Questions to Consider:
1. Know the general work and findings of the following scientists:
a. Gregor Mendal- founder of the new science of genetics
b. Edward Jenner- pioneer of small pox vaccine
c. Watson and Crick- discovered structure of DNA
d. Cohen and Boyer- inventors of the method of cloning genetically engineered molecules in foreign cells
e. Erwin Chargoff- discovered structure of DNA
f. Rosalind Franklin- contributed to understanding structure of DNA and RNA
g. Craig Ventner-first to sequence human genome
2. What are three main parts of a DNA nucleotide?
A phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar
3. What are the four bases found within DNA?
Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T)
4. What are the DNA base pair rules?
A pairs with T( form double bonds), C pairs with G(form triple bonds)
5. If one side of a DNA helix reads AAATCG what does its complimentary strand read?
TTTAGC
6. How does a DNA double helix, chromosomes and genes relate to one another?
Genes result from DNA sequences that code for certain proteins on the DNA double helix. Chromosomes are
made up of very tightly wound DNA strands
7. How do DNA and proteins relate to one another?
DNA is related to proteins because specific DNA sequences code for certain proteins
8. What is the overall charge of a strand of DNA?
Negative
9. How does DNAs charge help in electrophoresis?
Because when it is run through the gel, negative charges repel each other while the positive charges attract the
negative charges
10. What is the goal of DNA electrophoresis?
The goal is to separate DNA strands based on size or length
11. What is BLAST and what does it do?
A BLAST is a process of reading and coding DNA sequences to see what certain genes are coded for in the
sequence.
12. What are restriction enzymes and how are they used in genetic engineering?
Restriction enzymes are enzymes that are engineered to cut certain DNA sequences and they are especially
helpful in electrophoresis because they cut the certain genes into different sizes, making it easier to compare
the two different DNA
13. What are “sticky ends” and how do they relate to restriction enzymes.
Sticky ends are produced by cutting the DNA (by enzymes) in a staggered manner within the recognition site
producing single-stranded DNA ends. These ends have identical nucleotide sequence and are sticky because
they can hydrogen-bond to complementary tails of other DNA fragments cut by the same restriction enzyme.
14. What is bioinformatics and how does it relate to the human genome project?
Bioinformatics is the application of statistics and computer science to the field of molecular biology. It is related
to the human genome project because scientists use machines and computers to sequence long DNA strands
15. What basic characteristics are used to identify different fingerprints?
The basic characteristics used to identify different fingerprints are the different patterns that are unique to each
person (loops, whirls, arches, tented arches)
16. What is the difference between a latent and patent fingerprint?
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Be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Describe the process of gene splicing to create recombinant DNA.
Identify fingerprints.
Read a DNA electrophoresis gel.
Describe the process of DNA electrophoresis.
Vocabulary
Amino Acid
Angstrom
Bioinformatics
Bioluminescence
Biopharmaceutical
Bioprocessing
Bioreactor
BLAST
CODIS
DNA Analysis
DNA Fingerprinting
a) The basic building block of proteins (or polypeptides). Containing
a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl (COOH) group and a side
chain (R - of a number of different kinds) attached to an alpha
carbon atom. b)The fundamental building blocks of a protein
molecule.
A unit of length equal to one ten-thousandth of a micron (10-4
micron) or 10-10 of a meter with adenine.
a) Refers to the generation or creation, collection, storage (in
databases), and efficient utilization of data or information from
genomics, combinatorial chemistry, proteomics, and DNA
sequencing research. b) Examples of the data or information that is
manipulated and stored include gene sequences, biological activity
or function, pharmacological activity, biological structure, molecular
structure, protein-protein interactions, and gene expression products
or amounts.
The emission of visible light by living organisms such as the firefly
and various fish, fungi, and bacteria.
A therapeutic product created through the genetic manipulation of
living things, including (but not limited to) proteins and
monoclonalantibodies, peptides, and other molecules that are not
chemically synthesized, along with gene therapies, cell therapies,
and engineered tissues.
Using organisms or biologically derived macromolecules to carry out
enzymatic reactions or to manufacture products.
A container used for bioprocessing.
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) is a sequence
comparison algorithm optimized for speed used to search sequence
databases for optimal DNA sequence alignments.
Combined DNA index system.
The testing of DNA samples that exists on the evidence collected
from a crime scene.
DNA fingerprinting is an individual's unique sequence of DNA base
pairs, determined by exposing a sample of the person's DNA to
molecular probes.
DNA Replication
Double Helix
Electroporation
Forensics
Forensic Scientist
Genetic Engineering
Pathogen
Plasmid
Protein
Transformation
The process of making an identical copy of a section of duplex
(double-stranded) DNA, using existing DNA as a template for the
synthesis of new DNA strands.
The normal structural configuration of DNA consisting of two helices
winding about the same axis.
A process utilized to introduce a foreign gene into the genome of an
organism.
Involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of evidence to
solve crimes; its purpose is to create doubt as to the testimony of the
witness.
A professional that analyzes and interprets DNA samples as well as
other forms of evidence collected from a crime scene.
a) The selective, deliberate alteration of genes. b) The direct
manipulation of genes for practical purposes. c) The technique of
removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule in order to
change the information it contains.
Refers to a virus, bacterium, parasitic protozoan, or other
microorganism that causes infectious disease by invading the body
of an organism (e.g., animal, plant, etc.) known as the host.
An autonomous self-replicating genetic particle is usually of circular
double-stranded DNA.
A large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids in
a specific order, required for the structure, function, and regulation of
the body's cells, tissues, and organs.
The modification of a genome by the external application of DNA
from a cell of different genotype.