FNL Semester 2 Study Guide
Name: ______________________________
Class: ________
Period: _____
Infant Digestive System & Feeding
Know the parts of the digestive system and their functions
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Mouth: some digestion and breakdown of food
Esophagus: two principal jobs--to push food or fluid from the mouth to the
stomach and to stop backflow, or reflux, of the contents of the stomach.
Stomach: This is responsible for storing the swallowed food, combining and
disintegrating the food, and regulating excretion of the stomach contents
Small intestine: in charge of digestion and most of the absorption of nutrients.
The digestive enzymes break down proteins into amino acids; carbohydrates into
glucose and other monosaccharides; and fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
Large intestine (colon): This curves upward, across and down to the rectum. It is
mostly in charge of the absorption of water and electrolytes.
Make sure you can label the digestive system
What are the three digestive problems infants have? Gas, Reflux and inflammation of the
digestive tract
Oral Structures and Reflexes
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Sucking- to rhythmically receive nourishment by mouth
Swallowing- extra valve in back helps prevent choking
Breathing- babies usually pause from eating to breathe
Coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing
Tongue Thrust- to prevent choking
Foods To Avoid
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Honey and corn syrup: These foods may contain bacterial spores that cause
food-borne illnesses, which are often fatal in infants.
Salted and overly sweet foods: A baby’s immature kidney cannot handle much
salt. Too much sugar in the diet displaces the calories and essential nutrients
available in cereals, fruits, meats and vegetables.
Too much formula: Don’t feed 6-month-olds more than about 40 ounces of
formula. Too much formula displaces the calories and other nutrients from solid
foods.
Too much apple or pear juice: Too much may cause diarrhea.
Foods that cause choking: Hot dogs, candy, nuts, grapes, coarsely cut meats,
raw carrots, apples and popcorn are all foods that can get caught in a baby’s
throat.
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FNL Semester 2 Study Guide
Name: ______________________________
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Class: ________
Period: _____
Cow’s milk: Only breast milk or formula should be fed until after the first
birthday. Cow’s milk has too much protein and sodium and too little iron for
babies less than one year old.
Citrus fruits and strawberries: These foods may cause an allergic reaction if fed
before one year of age.
Advantages of Breastfeeding
– Antibodies passed from a nursing mother to her baby can help lower the occurrence of
many conditions such as infections and allergies.
– Breast milk is easily digested by a newborn's immature system.
– Breast milk also naturally contains many of the vitamins and minerals that a newborn
requires.
– Free
– Convenient
– May help prevent obesity.
– Lowers the risk of breast cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
and may also decrease the risk of uterine and ovarian cancer.
Disadvantages of Breastfeeding
– Breastfed babies need to eat more often.
– Requires a substantial time commitment from mothers.
– Women who are breastfeeding need to be careful about what they eat and drink, since
things can be passed to the baby through the breast milk.
– Medical conditions such as HIV or AIDS or those that involve chemotherapy or
treatment with certain medications may make breastfeeding unsafe.
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FNL Semester 2 Study Guide
Name: ______________________________
Class: ________
Newborn Nutrition & Feeding
What are the three Types of Formula?
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Cow’s Milk Formula
Most used and best tolerated
Cow’s milk is altered to resemble human milk
Cow’s milk protein allergies are possible
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Soy-Based Formula
Possible cow’s milk allergy alternative
Vegan infants
Cow’s milk allergies = soy milk allergies
 Protein Hydrolysate Formulas
– Hypoallergenic formula
– Family history of milk/soy allergies
– Cow’s milk pre-digested
– Easier to digest
– Allergic reaction less likely
What are the three types of formula preparation?
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Powdered
– Least expensive
– 1 scoop powdered/2 oz. water
 Concentrated liquid
– Most popular
– 1 ounce formula/1 ounce water
 Ready-to-feed
– Water not needed
– Most convenient
– Most sterile of infant formula
– Most expensive
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DHA – Docosahexaenoic Acid
ARA – Arachidonic Acid
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Period: _____
FNL Semester 2 Study Guide
Name: ______________________________
Class: ________
Period: _____
What is the purpose of mealtimes?
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Communication
Socialization
Giving and receiving love
Sharing personal values
Celebration
Physical growth and health
Sensory exploration
Relaxation, habit
What is the responsibility of the infant during mealtime?
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Gives permission for nipple to enter mouth
Uses mealtime social pauses
Let’s caregiver know when it’s time for burping
Stops eating when full
How often should you breastfeed? Every 2 hours
What is the correct bottle feeding position? the infant should be cuddled and held in a
semi-upright position during feeding.
What are some hazards of infant feeding?
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Choking
Overfeeding
Inability to bond
with caregiver
What are the dos and don’ts of burping?
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Done during and after feeding
Wait until baby stops drinking
Hold baby in one of two positions (shoulder or lap)
Gently stroke / pat back
Why should you burp an infant?
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Releases stomach gas
Prevents regurgitation
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FNL Semester 2 Study Guide
Name: ______________________________
Class: ________
Period: _____
Childhood Obesity
One characteristic of childhood obesity can be parents who are obese.
Childhood obesity can affect a child’s self-esteem and self-concept .
School nutrition usually starts at preschool
and goes through the
sixth
grade.
School lunches provide 1/3__of the recommended daily allowances of protein, vitamin A,
vitamin C, iron, calcium and calories.
Parents should not use food as a reward or punishment.
Children who are obese are more likely to suffer from type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and
cardiovascular disease.
Treatments and Preventions of Childhood obesity
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Appropriate food portions
Setting regular mealtimes
Nutritious snacks
Limiting high sugar/high fat foods
Parents set a good example
Physical Activity
Slow down eating
Limiting TV time
Adolescent Nutrition
Electrolytes - These are needed by cells to regulate the flow of water molecules across cell
membranes.
Anorexia- This is an eating disorder constituting the loss of appetite and the inability to eat.
Weight Watchers- This is a weight loss program involving a points system for foods.
Adolescence- This is a period between puberty and adulthood in the development of humans,
extending to mainly the teen years.
The Atkins Diet- This weight loss program emphasizes a diet high in protein and fat, and low in
carbohydrates.
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FNL Semester 2 Study Guide
Name: ______________________________
Class: ________
Period: _____
Eating Disorder- This is any type of disorder that involves severe disturbances in ones eating
habits.
Jenny Craig- This diet starts with pre-packaged, low-calorie meals.
Binge Eating- This is an eating disorder characterized by compulsive, uncontrolled eating, and
is a symptom of bulimia.
Growth Spurt - Also known as puberty, this is a transition of growth from childhood to
adulthood. This transition varies in males and females.
The Zone Diet- On this diet, the individual should consume 40 percent of their daily calories
from carbs, 30 percent from proteins, and 30 percent from fats.
The Pritikins Principle - This emphasizes a diet mostly based on vegetables, grains, and fruits.
Nutrisystem - This is a large company based in Pennsylvania that produces weight loss
products.
The South Beach Diet- This is a diet plan designed by Cardiologist Arthur Agatston and
dietician Marie Almon as an alternate method to low-fat approaches.
Bulimia - This eating disorder mostly affects young women of normal weight, and involves
frequent episodes of large and excessive food intakes, followed by self-induced vomiting.
Obese - Having excess body fat.
Overweight - having excess body weight for a particular height from fat, muscle, bone water or
a combination of these factors.
What are the causes of obesity?
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Poor Eating Habits
Overeating or binging
Lack of Exercise
Family History
Medical Illnesses
Medications
Stressful Life or Events
Family & Peer Problems
Low Self Esteem
Depression or other emotional Problems
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FNL Semester 2 Study Guide
Name: ______________________________
Class: ________
Period: _____
Why do adolescents have an increased nutritional risk as compared to other age groups?
Adolescents are growing and developing at a faster pace than other age groups.
Compare and Contrast steroids and anabolic steroids.
Steroids - are natural and are produced by your body to help stimulate muscle tissue to
grow.
Anabolic Steroids – Artificially produced hormones that stimulate muscle tissue to
grow.
List the three common supplements abused by teens.
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Caffeine
Creatine
Protein
List and explain the eating disorders we have talked about.
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Anorexia – Eating practically nothing/starving yourself. Extremely underweight
Bulimia – Binging and then purging. Some people will be at a normal weight.
Binge Eating – Binging but not purging. Leads to obesity.
Two ways to prevent obesity for adolescents.
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Healthy Eating Habits
Physical Activity 60 minutes per day
Childhood obesity has Tripled in the last 30 years.
Obesity is a Caloric imbalance.
What are three long term health effects of adolescent obesity.
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More likely to be obese as an adult
At a greater risk for heart problems
Increased risk of cancers
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FNL Semester 2 Study Guide
Name: ______________________________
Class: ________
Period: _____
Adult Nutrition
Fats are an important energy source.
Fats belong to a larger group of compounds called lipids.
Fat are primarily divided into three different categories
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Saturated – is fat that is naturally SOLID at room temperature
Unsaturated – naturally LIQUID at room temperature
Trans Fat – Fats which are normally liquid at room temperature, but have been
chemically modified to be solid at room temperature through the process of
hydrogenation.
All lipids contain fatty acid
Essential Fatty Acids – are necessary fats that humans cannot synthesize and must be
obtained through diet.
Essential Fatty Acids Support
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Cardiovascular system
Reproductive system
Immune system
Nervous system
Two families of essential fatty acids
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Omega-3
Omega- 6
Cholesterol – a waxy steroid of fat that is produced in the liver or intestines.
Cholesterol produces hormone and cell membranes and is transported in the blood plasma
of all mammals.
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FNL Semester 2 Study Guide
Name: ______________________________
Class: ________
Period: _____
Senior Adult Nutrition
The process of “getting older” starts at the age of 30.
The “Older Adult” category is considered anyone 65 or older.
Sarcopenia – Loosing skeletal muscle mass and strength
Exercise can slow down sarcopenia.
Dysgeusia – loss of taste
Hyposmia – Loss of smell
Xerostoma – Dry mouth
Dentition – Loss of teeth
Achlorhydria – decrease in the digestion of protein.
Chronic Diseases in older adults include…
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Heart failure
Kidney failure
Diabetes
Since the body has stopped growing, required calorie intake is about 30 percent less than
middle adult years.
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