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THE ISSUE OF CHILD PROTECTION AND COMMON REASONING ERRORS ASSOCIATE WITH IT
Mala Narayan
Associate professor
Department of social sciences
Shiv Nadar University
ABSTRACT
The balanced scorecard (BSC) appears to be the most recent administration fad to seize the institutional world.
Notwithstanding its evident reputation, there is only restricted methodical investigative-dependent proof related
to BSC uses. The objective of the current research is to identify how BSCs are used in Finland and why firms
implement them. The study included a sequence of semi-structured interviews in 17 firms. It seems that BSCs
are primarily employed in two varied manners. The first handles management by objectives. The second is to
employ BSCs solely as an information system. Furthermore, the current inferences recommend that the
construct of correlating procedures together depending on a presumed reason-and-impact associations was not
properly comprehended by the initial users of BSCs. The supply-side forces appear to have a crucial function
while describing the reputation of BSCs. These inferences, in addition to the description of BSC, are explained
and constructs for additional studies are put forth
Keywords : Child Protection, Reasoning Errors, Social Issues, Child Abuse
Introduction:
In the past century neglect and abuse of
child have been identified as leading social
issues. The public have become interested
about securing children at hazards. Their
interest has been intensified by tragic and
publicize children deaths highly at their
parent’s hands. Inquiries have been held into
suspected child sexual abuse cases where it
appears that professionals were eliminating
children too readily and affecting severe
trauma to families (Department of Health,
1988 and Scottish Office, 1992). Complete
accuracy is an unreal anticipation but in
certain cases it seems that on the proof
accessible professionals drew the incorrect
inferences and that the consequent distress
and tragedies could have been avoided.
Soon it became evident that the inquiries
were
generating
common
interests
of
services offered to family and child. Several
reports
recurrent
reviews
errors
sought
(DHSS,
to
recognize
1982
and
Department of Health, 1991a). Dingwall
(1986, p 489) comments on inquiries
findings repetitive character recommending
that these inquiries failing to make final
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influence on occupations everyday practice
defensible and a step by step conscious
and firms under scrutiny. In its second
method (Hammond, 1996, p 60). They are
inquiries review the Health department
always indicated as competitive kind of
mentions that there is no systematic
thought with people acquiring a view of
supervision to set up whether staffs are
partisan of their respective advantages.
learning from errors but that tragedies are
Analytic reasoning has the benefit of being
not existing and there is no proof of
explicit and clear about how it attains an
development (1991a, p 109). Children
inference. On the other side intuition is
continue to die and public inquiries continue
related
to be held at rate of more than one year. This
imagination but its critics charge it of being
research study initiated from premise that
obscurantist
the author would be good enough to devise
notions without clear justification. The
guidelines to develop practice if the author
intuition
perceives not only errors keep reoccurring
circumstances requiring a fast digest of
but what they perform so. Resources and
several
time are evident limitations on practice but
communications.
this study’s focus was on the processes of
controversy about which reasoning form is
reasoning of involved professionals. The
most proper in caring professions. Presently
study included inquiry reports content
those discussing for an analytic scientific
analysis over a 20 year time duration in a
process have been dominant but they have
framework derived from human reasoning’s
been
psychological study.
challenged by hose claiming that the rapport
In old centuries reasoning study two leading
kinds have been recognized commonly
namely intuitive and analytic. Analytic
reasoning is described as a logically
of
with
imagery,
and
irrational
strengths
factors
dominant
doctor
creativity
are
generating
shown
namely
There
but
patient
as
they
based
and
in
human
often
have
on
been
been
intuitive
understanding is a difficult healing element.
In the always heated discussions between
intuitive and analytic thinkers the two
processes
tend
to
be
presented
as
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competitors. In the work of child protection
to chose imperfect but simpler ways of
the two kinds of reasoning are visible easily.
reasoning. They create norms that decrease
Several professionals particularly social
critical tasks of judgment to easier ones by
workers depend heavily in skills of intuition
limiting the number of data they regard.
in practice (Farmer and Owen, 1995,
These norms are better enough in everyday
Thorpe, 1994, Parsloe and Stevenson, 1978).
situations but in certain situations they lead
Efforts to develop practice tend to acquire
to persistent and large biases with severe
an analytic kind for instance the growth of
suggestions
risk assessment guidelines, instruments and
(Kahneman, Slovic and Tversky, 1990, p
checklists. There is a big psychological
464). This study investigated the hypothesis
research body that describes the intuitive
that numerous recurrent errors contributing
skills defects. Kleinmuntz and Schkade
to tragic results are due to bias implemented
(1993) summarizing the observations infer
by using reasoning’s everyday habits in
research’s two decades have emphasized the
reviewing and assessing cases.
for
decision
making
defects of decision making processes and
human judgment. In making judgments
everyday people acquire mental shortcuts. If
they were rational perfectly they would
regard entire proof carefully before attaining
an inference as professionals are desired to
perform in practice guidelines for work of
child protection. Usually people chose to
predict ways of simplifying reasoning by
acquiring shortcuts risking a greater error
level. In psychology research has revealed
that people are not rational thinkers who
have lapses occasionally. Instead they tend
Objective:
Repeated enquiries of public into tragedies
of child abuse in Britain describe the public
concern level about the services configured
to secure children. These inquiries recognize
mistakes in practice of professionals but the
differences in their observations represent
that they are having inadequate influence on
developing practice. This study is based on
the hypotheses that the repeated mistakes
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may be definable as instances of typical
the new data assisted the existing family
mistakes of human reasoning recognized by
view. A major issue was that professionals
psychological research.
were gradual to revise their judgments
despite a mounting body of proof against
Methods:
them.
The sample consists of entire inquiry reports
of child abuse issued in Britain between
Conclusions:
1973 and 1994. Using a content examination
In professional reasoning errors in work of
and
from
child protection are not unexpected but
psychological study in reasoning a study
predictable on research basis on how people
was made of reasoning of professionals
simplify
included and the inquiries findings.
intuitively in making composite judgments.
a
framework
derived
the
processes
of
reasoning
These mistakes can be decreased if people
Results:
are aware of them and strive to avoid them
It was predicted that assessments based on
consciously. Support to reasoning required
professionals of risk on a wide number of
to be evolved and identify the intuitive
proof. It was based towards the data
reasoning leading role but provide methods
accessible to them readily overlooking
for verifying intuitive judgments much
essential
systematically and rigidly.
information
professionals.
The
known
extent
to
was
other
biased
towards much memorable information that
Methodology:
is towards proof that was concrete, vivid,
The study investigated entire inquiry reports
emerging emotion and either the last or first
of child abuse issued in Britain between
data acquired. The proof was always faulty
1973 and 1994 a total of 45 reports. One
to dishonest or biased errors or reporting in
other report (Humberside Child Protection
interaction. An analytic attitude to proof was
Committee, 1990) was excluded because
predicted to correlate with whether or not
only the inferences were made public and
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these consistent inadequate details for any
extent as most of the major decisions were
examination of practice of professionals.
multi professional.
The reports content analysis was undertaken
in
which
criticisms
of
inquiries
of
Discussions:
professional practice were categorized and
Inquiries are a biased practice sample since
recognized according to the kind of mistake
they concentrate on cases with a tragic
mentioned. A record was comprised of
results. However there are better grounds for
professionals
regarding
involved.
A
qualitative
them
to
be
representative.
to
Professionals who have read them have
facilitate manipulation of data in terms of
usually agreed them as capable and typical
counting every criticism frequency and
of providing lessons for others. No powerful
examining the contexts in which they
efforts have been made to order them as
existed. One restriction of the analysis was
instances of poor practice unusually. There
that documents were not ready for this
are other observed practice studies that
research study specifically. They share a
confirm the practice picture depicted in the
common target of attempting to describe
reports (Social Services Inspectorate, 1993;
why the tragedy existed but they differ in
Corby, 1996). Farmer and Owen’s (1995)
size from little pamphlets to considerable
study assists the professionals slowness
books. Therefore they differ highly in the
findings in revising assessments of risk. In a
number of detail they involve and in their
study of 120 case conferences they predicted
coverage of problems of interests to perform
that initial assessment and case management
this research study. This influences the
patterns were not re-appraised critically but
analysis precision. The social workers
endorsed at consequent reviews generally
practice acquired most of the attention in
even when it was deficient (Farmer and
inquiries because of their major role in
Owen, 1995, p 258). This study assists the
protection of child but other professionals
observations on what proof is utilized. A
contributions were enclosed to different
focus on present was evident at case
software
programme
was
utilized
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conferences. Present data acquired from
current vivid data from interviews was
social
examination
remembered. Hence social worker who has
dominated conferences. The emphasis was
formed a better view of a family is much
not on past evolution but on giving brief
probable
verbal accounts of what appeared at this
skepticism abuse. Present events occur much
stage, what members of family had said and
readily than past ones and this is described
how they reacted to examination. The
in the way professionals become absorbed in
analysis findings of inquiry reports grant
issues of present day and fails to withdraw
with
psychological
and place present events into a bigger term
research. In child protection professionals
family assessment. This bias can be strong
are not uncommon in owning onto views
in preserving the present risk assessment by
despite comparative proof. The observations
obscuring the behavior pattern or frequency
on the kind of data that was used under are
with which little events are happening.
what
These observations recommend that one
work
human
would
psychological
and
police
reasoning’s
be
study.
anticipated
The
from
Kahneman
way of
to
treat
new
developing
allegation
practice
of
of
child
psychologist explains social world as always
protection is to conceive strategies that
informative enormously (Kahneman et al,
offset the errors and biases to which
1990) and professionals with heavy loads of
reasoning
case and restricted time can feel immensed
Hammond’s
easily by the extent of essential details to
intuitive/analytic
regard when assessing a family.
components are required to add intuitive
Facts are memorable if they are concrete,
vivid and emerge emotion and this fits this
study findings namely the dull abstract
material in case records, research studies,
reports and letters was overlooked while the
of
human
(1996)
is
unsafe.
framework
continuum
of
In
an
analytic
skills and shift reasoning practice along the
continuum towards end of intuition. It is
impractical to regard that the author could
remove the element of intuition. The
statistical issues of finding rare incidents
integrated with restricted predictive factors
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knowledge for mean of abuse that any
important in enhancing access to essential
instrument used in a usual way will generate
information about the past history of family
greater
their developing conduct patterns, parenting
inaccuracy
level
unacceptably.
Browne evaluated that on existing risk
record
factors knowledge if the author screen
Another major issue to resolve is developing
10000 children in usual population the
ability of practitioners to alter their minds
author would miss 7 cases of high risk
besides developing the extent of proof used.
recognize 33 and recognize anther 1000
For professionals one strategy suggested by
population falsely and 195 families as
psychologists is to think that they are
greater risks (Brownie and Saqi, 1988).
acquiring the converse view point and to
Memory is a major factor in generating bias
imagine of reasons why their penalty might
in the proof used in making judgments.
be
Strategies are required to compensate for the
essentially is a difficult activity not only
way certain data are far much retrieved
mentally intellectually but also emotionally.
easily than others. Vivid data details are
Practitioners evolve close rapport with their
imagined
charged
clients. The decisions and judgments in
emotionally and spring to mind much
work of child protection have leading
readily than by gone abstract, statistical or
repercussions on lives of those included.
pallid. In work of child protection this
Case conferences have essential functions in
means written records, past history, reseach
exchange of data and as a source of security
observations and abstract theory tend to be
and strength for professionals (Hallett and
under used compared with present always
Birchall, 1992) but it may be impractical to
charged emotionally, factual data acquired
anticipate them to offer the setting for
in interviews. Present strategies to help
critical review.
easily,
concrete,
practitioners usually include guidelines and
checklists that provide equal emphasis to
entire information areas. Better records are
or
essential
incorrect.
Conclusion:
behavior
Reviewing
changes.
judgments
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Identifying child abuse and assessing risk
mention the areas which professionals failed
and neglect are critical activities. Mistakes
to notice. The other prominent human
of any type have difficult consequences for
reasoning weakness is a reluctance to alter
parents and their children whether a child is
mind of an individual. The judgments of
left in a severe house or families are
professionals must be considered as valuable
categorized unimportantly. Certain errors
but fallible required to be handled as
are inevitable because they are due to their
hypotheses needing further testing. Given
restricted knowledge. Others emerging from
the ingenuity of people’s ways of owning on
mistakes in human reasoning are avoidable.
to trust, supervisors and practitioners face an
This inquiry analysis reports describes that
analytic task in developing a much critical
these
but
attitude. However given the significance of
predictable on research basis in psychology
accuracy in work of child protection in
about how people simplify the processes of
human suffering terms it is a challenge that
reasoning in making composite judgments.
required to be faced.
mistakes
are
not
random
Mistakes can be decreased if people are
aware of them and strive to avoid them
consciously. The challenge is to devise
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