
Part of this is a review of what PAR is, finding that the field is too varied to be considered its own method, but rather a general direction methods can be guided in.
5.
How the argument is supported (3)
The bulk of the material on the website is a review of the literature surrounding the
“methodology” that is PAR, and as such the defining of PAR is supported through examples from various scholars.
These examples are organized into three main contributions, separated by the acronym
P A R itself.
Participatory is critically analyzed, and the issue of level of participation is discussed, particularly how the level varies greatly based on which scholar is conducting the
PAR.
Action is discussed as a controversial topic, and the tension around researches as academic activists is discussed. The idea that action should be removed is

contrasted with the idea that the world action needs to be redefined and rethought.
Research, and researchers, is a section that has great lengths of discussion, including the tension between researchers to push out theories and to make actual change via academic activism.
6.
Key Quotes (3)
“What seems to unite the participatory approaches though is that the researcher is not the primary actor. The participants, to varying degrees, shape and mould the research process to their own ends.”- The P in PAR
“New theories may emerge from this process but the emphasis is on generating local knowledge that improves conditions. This can create real tensions for academic researchers who need to navigate meeting the needs of the participants and their own needs to develop ideas that might have application in other contexts.” The R in
PAR
“This raises a much larger issue around how PAR should be judged by the academic community….what are appropriate measures of validity?” PAR Challenges
- This quote was followed up by a list of measures that could be used to, and touches on the importance of how the use of PAR, which differs greatly with the dominant school of thought that scientific research should be purely objective, is seen by the academic community.
7.
Questions this leaves you with? (3)
If PAR takes off and dominates the academic field of researching, how will the PAR researchers’ actions influence the studies of the traditional sciences?
Is the role of the academic to merely discuss the issues of the world and propose solutions, or is it to take it a step further and actually act on those solutions?
How much will the academic community resist this change, and what will the impact on the researched communities be if there is too much resistance from the academic community and PAR researchers are viewed as discredited?

ANNOTTION 8
1.
Full citation
Mills, C. Wright. “The Sociological Imagination.”
Oxford University Press (1959).
2.
Author’s bio
C. Wright Mills was an American sociologist and professor from Colombia University until his death in 1962. Highly popular and known for his books and writings which focus on class alliances, the middle class, the New Left, and the role of intellectuals.
3.
Topics of text?
The article is Mills discussing his methods of being a good social scientist in the hopes of educating young minds.
4.
Main argument of text?
The text puts forth the importance of keeping a journal of day to day events and experiences as a social scientist, as this will help to spur the craft of developing arguments.
5.
How the argument is supported (3)
Journals are good for knowing how your experiences are shaping your life, and what thoughts may not be wholly unique, but based on an event or conversation in your past.
Collectively, journals enable an intellectual community to get together and discuss the broader picture of problems affecting the community, and potential areas for future research.
6.
Key Quotes (3)
“In fact, the use of the file encourages expansion of the catagores which you use in your thinking. And the way in which these categories change, some being dropped and others being added-is an index of your intellectual progress and breadth. Eventually, the files will come to be arranged according to several large projects, having many sub-projects that change from year to year.” – p.3
“The sociological imagination, I remind you, in considerable part consists of the capacity to shift from one perspective to another, and in the process to build up an adequate view of a total society and of its components.” – p.8
“You are trying to build a little world containing all the key elements which enter into the work at hand, to put each in its place in a systematic way, continually to readjust this framework around developments in each part of it. Merely to live in such a constructed world is to know what is needed; ideas, facts, ideas, figures, ideas.” – p. 11
7.
Questions this leaves you with? (3)

The paper mention writing clearly, to your audience, and in such a way that your point is well understood, yet the writing of this paper was well above my reading level and I spend the majority of the time deciphering a sentence rather than pulling out the main points. Who does the author have in mind as an audience if not me, a struggling young academic?

ANNOTTION 9
1.
Full citation
Nader, Laura. “Up the Anthropologist - Perspectives Gained from Studying Up.” In
Reinventing Anthropology , 284–311. Pantheon Books, 1969.
2.
Author’s bio
American anthropologist Laura Nader is a professor of anthropology at University of California,
Berkeley. Her BA is in Latin American Studies from Wells College, Ph.D in Anthropology from
Radcliffe College (Harvard). Her studies are around law, dispute resolution, conflict, particularly around ethnographic comparisons of these topics.
3.
Topics of text?
The text focuses on the restructuring of who is studied by anthropologists, namely a shift away from only studying the lower classes of a society.
4.
Main argument of text?
In general, the classical model is to “study down” the social stratification, and in this article, Dr.
Nader argues for reversing that and “studying up” the social stratification, or even sideways, to view social problems as problems of the upper and middle class, and of problems caused by the governing institutions.
5.
How the argument is supported (3)
The essay looks to two major institutions as examples, the BBB and the California Insurance agencies. There are several studies done looking at these institutions.
Several classical topics of anthropological research are used as examples of how to switch the frame to upper class, including looking at street crime as caused by not necessarily the lower income culture, but by the culture of white collar crime that creates the islands of lower income slums.
Access is a large focus of the essay, discussing how studying the institutions and governing bodies of the upper end of a society would allow the lower levels of a social stratification to gain proper access into how the bureaucracy operates and how best to use the access gained.
6.
Key Quotes (3)
“Ethnographic works on the subject of law would be filling a scientific descriptive need, as well as informing the native about a system which at times heavily weights the direction his life takes.” – p. 300
“A democratic framework implies that citizens should have access to decision-makers, institutions of government, and so on. This implies that citizens need to know something about the major institutions, government or otherwise, that affect their lives.” – p. 294

“The anthropologist should, above all, by virtue of his understanding of the principle of reciprocity, be able to analyze why it is that decisions of the Federal Communications
Commissioners may not be “rational,” or the cultural dimensions involved in the failure of national programs ostensibly geared to reintegrate society.” – p. 293
7.
Questions this leaves you with? (3)
Has this change into studying the higher levels happened?
Why is the first image that pops into your head when thinking “anthropology” the study of other countries, or at the very best the study of the extremely poor?
Who is studying anthropologists and the academics that do the studying of society, giving society access to the information academics create for (mostly) each other?

ANNOTTION 10
1.
Full citation
Little, Paul, E. “Environments and Environmentalisms in Anthropological Research: Facing a
New Millennium.”
Annual Review of Anthropology (1999).
2.
Author’s bio
I could not find anyone by this name other than the associate professor of evangelism at Trinity
Evangelical Divinity School in Illinois. Author of Know Why You Believe. This is not the same person. From the article itself, I know that Paul Little is from the Department of Anthropology at the University of Brasilia.
3.
Topics of text?
This text focuses on how anthropologists fit into the environmental advocate movement of contemporary concern, through the two fields of Ecological Anthropology and Anthropology of environmentalism.
4.
Main argument of text?
The text less argues and more introduces to the reader the fields of anthropologists in the world of ecology and environmentalism, namely how an anthropologist could use their skills of critical analysis to assist the classical empirical sciences in research problems surrounding the use, management, and preservation of natural resources, and the development and death of ecosystems, natural and artificial.
5.
How the argument is supported (3)
The field of Ecological Anthropology is supported by the representation of various methodologies from anthropology as applied to ecological systems, namely the analysis of political and human ecology, which studies how the natural world is affected by the large human systems that operate in and through them.
Additionally, ecological anthropology is represented by ability of anthropologists to both separate issues into definitions of scale, as well as to analyze cross-scale and tie the various global social dimensions together. Along with this, the analysis of the history of a society and how it interacted, shaped, and worked in various ecological systems is used as an example of how the anthropologist could work on the issues of ecology.
The second part of the paper focuses on the study of the anthropology of environmentalism, which is supported through examples of research into the various environmental movements, laws and rights established based on these movements, territories attempted to be conserved based on these established rights, and the professional discourse surrounding the global growth and discussion of “environmentalism”.

6.
Key Quotes (3)
“In this context, the term environmentalism refers to an explicit, active concern with the relationship between human groups and their respective environments. Although
“environmentalist” usually refers to political activists, the term can reasonably include persons and groups that are directly involved with understanding and/or mediating this relationship.
Thus, anthropologists and other social scientists who are involved in environmental research can be considered as representing the environmental wing of their respective disciplines.” –p.
254
“New ecological research is engaged in the difficult, challenging process of finding practical ways of bridging this divide, and anthropology, which has always worked on both sides of the nature/culture fence, is strategically situated to contribute to this effort.” – p. 257
“The ethnographic analysis of and political involvement in these many environmentalisms on the part of anthropologists and other social scientists have generated, during the past two decades, a field of study in its own right.” – p. 264
7.
Questions this leaves you with? (3)
The very clear need for a social, political, historical, and cultural analysis of ecosystems is made in this paper, however how exactly does that process happen?
How open are funders of research to the idea of analyzing the environment based on the social science angle compared to the “hard” empirical science, and what would change this?
The bulk of the examples given were social scientists finding the problems and identifying the causes of the problems, what is the best way to find the solutions, and is this part of the role of the social scientists as well?