Science 3rd Nine Weeks Grade 8 Introduction In 2014, the Shelby County Schools Board of Education adopted a set of ambitious, yet attainable goals for school and student performance. The District is committed to these goals, as further described in our strategic plan, Destination 2025. By 2025, 80% of our students will graduate from high school college or career ready 90% of students will graduate on time 100% of our students who graduate college or career ready will enroll in a post-secondary opportunity In order to achieve these ambitious goals, we must collectively work to provide our students with high-quality, College and Career Ready standards-aligned instruction. Acknowledging the need to develop competence in literacy and language as the foundation for all learning, Shelby County Schools developed the Comprehensive Literacy Improvement Plan (CLIP). The CLIP ensures a quality balanced literacy approach to instruction that results in high levels of literacy learning for all students across content areas. Destination 2025 and the CLIP establish common goals and expectations for student learning across schools. CLIP connections are evident throughout the science curriculum maps. The Tennessee State Standards provide a common set of expectations for what students will know and be able to do at the end of a grade. College and Career Ready Standards are rooted in the knowledge and skills students need to succeed in post-secondary study or careers. While the academic standards establish desired learning outcomes, the curriculum provides instructional planning designed to help students reach these outcomes. Educators will use this guide and the standards as a roadmap for curriculum and instruction. The sequence of learning is strategically positioned so that necessary foundational skills are spiraled in order to facilitate student mastery of the standards. Our collective goal is to ensure our students graduate ready for college and career. The standards for science practice describe varieties of expertise that science educators at all levels should seek to develop in their students. These practices rest on important “processes and proficiencies” with longstanding importance in science education. The Science Framework emphasizes process standards of which include planning investigations, using models, asking questions and communicating information. *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. SCS 2015-2016 1 of 12 Science Construct explanations and design solution Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information Engage in argument 3rd Nine Weeks Grade 8 Ask questions and define problems Patterns Develop and use models Practices in Science Use math, technology, and computational thinking Stability and change Plan and carry out investigations Cross Cutting Concepts Cause and Effect Analyze and interpret data Energy and matter Systems and system models Crosscutting concepts have value because they provide students with connections and intellectual tools that are related across the differing areas of disciplinary content and can enrich their application of practices and their understanding of core ideas. Throughout the year, students should continue to develop proficiency with the eight science practices. Crosscutting concepts can help students better understand core ideas in science and engineering. When students encounter new phenomena, whether in a science lab, field trip, or on their own, they need mental tools to help engage in and come to understand the phenomena from a scientific point of view. Familiarity with crosscutting concepts can provide that perspective. A next step might be to simplify the phenomenon by thinking of it as a system and modeling its components and how they interact. In some cases it would be useful to study how energy and matter flow through the system, or to study how structure affects function (or malfunction). These preliminary studies may suggest explanations for the phenomena, which could be checked by predicting patterns that might emerge if the explanation is correct, and matching those predictions with those observed in the real world. *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. SCS 2015-2016 2 of 12 Science 3rd Nine Weeks Grade 8 Science Curriculum Maps This curriculum map is designed to help teachers make effective decisions about what science content to teach so that, our students will reach Destination 2025. To reach our collective student achievement goals, we know that teachers must change their instructional practice in alignment with the three College and Career Ready shifts in instruction for science. To ensure that all student will be taught science content and processes in a comprehensive, consistent, and coherent manner, Science Curriculum Maps are provided. Foundation texts for the maps include Shelby County Schools Framework for Standards Based Curriculum, Science Curriculum Frameworks-K-12 (State of Tennessee Board of Education, and National Science Education Standards). Teachers function most effectively and students learn best within an “aligned” curriculum delivery system. An aligned system begins with a concerted effort to implement the state curriculum frameworks. Many districts have developed curriculum guides built around these frameworks to ensure that what is taught in particular grades and courses is closely linked with student Learning Expectations found in the state standards. Classroom teachers use these locally-generated curriculum guides to plan and implement their individual grade or course Pacing Guides. Expectations for student performance are clear and carefully tied to daily instructional events and classroom assessment practices. In theory, a fully aligned system closes the loop between state standards and student learning. Additionally, a coherent instructional/assessment system offers the potential for heightening student learning as reflected by their performance on state-mandated standardized tests. Our collective goal is to ensure our students graduate ready for college and career. Most of the elements found in the state Curriculum Frameworks were incorporated into the curriculum mapping materials prepared by Shelby County Schools. Additional features were included to add clarity and to offer avenues that could assist teacher in developing grade level lessons. A district-wide, K-12, standards-based curriculum is implemented in science. This curriculum is articulated in the form of individual SCS curriculum maps for each grade and subject. These SCS curriculum maps enable the district to implement a single curriculum that emphasizes specific standards. Since Shelby County has a high rate of mobility among the student population, the SCS curriculum maps ensure that all students receive the same program of high-level instructional content and academic expectations, regardless of which school they attend. The utilization of a district-wide standards-based curricular program ensures that students in SCS are engaged in hands-on inquiry based activities as teachers implement the curriculum maps. *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. SCS 2015-2016 3 of 12 Science State Standards 3rd Nine Weeks Embedded Standards Grade 8 Learning Outcomes Resources CLIP Connections Tennessee Holt Science and Technology TE, Chapter 14, section 2: Acids and Bases and pH, section 3: Solutions of Acids and Bases, p. 368-377. Academic vocabulary: acid, indicator, base, neutralization reaction, pH, salt, hydronium ion Unit 3.1 Acids and Bases, 3 weeks GLE 0807.9.2 Explain that matter has properties that are determined by the structure and arrangement of its atoms. GLE 0807.9.9 Explain the basic difference between acids and bases. GLE 0807.Inq.1 Design and conduct open-ended scientific investigations. GLE 0807.Inq.2 Use appropriate tools and techniques to gather, organize, analyze, and interpret data. GLE 0807.Inq.3 Synthesize information to determine cause and effect relationships between evidence and explanations. GLE 0807.Inq.5 Communicate scientific understanding using descriptions, explanations, and models. Create a classification system for common household substances by observing reactions with an indicator. Classify common substances as acid, base, or neutral by observing reactions with an indicator. Compare and contrast the properties and uses of acids and bases. Use the pH scale to compare the strengths of a variety of acids and bases. Design an experiment to determine what happens when an acid is mixed with a base. Construct a word equation for a neutralization reaction. Glencoe Science Tennessee Science Grade 8 Chapter 11 Section 3: Acidic and Basic Solutions p. 322-329. Science Teacher’s Activity A Day Cabbage juice Indicator pg.16 NGSS Practice 3: Planning and carrying out investigation. NGSS Practice 4: Analyzing and interpreting data. NGSS Practice 8: Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information. Reading: Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. Writing: Use precise language and domain- specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic Task: Research the use of acids to flavor and preserve foods from different cultures. Present the findings to class. Discuss what types of evidence supports your claim. *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. SCS 2015-2016 4 of 12 Science State Standards 3rd Nine Weeks Embedded Standards Grade 8 Learning Outcomes Resources CLIP Connections Task: Write a persuasive essay on how a company can handle an acid spill on the factory floor. Task: Create a poem on acids and bases. Provide students with a rubric to critique each other’s work Unit 3.2 Adapting to the Environment, 4 weeks GLE 0807.5.4 Explain why variation within a population can enhance the chances for group survival. GLE 0807.Inq.2 Use appropriate tools and techniques to gather, organize, analyze, and interpret data. GLE 0807.5.3 Analyze how structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations within a population enable it to survive in a given environment. GLE 0807.Inq.3 Synthesize information to determine cause and effect relationships between evidence and explanations. GLE 0807.5.6 Investigate fossils in sedimentary rock layers to gather evidence of changing life forms. GLE 0807.5.5 Describe the importance of maintaining the earth’s biodiversity. GLE 0807.Inq.4 Recognize possible sources of bias and error, alternative explanations, and questions for further exploration. GLE 0807.Inq.5 Communicate scientific understanding using descriptions, explanations, and models. *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. Make inferences about the habitat of an organism from information about structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations. Evaluate the survival value of an adaptation by analyzing data from experiments or simulations. Investigate fossils in sedimentary rocks to gather evidence of changing life forms. Predict ability of an organism to survive under different environmental conditions. Summarize how genetic variation, natural selection, and adaptations combine to enhance Holt Science and Technology TE: Ch. 13 Section 1: Forming New Substances and Section 2: Chemical Formulas and Equations and Section 3: Types of Chemical Reactions and Section 4: Energy and Rates of Chemical Reactions p. 332-353 Glencoe Tennessee Science 8’ Chapter 10 Section 1: Chemical Formulas and Equations p. 278-289 and Section 2: Rates of Chemical Reactions p. 290-305. Tennessee Holt Science and Technology TE Chapter 4 -sections 2:How Do Population Changes Happen and Section 3: Natural Selection in Action p. 108-117 Chapter 3 - section 4:Adaptations and Survival p.84-89 Academic vocabulary: chemical equation, chemical formula, reactant, product, acid, base, endothermic, exothermic, compound NGSS Practice 2: Developing and using models NGSS Practice 5: Using mathematics and computational thinking Academic vocabulary: trait, selective breeding, natural selection, generation time, speciation, adaptation, relative age, species, variation NGSS Practice 4: Analyzing and interpreting data NGSS Practice 6: Constructing SCS 2015-2016 5 of 12 Science State Standards 3rd Nine Weeks Embedded Standards GLE 0607.T/E.3 Compare the intended benefits with the unintended consequences of a new technology. Grade 8 Learning Outcomes Resources the chances for group survival. Assess the importance of maintaining the earth’s diversity. Use print and electronic resources to research the effect of a catastrophic event, selective pressures, or human activities on the biodiversity of a biome. Chapter 5 - section 1:Geological History and Section 2: Looking at Fossils p.126-139 Chapter 6 - section 2: Environmental Solutions p.162169 Glencoe Science Tennessee Science Grade 8 Chapter 2 p.3863 and Chapter 3 p.64-97. Science Teacher’s Activity a Day Life as a Peppered moth pg. 103 Pink Palace Museum Field Trips Exhibits: Adaptations and MidSouth Mammals Labs: Journey to the Poles, Humpback Whales CTI Theater: Walking with Dinosaurs 3D, Humpback Whales 3D, Flight of the Butterflies 3D For the classroom: Suitcase *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. CLIP Connections explanations (for science) and designing solutions (for engineering) NGSS Practice 7: Engaging in argument from evidence Mathematics: Investigate chance processes and develop, use, and evaluate probability models. Writing: Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. Writing: Support claims with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of the topic or text, using credible sources. Task: Draw a family tree that deals with evolution and describe how the changes occur over time. Task: Make a concept map that shows how raccoons, pandas, and polar bears are related to a SCS 2015-2016 6 of 12 Science State Standards 3rd Nine Weeks Embedded Standards Grade 8 Learning Outcomes Resources exhibits: Skulls/Predator & Prey Passports: Weddell Seals CLIP Connections common ancestor. Provide explanations on their connections. LNC Nature Center Field Trips: Exhibits: Adaptations, Backyard Wildlife Center Programs: Biowild! Habitat Detectives, Exploring Nature y our Way Task: Create a visual display that represents your habitat. Describe the processes of your design. Discuss how you would redesign it. On or Off Site: Nature2U (11 topics) Coon Creek Science Center Field Trips Field Excursions: Can you Dig It? Intro to Coon Creek, Exploring Coon Creek: Field Paleontology Unit 3.3 Classification, 2 weeks GLE 0807.5.1 Identify various GLE 0807.Inq.3 Synthesize criteria used to classify organisms information to determine cause into groups. and effect relationships between evidence and explanations. GLE 0807.5.2 Use a simple classification key to identify a specific organism. GLE 0807.Inq.5 Communicate scientific understanding using *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. Justify groupings of selected organisms (or information/photo cards of organisms) by identifying the sorting criteria. Use print and electronic resources to identify the criteria used for biological classification of selected organisms. Tennessee Holt Science and Technology TE, Chapter 2 section 1: Sorting It All Out and Section 2: Domains and Kingdoms p. 46-59 Glencoe Science Tennessee Science Grade 8 Chapter 1 p.637. Academic vocabulary: classification, organism, cell, kingdom, genus, binomial nomenclature, taxonomy, dichotomous key, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia NGSS Practice 2: Developing and using models SCS 2015-2016 7 of 12 Science State Standards 3rd Nine Weeks Embedded Standards descriptions, explanations, and models. Learning Outcomes Construct a classification key to identify a selected group of organisms. Use a classification key to identify an unknown organism. Infer how classification systems and keys are useful to biologists. Grade 8 Resources Science Activity a Day Taxonomic categories: Addressing Classification pg. 129 Pink Palace Museum Field Trips Exhibits: Adaptations CLIP Connections NGSS Practice 7: Engaging in argument from evidence Writing: Support claims with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of the topic or text, using credible sources. Task: Determine what problem solving techniques a scientist would need in order to discover how dolphins learn. Task: Find magazine pictures of ferns and flowering plants that grow in North America. Use resources books to identify the plants. Create a visual and label the pictures. *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. SCS 2015-2016 8 of 12 Science 3rd Nine Weeks Grade 8 TOOLBOX Unit 3.1 Acids and Bases, 3 weeks Unit 3.1 Acids and Bases Plans Students see a demonstration of a color change using universal pH indicator. Students change the concentrations of an acid and a base and use universal indicator to test the pH of the resulting solutions. Students see an animation showing that water molecules interact and separate into the H3O+ ion and the OH− ion. Students see that the pH of a solution is related to the concentration of these ions in water. This lesson plan is available at http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/lessonplans/chapter6/lesson8 Students use citric acid and sodium carbonate solutions to see that adding a base to an acidic solution makes the solution less acidic. Students then use a base to help them identify which of two acidic solutions is more concentrated. This lesson plan is available at http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/lessonplans/chapter6/lesson9 Unit 3.1 Aids and Bases Background for Teachers Unit 3.1 Acids and Bases A one-page summary defining acids and bases is available at http://www.acidsandbases.org/ A more complete explanation of the properties and reactions of acids and bases is available at http://www.chemtutor.com/acid.htm Student friendly background information about acids and bases http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_acidbase.html Directions for a lab investigation into the properties of acids and bases using cabbage juice indicator is available at http://www.inquiryinaction.org/classroomactivities/activity.php?id=27 In this activity, students will use their knowledge of color changes with red cabbage indicator to neutralize an acidic solution with a base and then neutralize a basic solution with an acid. Find directions for this lab at http://www.inquiryinaction.org/classroomactivities/activity.php?id=28 A hands-on activity that relates acid-base chemistry to engineering is described at http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=collection/cub_/activities/cub_air/cub_air_lesson06_activity1.xml Student Activities A virtual acids and bases activity where the student clicks a test tube and the avatar sticks pH paper in the test tube and it changes color. The student should compare the color of the indicator strip to the pH scale across the top of the screen and then use clues to infer which substance is in the test tube. http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/acids/ Study Jam Video on acid and bases http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/matter/acids-and-bases.htm Students are given a list of notes to place in the acids and bases Venn diagram. http://www.leydenscience.org/pswp2/Gen%20Fun/Unit%208%20&%209/Acids%20and%20Bases%20VENN%20Diagram.pdf *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. SCS 2015-2016 9 of 12 Science 3rd Nine Weeks Grade 8 TOOLBOX Unit 3.1 Acids and Bases Other Resources An online game in which students use their knowledge of acids and bases to manage a juice bar for a variety of alien customers can be played at http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/kidsite/portfolio/alien-juice-bar/ Link for Alien Juice Bar activity handout http://www.reitzmemorial.org/Downloads/alienjuicebar.pdf This webpage host an interactive Java Applet simulation that allows the student to test the pH of things like coffee, spit, and soap to determine whether each is acidic, basic, or neutral. Also it helps the student user to visualize the relative number of hydroxide ions and hydronium ions in solution. The user is able to switch between logarithmic and linear scales. This website’s applet will give students a simulated, visual learning experience they might otherwise not be able to engage in due to time restraints or lack of material. http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/ph-scale McGraw-Hill Brain Pop Video and Quiz for Acids and Bases http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078617650/164037/00053406.html A virtual lab where students can use pH paper to test the pH of 12 common solutions. Students complete a data table and journal questions. The lab answers the question, "What is the pH of common solutions?" This is a good virtual lab to pair with a hands-on one to clear misconceptions or reinforce concepts. http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/E22/E22.html The GEMS module Of Cabbages and Chemistry contains a series of engaging lessons in which students explore acids and bases using red cabbage juice as an indicator. Students discover acids and bases through their own experiments and interpretations. The Teacher’s Guide (about $25) containing this unit plan is available from Lawrence Hall of Science http://www.lhsgems.org/GEM195.html and the guide with a complete kit of materials (about $380) is available from Carolina. Of Cabbage and Chemistry Kit. P. 111 Unit 3.2 Adapting to the Environment, 4 weeks Unit 3.2 Adapting to the Environment Plans A free lesson plan from Biology Alliance about natural selection http://www.nku.edu/~bowlingb2/NaturalSelection.html. Exploring Environmental Issues: Biodiversity was developed by Project Learning Tree in partnership with the World Wildlife Fund. Students learn that decisions about growth and development, energy use and water quality, and even human health, all rest to some extent on perspectives about biodiversity. This module can be downloaded at no cost. http://www.plt.org/biodiversityhttp://www.plt.org/biodiversity This online simulation allows students to manipulate factors that influence species survival (adaptation, overproduction, variation, and competition). http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/natural-selection. This is a complete lesson. Your computer must meet minimal requirements. The videos included are links to YouTube. *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. SCS 2015-2016 10 of 12 Science 3rd Nine Weeks Grade 8 TOOLBOX Unit 3.2 Adapting to the Environment Background for Teachers Unit 3.2 Adapting to the Environment Student Activities A simple explanation of natural selection, genetic variations, and adaptations is available at http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_14. Use the links on the left side of the page. A more complex explanation of the Theory of Natural Selection http://www.biology-online.org/2/10_natural_selection.htm A quick explanation of the types of adaptations is available at “How Stuff Works” - http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/biology-terms/adaptation-info.htm Another summary about adaptations http://www.biologyreference.com/A-Ar/Adaptation.html. A one page summary about biodiversity http://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Conservation/Biodiversity.aspx In this lab, you will simulate how predators locate prey in different environments. You will analyze how color affects and organism's ability to survive in certain environments. http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/peppermoth_paper.html. In this hands-on activity, students become the subjects in a demonstration of natural selection. Students select candies from a bowl and have an opportunity to think about what traits brought about the “survival” of some candies. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/lessons/candy_dish.html. This is a natural selection simulation. In this activity students demonstrate how natural selection operates, using different colored paper chips to represent prey and a piece of fabric as a background (the environment). The predator (student) will hunt (select chips) to show that the best adapted, by color, are NOT chosen, and others which are poorly adapted (by standing out) ARE chosen (removed).http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/ns.chips.html. Peppered Moth Virtual Simulation. This peppered moth activity allows for both content review and conceptual exploration of the process of natural selection. This site provides an explanation of the moth life cycle, the industrial revolutions effect, and the scientific theories and explanations of peppered moths. The best part is a game/lab that allows students to play the role of a bird and hunt moths. The students become a part of the natural selection process thus allowing them to gain a better understanding of the process. http://peppermoths.weebly.com/ http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/pepperedmoth.html In this activity students will use fictitious creatures to simulate the process of natural selection. The tutorial explains how Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection drives heritable traits in a population. When begin the game you will have to choose three creatures to start your population. Students will determine high biodiversity helps a species survive. http://www.sciencechannel.com/games-and-interactives/charles-darwin-game.htm Readworks.org articles about Natural Selection and survival: Lexile 1110 http://www.readworks.org/passages/naturally-selected-survive Readworks.org article about Wetlands and Habitat Loss: Lexile 1220 http://www.readworks.org/passages/wetlands-and-habitat-loss http://www.readworks.org/passages/changes-biodiversity This website has multiple activities that help students to identify animal adaptations. http://interactivesites.weebly.com/animal-adaptations.html . *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. SCS 2015-2016 11 of 12 Science 3rd Nine Weeks Grade 8 TOOLBOX Unit 3.2 Adapting to the Environment Other Resources Unit 3.3 Classification Plans Background for Teachers Other Resources Ihttp://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/beansbirds.php http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/ecosystems/biomes.htm population growth http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/ecosystems/population-growth.htm Evolution Primer #4: How Does Evolution Really Work? This video explains how the process of natural selection operates in populations of rainforest hummingbirds in fewer than 7 minutes. This video can be accessed through your Gaggle Tube or downloaded from You Tube. http://keepvid.com/?url=www.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrltZfejDVuw Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation HHMI provides an explanation of the rock pocket mouse as a living example of Darwin’s process of natural selection. The video is about 9 minutes and can be accessed through your Gaggle Tube or downloaded from You Tube or the following site, which has other related resources http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-and-adaptation. Lesson Plan on Animal Classification using Discovery Education. http://www.discoveryeducation.com/teachers/free-lesson-plans/animal-classification.cfm The Open Door website is maintained by science teachers and it includes information for science educators about Groups of Animals: http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0002.html Website has good information about Taxonomy and Classification (missing Domain) http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDivers_class.html Encyclopedia of Life has pictures, articles, maps, information about the species of life on Earth http://eol.org/info/discover_articles. The article, “What is Biological Classification?” has extensive information about this subject at this link http://eol.org/info/taxonomy_phylogenetics This is a fun activity for practicing using a dichotomous key using common household/classroom stuff. http://sciencespot.net/Media/sillysci.pdf In this activity, http://bowenpeters.weebly.com/uploads/8/1/1/9/8119969/dichotomous_key_snack_copy.pdf students complete two activities. In the first activity, students use the Creature Identification Key to identify 12 aliens. In the second activity, students pretend to be the aliens and write the dichotomous key that identifies earthly animals. This site has multiple activities to assist students with the classifying organisms. Students have multiple games that identify the different characteristics of the classification system. http://interactivesites.weebly.com/animal-classification.html This is a SMARTboard lesson about classifying plants. Links to videos and activities are available on this website http://www.brighthubeducation.com/middleschool-science-lessons/92920-smart-board-lesson-on-plant-classification/. Website that allows students to work in groups or by themselves to learn more about classification and dichotomous keys. http://ww2.mdsg.umd.edu/interactive_lessons/key/ Education Portal's video "Taxonomy: Classification and Naming of Living Things" gives an overview of taxonomy and explains the hierarchical system of classification. *The TOOLBOX contains additional resources for each unit. SCS 2015-2016 12 of 12