Luther Leads the Reformation
In response to the criticism the Church received, one man leads the Church to
rebellion
Causes of the Reformation
• Ppl thought the Church leaders were _____________
• Lower level clergy could barely ______________, let alone teach
• Some lower level clergy broke priestly vows (drank, ____________, or gambled)
Early Causes for Reform
• Reformers such as John Wycliffe and Jan Hus paved the way for Christian
humanists such as Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More to suggest
________________ to the Church
Luther Challenges the Church
• All he intended to do was be a good Christian, not necessarily lead a religious
revolution
95 Theses
• In 1517, Luther takes a public stance against a friar named Johann Tetzel
who sells ____________________ to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
• The 95 Theses were ____________________ that attacked the “pardon-merchants”
• In October of 1517 he posts these statements on the door of the castle church
in Wittenburg, and this sparked the Reformation
• _________________________- movement for religious reform that did not accept the
pope’s authority
Luther’s Teachings
• Rested on 3 ideas:
1. People could win salvation only by ____________ in God’s gift of forgiveness.
Church taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation
2. All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the
________________. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities
3. All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need _____________
to interpret the Bible for them.
Response to Luther
• With aid of the printing press, Luther’s ideas spread all throughout Europe,
displaying the mass discontent of ppl with the Church
Pope’s Threat
• Initially the Church officials see Luther as a rebellious monk, but as he gains
followers they realize that he’s a serious threat to the papacy
• In 1520, _____________________________ threatened Luther with excommunication
if he didn’t retract his teachings
• Luther burns the letter from the pope, and Leo X excommunicated him from
the Church
Emperor’s Opposition
• The Holy Roman Emperor, _____________________, disliked Luther also
• Charles V summoned Luther to ________________ in Worms in 1521 to recant his
statements, and Luther refuses
•
A month after Luther’s speech in “_____________________________________”, Charles
V issued the Edict of Worms, which declared Luther a heretic and outlaw.
• According to the edict, no one in the empire was to give Luther _____________ or
______________, and all of his ______________ were to be burned
• One man disobeyed these orders (Prince ________________ the Wise of Saxony)
 he takes Luther in and Luther translates the _______________________ in to
German.
• When he returned to Wittenburg in 1522, he and his followers stopped
trying to reform the Catholic Church and instead broke off and called
themselves _______________________
Peasant’s Revolt
• In 1524, excited by Luther’s teachings on Christian freedom, German
peasants demanded an end to ___________________
• Groups of angry peasants spread throughout the countryside _____________
monasteries, _______________, and __________________
• The revolts horrified Luther, and he wrote a letter to German princes telling
them to squash the revolts  100,000 peasants were ________________ and they
begin ________________ Luther’s religious leadership
Germany at War
• Around 1530, there are some German princes who support ____________________
and some who support _________________.
• The princes who support Luther sign a protest and because of this become
known as “________________________”
• Trying to unify his kingdom under Catholicism, Charles V goes to war
because the Protestants won’t convert.
• While he defeats the Protestants in 1547, he fails to ________________ them
under Catholicism
• In 1555, he invites Protestant princes and Catholic princes to meet in
Augsburg
• They sign the __________________________________, which declared that each prince
would decide the religion of his state
England Becomes Protestant
• Catholic Church soon finds resistance in England
Henry VIII Wants a Son
• Henry was named “____________________________________” by the pope after
denouncing ________________ ideas early in the 16th century, but his religious
loyalty is tested when he fails to produce a male heir
• The Catholic Church wouldn’t let Henry VIII _________________ and remarry
• Henry VIII asks the pope to “____________” his marriage, but the pope turns him
down because he doesn’t want to anger Catherine’s (of Aragon) ______________
Reformation Parliament
• In 1529 Henry VIII calls Parliament into session and tries to end the papal
power in England ______________________________________
• In 1533, Henry VIII secretly marries ______________________________, and
Parliament legalized his divorce from Catherine
•
In 1534, Parliament passes the ______________________________, which called on
the people to take an ____________________ of allegiance to Henry VIII being the
head of the Church in England rather than the pope
• The Act of Supremacy met some criticism  Thomas Moore refuses to sign
the oath and Henry VIII has him executed
Consequences on Henry’s Actions
• Anne Boleyn’s first child with Henry was a female, and he blamed her for it 
he charges her with treason and was beheaded in 1536
• Henry took a third wife, _______________________ and in 1537 she gave him a son
named __________________.
• Jane died, and Henry married three more times without producing children
• After Henry’s death in 1547, his three children rule England in turn:
_________________, _________________, and __________________
• Edward takes over at the age of ____, and is guided by Protestant advisers 
rules for 6 yrs due to illness
• Mary (daughter of Catherine) took over the throne in 1553. She was a
Catholic and returned the Church to the _____________. She had many
Protestants executed
• When Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth (Anne Boleyn’s daughter) took the throne
Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
• Determined to return England to Protestantism, Elizabeth I and Parliament
create the ____________________________ (Church of England) in 1559
• Elizabeth was the head of the Church
• The church was aimed at pleasing moderate __________________ as well as
moderate ____________________  priests were allowed to marry and deliver
sermons in English rather than Latin. The Anglican church kept some
Catholic sentiment such as the rich robes.
Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges
• She brings religious peace to England
• Both Protestants and Catholics wish she would lean more in their respective
favors
• ____________________________ of Spain posed a threat also because he was Catholic
• ______________________________ led to the need to colonize the Americas in the
1500’s
•