Evolution and Taxonomy Test Review
Chapters 12-15 and 19
Key Terms
Population (278)
Natural selection (279)
Adaptation (279)
Reproductive isolation (281)
Gradualism (282)
Punctuated equilibrium (282)
Paleontologist (285)
Vestigial structure (286)
Homologous structure (286)
Divergence (291)
Speciation (291)
Subspecies (291)
Radiometric dating (252)
Fossil (258)
Cyanobacteria (258)
Eubacteria (258)
Archaebacteria (258)
Endosymbiosis (259)
Protist (261)
Extinction (263)
Mass extinction (263)
Continental drift (268)
Taxonomy (300)
Binomial nomenclature (300)
Genus (301)
Family (302)
Order (302)
Class (302)
Phylum (302)
Kingdom (302)
Domain (302)
Biological species (305)
Phylogeny (307)
Convergent evolution (307)
Analogous character (307)
Cladistics (307)
Ancestral character (307)
Derived character (307)
Cladogram (309)
Population (320)
Population Density (321)
Exponential growth curve
(322)
Carrying Capacity (322)
Density-Dependent Factor
(322)
Density-Independent Factor
(324)
Logistic Model (323)
r-strategist (324)
K-strategist (325)
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
(326)
Gene flow (328)
Nonrandom mating (328)
Genetic Drift (328)
Directional Selection (332)
Stabilizing Selection (332)
Disruptive Selection (332)
Mutation (327)
Variation (288)
Domain Bacteria (417)
Domain Archaebacteria (417)
Domain Eukarya (417)
Kingdom Eubacteria (417)
Kingdom Archaebacteria (417)
Kingdom Protista (417)
Kingdom Plantae (417)
Kingdom Fungi (417)
Kingdom Animalia (417)
Phylogenetic tree (310)
Key Concepts
How Did Life Begin?
_ The
Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago according to evidence obtained by
radiometric dating.
_ The primordial soup model and the bubble model propose explanations of the origin of the
chemicals of life, in which organic molecules formed from inorganic molecules.
_ Scientists think RNA formed before DNA or proteins formed.
_ Scientists think that the first cells may have developed from microspheres.
_ The development of heredity made it possible for organisms to pass traits to subsequent
generations.
Complex Organisms Developed
_ Prokaryotes
eubacteria.
are the oldest organisms and are divided into two groups, archaebacteria and
_ Prokaryotes
likely gave rise to eukaryotes through the process of endosymbiosis.
and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved through endosymbiosis.
_ Multicellularity arose many times and resulted in many different groups of multicellular
organisms.
_ Extinctions influenced the evolution of the species alive today.
_ Mitochondria
Life Invaded the Land
_ Ancient
cyanobacteria produced oxygen, some of which became ozone. Ozone enabled
organisms to live on land.
_ Plants and fungi formed mycorrhizae and were the first multicellular organisms to live on
land.
_ Arthropods were the first animals to leave the ocean.
_ The first vertebrates to invade dry land were amphibians.
_ The extinction of many reptile species enabled birds and mammals to become the
dominant vertebrates on land.
_ The movement of the continents on the surface of the Earth has contributed to the
geographic distribution of some species.
The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
_ Charles
Darwin concluded that animals on the coast of South America that resembled
those on the nearby islands evolved differences after separating from a common ancestor.
_ Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus, who wrote that populations tend to grow as
much as the environment allows.
_ Darwin proposed that natural selection favors individuals that are best able to survive
and reproduce.
_ Under certain conditions, change within a species can lead to new species.
_ Gradualism is a process of evolution in which speciation occurs gradually, and punctuated
equilibrium is a process in which speciation occurs rapidly between periods of little or no
change.
Evidence of Evolution
_ Evidence
of orderly change can be seen when fossils are arranged according to their age.
_ Differences in amino acid sequences and DNA sequences are greater between species
that are more distantly related than between species that are more closely related.
_ The presence of homologous structures and vestigial structures in vertebrates suggests
that all vertebrates share a common ancestor.
Examples of Evolution
_ Individuals
that have traits that enable them to survive in a given environment can
reproduce and pass those traits to their offspring.
_ Experiments
show that evolution through natural selection has occurred within
populations of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and in Darwin’s finches.
_ Speciation begins as a population adapts to its environment.
_ Reproductive isolation keeps newly forming species from breeding with one another.
Categories of Biological Classification
_ Swedish
biologist Carl Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature, the two-word system of
naming organisms.
_ Scientific names are written in Latin and give biologists a common way of communicating,
regardless of the language they speak.
_ The scientific name of an organism consists of its genus name followed by a second name,
which identifies its species.
_ Each category of classification is based on characteristics that are shared by all the
organisms in the category.
_ Scientists use an eight-level system to classify organisms.
_ The modern system of classification includes the groups domain, kingdom, phylum, class,
order, family, genus, and species.
How Biologists Classify Organisms
_ Biologists
usually define species according to their appearance and structure.
_ The biological species concept defines species according to their sexual reproductive
potential.
_ The biological species concept cannot be used to classify asexually reproducing species.
_ Similar organisms may have analogous structures that arose through convergent
evolution.
_ Cladistics focuses on sets of unique characteristics found in a particular group of
organisms to reconstruct an evolutionary history.
_ Evolutionary systematics is a more subjective method of classification than is cladistics,
but evolutionary systematics allows greater evolutionary importance to be placed on
certain characters.
How Populations Grow
_A
population consists of all the individuals of a species that live together in one place at
one time.
_ A population’s future survival is determined by its size, density, and dispersion.
_ Though a population’s growth is limited by factors such as predation and availability of
resources, a population can grow rapidly and may eventually stabilize at a size that the
environment can sustain.
_ Some populations grow quickly in response to density independent factors, and other
populations grow more slowly and their size is controlled by density-dependent factors.
How Populations Evolve
_ The
Hardy-Weinberg principle states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes
remain constant in populations in which evolutionary forces are absent.
_ Allele frequencies in a population can change if evolutionary forces, such as mutation,
migration, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and natural selection, act on the population.
_ Natural selection acts only on phenotype, not on genotype.
_ Natural selection reduces the frequency of a harmful recessive allele slowly; very few
individuals are homozygous recessive, so very few express the allele.
_ The range of phenotypes that are controlled by polygenic traits result in a normal
distribution when plotted on a graph.
_ Directional selection results in the range of phenotypes shifting toward one extreme.
_ Stabilizing selection results in the range of phenotypes narrowing.
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
_The differences between the three domains and six kingdoms, including cell type, cell
structure, body type, nutrition, and examples of each.