Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
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Nanostructured Organic Circularly Polarized Optoelectronic Devices
Alasdair Campbell (Physics)
alasdair.campbell@imperial.ac.uk
Matthew Fuchter (Chemistry)
Project No:
AJC1
Telephone
47567
Aims of the project:
The aim of this project is to fabricate and investigate novel nano-scale organic
semiconductor optoelectronic devices fabricated from intrinsically chiral, helically
shaped organic semiconductor molecules which come in left- and right-handed spiral
forms. These materials have many unique characteristics, including the ability to
form self-orientated supramolecular structures. They also absorb and emit circularly
polarised light, suggesting the exciting possibility of circularly polarised organic light
emitting diodes and photodiodes. If downscaled such devices could be used in
optical communication and quantum computing. The purpose of this project is to
investigate organic semiconductor optoelectronic devices based on these chiral
materials which can emit, or detect, circularly polarized light. It will be to initially
explore these materials in micron-scale devices, before using UV nanoimprint
lithography (NIL) to push device dimensions deep into the nano-scale regime. As well
as actual devices, it will use NIL to create nano-scale arrays with unique photonic
properties. This work will be in close cooperation with the Matthew Fuchter group in
Chemistry who will synthesize the materials.
Techniques, activities, and equipment used
Optoelectronic devices and photonic structures will be fabricated using conventional
photolithography and UV NIL expertise which exists in the Campbell group. Devices
will be characterised using circularly polarised current-voltage-luminousity, spectral
emission and photocurrent measurements. Photonic response will be investigated
using such techniques as circularly polarised steady-state and time-dependent
excitation and emission measurements.
Locations of equipment / collaborators
Devices will be fabricated in the EXSS Cleanroom and CPE Glovebox facility.
Measurements will be conducted in the EXSS group facilities, or using apparatus with
collaborators at the University of St Andrews. Devices may also be fabricated by
vacuum sublimation with collaborators at the University of Florida.
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
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Nanoscale Printed Plastic Electronic Devices
Alasdair Campbell (Physics)
alasdair.campbell@imperial.ac.uk
Project No:
AJC2
Telephone
47567
Aims of the project:
One of the core advantages of organic semiconductor technology over its inorganic
counterpart is the possibility of fabricating very thin, uniform devices by large-area
printing techniques. This would greatly reduce fabrication cost and allow the
fabrication of novel devices such as large-area, lightweight, flexible plastic electronic
lighting, solar cells and electronic circuitry. At Imperial we have developed gravure
contact printing, the ultra high volume roll-to-roll (R2R) technique conventionally
used to manufacture magazines and currency, as a method to fabricate high
performance organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and field-effect transistors
(OFETs). However, these are relatively large devices, conventional gravure limiting
feature sizes to length scales > 10 microns. The purpose of this project is to break
this barrier and combine gravure contact printing with nanoimprint lithography (NIL)
to fabricate nano-scale printed/imprinted organic optoelectronic devices. This will
done using pre-existing UV-NIL fabrication expertise within the Campbell group.
Targeted devices will be novel OLEDs, OFETs and optoelectronic circuits with feature
sizes of order 100-500 nm.
Techniques, activities, and equipment used
The larger scale structures and films will be printed using the in-house gravure
printer. UV-NIL structures will be fabricated using the mask aligner in the EXSS
cleanroom. Printed/imprinted structures and devices will be investigated using
imaging techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM). OLEDs and OFETs will be
characterised using current-voltage-luminousity, spectral emission, transfer and
output characteristic measurements.
Locations of equipment / collaborators
Devices will be fabricated in the EXSS Cleanroom and CPE Glovebox. Measurements
will be conducted in the EXSS group facilities. Industrial and National Laboratory
collaborators in the initial part of this project will include the EC funded FP7 POLARIC
project partners Micro Resist Technology (Germany), AMO (Germany) and Joanneum
Research (Austria). AFM measurements will be conducted at Imperial or the London
Centre of Nanotechnology (LCN).
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
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Principal
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Email:
Laser-based biomedical Imaging for Cancer Diagnosis. (Oct 2013
Entry)
Prof. Chris Phillips.
chris.phillips@imperial.ac.uk
Project No:
CCP1
Telephone
X 47575
Other
supervisors:
Aims of the project: The mid-IR part of the spectrum (3m<<20m) has long been
popular with chemists because most chemical bonds have sharp vibrational
absorption features in this range, so complex bio-molecules can be identified by
their spectrally “fingerprints” . Very recently, accelerator-based synchrotron
radiation experiments have shown that these absorption features can be used as an
entirely new way of imaging living tissues.
At IC we are applying a range of new IR laser sources and sophisticated ex-military IR
cameras to make entirely new IR imaging systems targeted on the problem of
diagnosing and monitoring disease, particularly Cancer.
At the moment, if you are unlucky enough to find a suspicious lump in, say, your
throat, you will be passed up a line of increasingly specialized medics, and along the
way a sample of the lump will be taken from your body, sliced and mounted on a
microscope slide, and stained with a handful of vegetable dyes. Your treatment
(which could be anything from nothing at all to having your throat removed) would
depend on an entirely subjective assessment from an experienced pathologist who
looks for tell tale shapes and structures in the tissue slice.
Now we are using out IR technological expertise to put this process on a solid
numerical footing. Our “Digital Staining” method maps out the concentrations of the
chemicals in the tissues, in a few seconds, from their IR absorption characteristics.
This allows us to construct a wide range of false-colour images and numerical indices
for the clinicians that are far more amenable to proper statistical tests than the
current subjective eyeballing approach.
Our methods range from sophisticated lab techniques (picosecond lasers, near field
AFM-based imagers, new tunable laser sources) costing 100’s of thousands of
pounds, to much simpler, cheaper (~£30K ) and less flexible systems that are
targeted for commercial exploitation so they can be used by the clinicians
themselves. We collaborate with researchers at the Cancer Research labs, Lincolns
Inn Fields. Single cell studies will also be pursued with collaborators in Chemistry and
Chem Eng. and the Diamond Synchrotron.
This is a bold and open-ended project, but, in the hands of the right sort of student,
it offers the chance to be in on the ground floor of an entirely new technique at the
interface between the physics and life sciences. The technology has been fully
patented by Imperial and the commercial prospects are being pursued vigorously.
Techniques, activities, and equipment used
Optical system design and fabrication.
Mid-IR imaging of histo-pathology specimens.
Non-linear optical spectroscopy using an “optical parametric generator” laser
source.
Laser development, and computerized equipment control and data acquisition.
Imaging Breast cancer biopsies.
Locations of equipment / collaborators
Level 9, Blackett lab. Travel to collaborators in Europe and the US is also likely.
Cancer specimen samples from CRUK UK and Charing Cross Hospital.
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
Project title:
Principal
Supervisor:
Email:
Quantum Optics with Strongly-Coupled Semiconductor
Nanostructures. (Oct 2013 Entry)
Prof. Chris Phillips.
Project No:
chris.phillips@imperial.ac.uk
CCP2
Telephone
X 47575
Other
supervisors:
Aims of the project: Ordinarily, the emission and absorption of light by an atom can
be well described with a weakly-coupled perturbative quantum mechanical
treatment. This gives rise to such concepts as the superposition principle,
spontaneous emission lifetimes, stimulated emission and the population inversion
requirement for lasing.
However, if the atom is placed in a sufficiently small and perfect optical cavity, the
“Vacuum Rabi” coupling energy between the light and the matter can become so
large that this perturbative picture no longer holds, and the system must be treated
as containing a new hybridized set of excitations, each part light and part matter,
with intriguing , and potentially useful characteristics.
Although these “Strongly-Coupled” systems were initially pursued by the atom
spectroscopists some years ago, recently there has been an explosion of progress
and a number of all solid state systems have emerged, typically involving either
excitons or intersubband transitions in semiconductors, coupled to optical cavities
made from either multilayer mirrors or so-called “Plasmonic” structures to confine
the optical fields.
We have just shown, in a landmark experiment, that these structures allow us to
make lasers which work without needing to satisfy the “population inversion “
condition first defined by Einstein. For the first time they lase straightaway, without
needing to be excited above a threshold level of excitation.
The SC cavities also have remarkably long coherence times and this project will use a
mix of theoretical and experimental approaches to refine, extend and optimise this
effect in a series of improved device designs.
Techniques, activities, and equipment used
Laser system for picosecond pump-probe spectroscopy.
Cryogenic and Fourier Spectroscopy techniques.
Sample processing in semiconductor cleanroom.
MBE semiconductor growth.
Locations of equipment / collaborators
Geographical Location of Equipment: Level 9 Blackett, cleanrooms in Blackett
basement. Collaborators at Sheffield, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
University of California, Los Angeles and the diamond Synchrotron
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2012 Entry
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supervisors:
Towards Electrically Pumped Organic MASERs
Joint Physics – Materials studentship
Professor Donal Bradley (Physics)
d.bradley@imperial.ac.uk
Dr Mark Oxborrow (Materials)
Project No:
DDCB1
Telephone
46304
Aims of the project:
In a recent groundbreaking Nature paper Dr Mark Oxborrow and colleagues
demonstrated the first room temperature MASER (a laser operating in the
microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum), using population inversion
among the triplet levels of pentacene molecules dispersed in a p-terphenyl host.[1]
The MASER was optically pumped via absorption across the pentacene optical gap to
create an excited singlet state, followed by intersystem crossing into the triplet (see
schematic below) manifold. An intriguing alternative approach to optical pumping
would be to use the injection
and subsequent
recombination of electrons
and holes in an organic diode
to generate triplet states
directly. Doing so would
realize the world’s first
electrically pumped organic
Pentacene MASER optical pumping scheme:[1]
MASER, spawning a wholly
Optical absorption (S0 to S1) is followed by
new class of spintronics
intersystem crossing from S1 to T1. The black
device with potentially
circles indicate the population of the X, Y and Z
important applications in
triplet levels. [1]
space communications and
ultra-sensitive diagnostics. The goal of this PhD studentship will be to assess
rigorously whether it is possible to make such a “diode MASER” and, if possible, to
attempt to make one. Critical factors that will determine the viability of this
approach include the distribution of triplet excitations among the three triplet levels
that results from electrical pumping, the microwave losses that arise in proximity to
the injection electrodes, the pumping rate required to establish inversion and the
stability of the triplet states against non-radiative decay to the ground state. The
student assigned to this project will work closely with two other students assigned to
complementary projects that will focus on the development of new materials for
optically pumped MASERs (led by Dr Martin Heeney (Chemistry) and Professor Neil
Alford (Materials)). The student on the “diode MASER” project will be responsible for
designing and constructing novel structures and experimental rigs as well as
analyzing data against theoretical models. This project would suit an all-rounder with
a strong interest in modern solid-state device physics (specifically organic
spintronics), and who is happy working in an interdisciplinary team.
[1] “Room temperature solid-state maser” M. Oxborrow, J.D. Breeze, N.M. Alford,
Nature 488, 353-356. DOI 10.1038/nature11339.
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
Project title:
Principal
Supervisor:
Email:
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supervisors:
Printing Organic Nanostructures for Plastic Electronics
Dr. Ji-Seon Kim
ji-seon.kim@imperial.ac.uk
Project No:
JSK1
Telephone
ext.47597
Aims of the project:
Plastic (Printed or Organic) Electronics is a new technology that enables organic
electronic devices to be printed onto a range of surfaces for large area, flexible and
low-cost applications. The main challenge still remains to find a way of controlling
and thus printing molecules, in particular organic semiconductors, from a solution
while maintaining their optical and electrical functionalities. This project aims to
develop a novel solution-deposition technique, so called zone-casting, to print
organic semiconductors in thin films (< 100nm) with controlled structure and
morphology. Through systematically varying printing parameters, we target to
achieve thin film morphology of organic semiconductors desired for optoelectronic
devices such as solar cells and transistors.
We will develop a systematic understanding of the relationships between
nanostructures and optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors and to
correlate them to the performance of organic devices. Particular attension will be
paid to use zone-casting technique to control the molecular order and orientation
aiming at a significant increase in charge carrier mobilities of thin film transistors.
Other electroactive materials including organic/inorganic hybrids and metal oxides
will be tested for zone-casting. Examples of printing thin film structures of molecules
using zone-casting are shown below. Molecules are printed on transistor substrates
only with different printing speeds.
Refs: [1] James et al., ACS Nano (2011), [2] Tsoi et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2011), [3]
Yim, et al, Nano Letters (2010), [4] Adv. Funct. Mater. (2011), 21, 1279–1295.
Techniques, activities, and equipment used
Techniques including zone-casting and other coating methods required for
fabrication and characterisation of organic thin films and devices will be used. In
addition, advanced imaging techniques including Raman spectroscopy, scanning
Kelvin probe microscopy and AFM will be used. All fabrication and advanced imaging
techniques are available at Imperial.
Locations of equipment / collaborators
Most equipment for device fabrication and characterisation is based at IC. Advanced
nanoanalysis techniques, if necessary, will be carried out using equipment based at
National Physical Laboratory (NPL). For this project, we will take advantage of the
availability of high quality materials supplied by existing commercial collaborators
(CDT/ Sumitomo Chemical, Merck Chemicals), as well as via in-house synthesis and
external academic collaborations.
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
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Principal
Supervisor:
Email:
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supervisors:
Quantum properties of plasmon nanowaveguides
Prof. Stefan Maier
Project No:
S.Maier@imperial.ac.uk
Prof. Myungshik Kim
SM-01
Telephone46063
Aims of the project:
Metallic nanostructures allow breaking the diffraction limit of optics, via the
excitation of so-called surface plasmon polaritons. This has over the last
decade led to the emergence of the new science of nanoplasmonics, which
marries photonics with nanotechnology for the generation of highly
integrated photonic devices.
In this project, we want to marry plasmonics with quantum optics.
Specifically, we will investigate interactions between single photons and
single plasmons in nanostructured metallic plasmon waveguides.
For example, we plan to interfere single plasmons with each other, and
demonstrate the famous Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment in a nanoscale optical
waveguide. This could be the stepping stone for the generation of more
advanced components such as nanoscale quantum gates, and new types of
highly sensitive optical sensors, based on quantum effects.
Techniques, activities, and equipment used
Single-photon source, optical microscopy and spectroscopy, nanofabrication,
computational design of photonic nanostructures
Locations of equipment / collaborators
Blackett Laboratory
** Please contact Prof Stefan Maier before applying**.
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
Project title:
Principal
Supervisor:
Email:
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supervisors:
Photonic metadevices: functional nanophotonics via plasmonics
and metamaterials concepts
Prof. Stefan Maier
Project No:
S.Maier@imperial.ac.uk
Dr. Rupert Oulton, Prof. Ortwin Hess
SM-02
Telephone46063
Aims of the project:
Metamaterials and nanoplasmonics have over the last years developed into
cornerstones for the development of new optical materials, with properties
not found in nature. Based on metallic and dielectric nanostructures, these
new materials have enabled us to demonstrate fascinating optical
phenomena such as negative refraction, perfect lensing, optical cloaking, as
well as new types of nanolasers and highly integrated optical sensors.
The aim of this project is to extend this fundamental research towards new
classes of highly miniaturized optical devices, particularly sensors and light
sources.
Techniques, activities, and equipment used
Optical microscopy and spectroscopy, fs laser source, nanofabrication,
computational modelling
Locations of equipment / collaborators
Blackett Laboratory
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
Project title:
Principal
Supervisor:
Email:
Other
supervisors:
Nanoplasmonic and graphene-based biosensors
Prof. Stefan Maier
S.Maier@imperial.ac.uk
Prof. Lesley Cohen
Project No:
SM-03
Telephone46063
Aims of the project:
The key to detecting small quantities of molecules optically lies in generating
sub-wavelength light spots in a controlled manner. This can be achieved using
metallic nanostructures, via the excitation of so called localized surface
plasmons. Over the last decade this new science of nanoplasmonics has
evolved into the backbone of integrated optical biosensors, for example the
well-known pregnancy test.
In this project, we will combine metallic nanostructures with graphene, in
order to develop new classes of optical biosensors with electrical control and
read-out. The graphene will both enable electrical tuning of the optical
properties of the metallic nanostructures, and also act as a sensitization layer
for the binding of target molecules.
Techniques, activities, and equipment used
Optical microscopy and spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, mid-infrared
spectroscopoy, ultrafast measurements, nanofabrication, computational modelling
Locations of equipment / collaborators
Blackett Laboratory
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
Project title:
On-demand patterned nanoelectronics by scanning thermal
lithography
Principal
Supervisor:
Email:
Other
supervisors:
Prof. Thomas Anthopoulos
t.anthopoulos@imperial.ac.uk
Project No:
Telephone
TA1
46669
Aims of the project:
Developments in the emerging class of organic semiconductors are continuing at
pace and in many instances are now widely seen to offer a genuine alternative to
traditional inorganic-based technologies. Despite the excellent progress, however,
an important challenge for the wider deployment of the technology is the inability to
pattern organic materials with high resolution. Organic based devices comprising
sub-micron elements are important because they could seed future developments in
the field of nanoelectronics as well as enable advanced studies into the fundamental
opto-electronic processes in organic materials at the nanoscale. Furthermore, the
availability of organic-compatible nano-patterning methods could potentially allow
the fabrication of organic-based sensors on a scale not previously achieved. The
latter could significantly improve their speed and sensitivity and hence pave the way
for future developments.
A promising area of research attempting to address the issue of nanomanufacturing is the manipulation and patterning of materials using direct scanning
probe tools such as thermal nanolithography by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The
versatility and precision of this method is so great that has even been used to
produce 3D structures of molecular photoresist and write features with resolutions
below 30 nm at speeds approaching that of electron beam (e-beam) lithography.
Recently our team at Imperial College has used AFM scanning thermal lithography to
demonstrate the first active nanostructured electronic devices based on organic
semiconductors (see data and images in the figure below; adopted from Shaw et al.,
Advanced Materials 2012 – in press).
This project will built on this early work and explore the use of scanning thermal
nanolithography for the development of a range of nano-scale devices with
dimensions in the range 10-40 nanometres. These nanoscale devices (nano-sensors,
nano-transistors etc) will then be used to study the fundamental transport processes
in a range of semiconductors at the nanoscale. At a later stage, research will focus
on rapid prototyping of integrated nano-scale opto/electronics realised entirely by
thermal scanning lithography. This unique combination of advanced techniques with
unconventional organic materials is expected to lead to development of novel nanoscale devices for a host of emerging applications.
Techniques, activities, and equipment used:
A range of state of the art techniques are available within the Anthopoulos group for
the successful completion of this project. These include:
- Material processing using solution and vacuum based techniques
- Material characterisation techniques such as UV/Vis absorption, transmission,
photoluminescence, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy,
atomic force microscopy, scanning Kelvin force microscopy
- Device fabrication using conventional photolithography and advanced scanning
thermochemical nanolithography
- Device characterisation methods such as electrical/optical measurements, currentvoltage-temperature measurements, scanning probe electrical measurements
Locations of equipment / collaborators:
All equipment and open central facilities to be used are located in the south
Kensington campus, Imperial College London.
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
Project title:
Transparent semiconductors for photovoltaics applications
Principal
Supervisor:
Email:
Other
supervisors:
Prof. Thomas Anthopoulos
t.anthopoulos@imperial.ac.uk
Project No:
Telephone
TA2
46669
Aims of the project:
Wide band gap semiconductors that are easy to process over large-area
substrates are in great demand for numerous opto-electronic applications where
optical transparency and charge transport are concurrently required. Few example
applications include transparent charge transporting layers in photovoltaics and
light-emitting diodes as well as channel materials for fully transparent
microelectronics. Although electron transporting wide bandgap semiconductors are
very common, their hole-transporting counterparts are very rare. Thus, discovery
and/or development of new compounds with appreciable hole-transport
characteristics would be required for realising the next generation large-area optoelectronics.
Aim of this project is to study a range of unconventional inorganic and solution
processible compounds, such as pseudohalides, for application in various
optoelectronic devices including semitransparent solar cells and photodetectors.
One interesting family of molecular compounds to be investigated is the
pseudohalides. Copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN), for example, is one of the very few
known compounds that combines high optical transparency with significant p-type
conductivity. Most importantly, CuSCN is inexpensive and can be processed from
solution at room temperature, thus making it an ideal candidate for application in
transparent opto-electronics fabricated using high throughput manufacturing
processes (e.g. printing) onto inexpensive flexible plastic substrates.
Recently our group at Imperial College was the first to demonstrate field-induced
hole-transport in CuSCN thin-film transistors and the fabrication of transparent
integrated circuits (see Figure). Using this preliminary work as the starting point,
research in this project will focus on the study of fundamental transport processes in
these relatively unknown molecular semiconductors and their utilisation in
unconventional optoelectronics such as semitransparent solar cells and
photodetectors. This work could potentially lead to the discovery of new p-type
transparent semiconductors and the development of next-generation large-area
optoelectronics with unusual characteristics e.g. semitransparency.
Techniques, activities, and equipment used
Our laboratory is fully equipped with a range of state of the art techniques necessary
for the successful completion of this project. These include:
- Material processing using solution and vacuum based techniques
- Material characterisation techniques such as UV/Vis absorption, transmission,
photoluminescence, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy,
atomic force microscopy, scanning Kelvin force microscopy
- Device fabrication using conventional photolithography and advanced scanning
thermochemical nanolithography
- Device characterisation methods such as electrical/optical measurements, currentvoltage-temperature measurements, scanning probe electrical measurements
Locations of equipment / collaborators:
All equipment and open central facilities to be used are located in the south
Kensington campus, Imperial College London.
Description of Ph.D. project in EXSS for Oct 2013 Entry
Project title:
Principal
Supervisor:
Email:
Other
supervisors:
Magnetic Nanostructures
Dr Will Branford
w.branford@imperial.ac.uk
Prof. Lesley Cohen
Project No:
WRB1
Telephone
46674
Aims of the project:
My main research interests are magnetism and electrical transport in magnetic
fields. Within the last three years my group has founded a new field of study related
to the creation and manipulation of what are known as magnetic monopole defects
in artificial magnetic nanostructured systems.1-5 The aim of this project will be to
control the properties of these so called frustrated magnets using nanofabrication.
Arrays of nanomagnets will be designed and fabricated to further develop the
concepts related to magnetic frustration.
[1] Understand the role of material, size and geometry in the formation of these
magnetic monopole defects
[2] Optimise the structures for either free flow of magnetic charge or storage of
monopole defects
[3] Investigate methods of control of monopole defects with additional nanofeatures in the array and/or local magnetic fields.
[4] Consider possible applications for these nanoarrays (e.g. data storage, data
processing by logic functions) and design experiments to test feasibility.
1
Ladak, S., Read, D., Tyliszczak, T., Branford, W. R. & Cohen, L. F. New Journal of
Physics 13, 023023, (2011).
2 Branford, W. R., Ladak, S., Read, D. E., Zeissler, K. & Cohen, L. F. Science 335, 15971600, (2012).
3 Ladak, S., Read, D. E., Perkins, G. K., Cohen, L. F. & Branford, W. R. Nature Physics 6,
359-363, (2010).
4 Wang, R. F., Nisoli, C., Freitas, R. S., Li, J., McConville, W., Cooley, B. J., Lund, M. S.,
Samarth, N., Leighton, C., Crespi, V. H. & Schiffer, P. Nature 439, 303-306,
(2006).
5 Tchernyshyov, O. Nature Physics 6, 323-324, (2010).
Techniques, activities, and equipment used:
PhD projects in the group will typically involve a mix of sample preparation,
structural characterization, magnetic and transport measurements and
micromagnetic simulations. Cleanroom sample processing includes deposition of
metal films and lithography (optical, e-beam and focused ion beam). Structural
studies involve imaging by optical, electron and magnetic microscopy and x-ray
diffraction. Magnetic measurement techniques include vibrating sample
magnetometry and magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) spectroscopy. Transport
studies include magnetoresistance and Hall effect measurements over a wide range
of temperatures and magnetic fields.
Locations of equipment / collaborators:
All in the Blackett Lab. Fabrication in the EXSS nanofabrication lab and cleanroom.
Other measurements in the labs of the functional magnetism group (B815 and
B219).