Evolution & Classification Test Chap 14-17
True/False (1 point each)
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____
1. Radiometric dating is not possible on rocks that contain fossils since the radioactive isotopes that could be
used are found only in igneous or metamorphic rock.
____
2. Miller and Urey constructed a chamber containing the hypothetical atmosphere of early Earth, input energy in
the form of a spark, and the chamber produced simple prokaryotic cells.
____
3. The purpose of the covered flask in Francesco Redi’s 1668 experiment was to trap flies inside the flask with
the meat.
____
4. The fact that experiments mimicking conditions on early Earth create organic molecules but not living cells
disproves Oparin’s primordial soup hypothesis.
____
5. It is difficult to infer details about the behavior of extinct animals, but in this effort, trace fossils are more
helpful than fossils preserved in amber.
____
6. In the sequence of hypothesized events leading to the evolution of eukaryotes, prokaryotes appeared first.
____
7. A vestigial structure in one organism can be defined as a reduced form of a functional structure in another
organism.
____
8. Darwin developed his theory of evolution exclusively from his work on the Galapagos Islands.
____
9. Homologous structures indicate a shared ancestry, while vestigial structures do not.
____ 10. Strepsirrhines are restricted to South and Central America.
____ 11. Anthropoids include both New World and Old World monkeys.
____ 12. Scientists concluded that early humans probably reached Australia by walking across a land bridge.
____ 13. Evidence of arthritis or healed fractures on a Neanderthal skeleton indicates that the individual had to struggle
to survive.
____ 14. Aristotle recognized that species evolve over time.
____ 15. A taxonomic class contains related orders.
____ 16. Characters are inherited biochemical features.
____ 17. When a population becomes geographically isolated from other members of the species, it often evolves
different adaptations from the rest of the species.
____ 18. The branches of a cladogram indicate known ancestry.
____ 19. The virus that causes the common cold is a member of Kingdom Bacteria.
____ 20. Plants are predominantly autotrophic, with some heterotrophic exceptions.
Multiple Choice (2 points each)
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 21. While looking for fossils on an eroded hillside, you discover fossil coral and fish in one layer. In a layer just
above, you find the fossil imprint of a fern frond and some fossil moss. Assuming the rock has not been
disturbed, which of the following is the most probable conclusion?
a. The area had been a sea until recent times.
b. A forest had once grown there but had become submerged by water.
c. In ancient times a sea had been replaced by land.
d. A saltwater sea had changed to a freshwater lake long ago.
Figure 14-1
____ 22. According to Figure 14-1, what was the earliest form of multicellular life on Earth?
a. fish
c. land plants
b. invertebrates
d. reptiles
____ 23. According to Figure 14-1, the correct chronological order of organisms as they developed are _____.
a. birds, dinosaurs, jawed fish, prokaryotes
b. dinosaurs, jawed fish, birds, prokaryotes
c. jawed fish, dinosaurs, prokaryotes, birds
d. prokaryotes, jawed fish, dinosaurs, birds
____ 24. Which is the correct order of the typical sequence of events for fossilization?
a. The organism dies and is buried in sediment. / Sediments build up in layers so the
organism is surrounded. / Minerals replace harder structures like bone and shell. / Erosion
can expose buried fossils.
b. The organism dies and is buried in sediment. / Minerals replace harder structures like bone
and shell. / Sediments build up in layers so the organism is surrounded. / Erosion can
expose buried fossils.
c. Sediments build up in layers so the organism is surrounded. / The organism dies and is
buried in sediment. / Minerals replace harder structures like bone and shell. / Erosion can
expose buried fossils.
d. The organism dies and is buried in sediment. / Sediments build up in layers so the
organism is surrounded. / Erosion can expose buried fossils. / Minerals replace harder
structures like bone and shell.
____ 25. What is the difference between a cast fossil and a mold fossil?
a. They are two terms for the same kind of fossil.
b. A cast fossil is an impression in rock, but a mold fossil is an impression that was filled in
with minerals.
c. A mold fossil is an impression in rock, but a cast fossil is an impression that was filled in
with minerals.
d. A mold fossil is preserved original tissue, and a cast fossil is petrified.
____ 26. What assumption must be made to calculate an age using radiometic dating?
a. the rate of decay of the isotopes
b. the amount of the isotopes measured in the material
c. the age of the material being analyzed
d. the amount of the isotopes present in the material when it formed
____ 27. A researcher samples bat guano (droppings) that has built up in a 2-meter layer on the floor of a cave. At a
depth of 0.75 m, the analysis shows only 25% of the original amount of carbon-14 left. Recalling that the
half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years, how old is the guano at that level?
a. 5730 years
c. 11,460 years
b. 17,190 years
d. 22,000 years
____ 28. Imagine you are a paleontologist who finds a well-preserved dinosaur skeleton. Careful excavation of the site
reveals apparently undisturbed sediments and a thin layer of iridium 12 cm below the specimen. Infer the
significance of this find. Which option most closely corresponds to your conclusion?
a. The find is significant because the dinosaur skeleton is so well preserved.
b. The find is significant because it indicates that dinosaur bones may be a source of iridium.
c. The find is significant because it represents a dinosaur that lived after the Cretaceous
period.
d. The find is not very significant since well-preserved dinosaur skeletons are not particularly
rare.
____ 29. There is good evidence that a meteor hit Earth about 65 million years ago. Which of the following events that
scientists think were triggered by the impact could have caused the simultaneous global extinctions of
multiple species, including all the dinosaurs?
a. The meteor was large enough to trigger powerful earthquakes.
b. The impact itself triggered global tsunamis.
c. Volcanic eruptions were set off by the impact.
d. Atmospheric debris changed global climates for months or years.
____ 30. Which is an accurate statement of the differences between spontaneous generation and biogenesis?
a. Spontaneous generation is the idea that life can only come from life, while biogenesis is
the outdated notion that animals arise from nonliving elements of their environment.
b. Spontaneous generation and biogenesis are two names for the same principle concerning
the origin of life.
c. Spontaneous generation is the idea that life can come from nonliving components, while
biogenesis is the more modern concept that life can only arise from another living
organism.
d. The concept of spontaneous generation recognizes that species generate offspring when
environmental conditions are favorable, while biogenesis is the idea that life was created
in a single event and has been unchanged ever since.
____ 31. What was the essential experimental difference between the flasks in Pasteur’s demonstration of biogenesis?
a. the contact of the nutrient broth with air
b. the composition of the nutrient broth
c. the angle of tilt of the flasks
d. the contact of the broth with microorganisms
____ 32. Which option places the likely events in the origin of life in the correct order?
a. abiotic synthesis of amino acids and other organic molecules / synthesis of proteins /
development of a genetic code / evolution of cells
b. abiotic synthesis of amino acids and other organic molecules / synthesis of proteins /
evolution of cells / development of a genetic code
c. synthesis of proteins / abiotic synthesis of amino acids and other organic molecules /
development of a genetic code / evolution of cells
d. abiotic synthesis of amino acids and other organic molecules / development of a genetic
code / synthesis of proteins / evolution of cells
____ 33. What evidence is there that modern archaebacteria may be most like the hypothesized earliest cells on Earth?
a. Both archaebacteria and early cells share morphological similarities, including a
membrane-bound nucleus.
b. Photosynthesis allows both archaebacteria and the earliest cells to harness energy from the
Sun.
c. Archaebacteria thrive in extreme environments of intense heat or pressure, and
microfossils suggest early life forms lived in volcanic environments.
d. Archeabacteria can only survive in warm, shallow waters similar to the primordial seas in
which cells evolved on early Earth.
____ 34. Fossil evidence proves that cyanobacteria were thriving as long as 3.5 million years ago. Integrating this
evidence and your own knowledge of cyanobacteria, identify the most significant effect these organisms had
on the ecosystem of the planet as a whole.
a. Cyanobacteria extract energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, so they
could survive in places like hydrothermal vents at the ocean floor.
b. Cyanobacteria were among the first cells adapted as predators, so they spurred coevolution
among their prey in an early “arms race.”
c. Cyanobacteria were some of the first photosynthetic prokaryotes. The oxygen they
produced formed the protective ozone layer.
d. Cyanobacteria were the first eukaryotic cells. They harbored smaller prokaryotes that
evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts.
____ 35. Which of these is evidence for the endosymbiont theory?
a. Mitochondria and chloroplasts cannot live on their own outside a cell.
b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own circular DNA.
c. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by a membrane.
d. Mitochondria and chloroplasts both transform energy from one form to another.
____ 36. What implication does the endosymbiont theory have for phylogeny?
a. The origin of eukaryotes is much earlier than previously believed.
b. The phylogenetic tree includes places where the branches separate and come back
together.
c. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes had independent origins, so there are really two phylogenetic
trees.
d. It will be impossible to trace the phylogenetic relationships of eukaryotes.
____ 37. During phagocytosis of one cell by another, the larger cell engulfs the smaller cell by enclosing it in a part of
its plasma membrane which then pinches off so the cell is then within the larger cell. Given this may have
been the process that brought bacterial cells into the ancestors of eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts, what
structural characteristic might be expected in mitochondria and chloroplasts?
a. amoeboid locomotion
c. a double membrane
b. flagella or cilia
d. a nucleus
____ 38. Which is a reasonable description of the origin of a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell?
a. An early eukaryote phagocytized a smaller cell, which did not die but provided the cell
with energy.
b. An early eukaryote phagocytized a smaller cell, which did not die but used light to provide
the cell with sugar.
c. An early eukaryote phagocytized a smaller cell, which did not die but provided the cell
with energy. Later, that same cell or its descendents became host to a photosynthetic
prokaryote.
d. An early eukaryote had the ability to photosynthesize. It was parasitized by a smaller
photosynthetic prokaryote that provided the cell with additional sugar.
____ 39. Which evidence has suggested to some researchers that birds and dinosaurs may have evolved from a
common ancestor?
a. Fossil dinosaurs with feathers have been found.
b. Birds and dinosaurs have a fused collarbone.
c. Fossilized true birds have been found from the same time period as feathered dinosaurs.
d. Both dinosaurs and birds have clawed feet.
____ 40. What was the significance of the Cambrian explosion to the evolution of life on Earth?
a. It was a mass extinction during which nearly 90% of marine species were lost.
b. It was a rapid diversification of the ancestors of most major animal groups.
c. It was caused by tectonic instability, resulting in an eruption of multiple volcanoes.
d. It was the event in which life began, but no fossils survive and little is known.
____ 41. What does relative dating depend on to identify similarly aged rocks in different locations?
a. the kinds of fossils found in the rock
b. the radiometric age of the rocks
c. the mineral composition of the rock
d. the position of the rock layer
____ 42. What would you expect the half-life of the isotope used to date the age of Earth at 4.6 billion years to be?
a. 5730 years
c. 1,000,000 years
b. 100,000 years
d. 1,000,000,000 years
____ 43. Consider a fossil find containing dinosaur nests, broken eggshells, and embryos. The shells and bones appear
to have some original material and some mineralization. How would you classify it regarding fossil type?
a. trace
b. original material
c. permineralized
d. trace, replacement, and original material
____ 44. One hypothesis argues for a role of clay in the increasing complexity of organic molecules in the pre-life
Earth environment. What role does the hypothesis suggest?
a. acting as a cell membrane
b. assisting replication of molecules
c. filtering out key molecule components
d. stabilizing complex molecules
____ 45. Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of the target insects are
resistant to the usual-sized dose. What is the most likely explanation for this change in susceptibility to the
insecticide?
a. Eating the insecticide caused the insects to become more resistant to it.
b. Eating the insecticide caused the insects to become less resistant to it.
c. The pesticide destroyed organisms that cause disease in the insects, thus allowing them to
live longer.
d. The insects developed physiological adaptations to the insecticide.
____ 46. Which answer best shows an animal's adaptation to the tropical rain forest?
a. camouflage in a tree frog
c. an elephant's long trunk
b. the long neck of a giraffe
d. migration of birds in winter
____ 47. Which combination of characteristics in a population would provide the greatest potential for evolutionary
change?
a. small population, few mutations
c. large population, few mutations
b. small population, many mutations
d. large population, many mutations
____ 48. When investigating shell color of a species of snail found only in a remote area seldom visited by humans,
scientists discovered the distribution of individuals that is shown in the graph in Figure 15-1. Based on the
information shown in the graph, what form of selection is the snail population undergoing?
Figure 15-1
a. stabilizing selection
b. disruptive selection
c. artificial selection
d. directional selection
____ 49. What type of adaptation is shown in Figure 15-2?
Figure 15-2
a. mimicry
b. camouflage
c. artificial selection
d. homologous structure
____ 50. Which term best describes the structures shown in Figure 15-3?
Figure 15-3
a. homologous
b. heterologous
c. analogous
d. vestigial
Figure 15-4
____ 51. Which type of natural selection shown in Figure 15-4 would favor giraffes that need to reach the tallest
branches to eat?
a. A
c. C
b. B
d. D
____ 52. Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between natural selection and evolution?
a. Natural selection results from evolution.
b. Natural selection includes evolution as a part of it.
c. Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution.
d. Natural selection and evolution are the same thing.
____ 53. How do fossils demonstrate evidence of evolution?
a. They show that ancient species share similarities with species now on Earth.
b. They show evidence of species that are now extinct.
c. They are the primary source of evidence of natural selection.
d. Fossils reveal that many species have remained unchanged for millions of years.
____ 54. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of derived traits and ancestral traits?
a. Derived traits result from artificial selection; ancestral traits result from natural selection.
b. Derived traits appear in species; ancestral traits appear in genera or higher taxa.
c. Derived traits are primitive; ancestral traits are contemporary.
d. Derived traits are recent features; ancestral traits are more primitive features.
____ 55. Which of the following is the explanation of why bird wings and reptile forelegs are evidence of evolution?
a. Similar functions point to a common ancestor.
b. Analogous structures indicate a common ancestor.
c. Vestigial structures point to a common ancestor.
d. Homologous structures indicate a common ancestor.
____ 56. Superficially similar features molded by natural selection in very different species are classified as what kind
of structures?
a. vestigial
c. analogous
b. homologous
d. comparative
____ 57. According to Darwin, which of the following best explains why the mara is more similar to other South
American mammals than it is to the rabbit?
a. Its genotype is similar to the South American animals.
b. It shares amino-acid sequences with other South American animals.
c. It shares a closer ancestor with the South American animals.
d. Its geographic distribution indicates very little variation over time.
____ 58. Some features in organisms can be compared to spandrels in architecture in that, although they appear to have
a function, they are really just there because of the evolution of other structures. This analogy is used as an
argument for care in identifying what?
a. homologous structures in organisms
b. natural selection
c. vestigial structures in organisms
d. traits as adaptations
____ 59. When allelic frequencies remain unchanged, a population is in genetic equilibrium. This statement expresses
which of the following?
a. genetic drift
c. sympatric speciation
b. Hardy-Weinberg principle
d. prezygotic isolating mechanism
____ 60. A population diverges and becomes reproductively isolated. Which of the following is the best description of
that phenomenon?
a. speciation
b. bottleneck
c. postzygotic isolation
d. sexual selection
____ 61. What is the term describing the process that occurs when a species evolves into a new species without a
physical barrier separating populations?
a. adaptive radiation
c. sympatric speciation
b. coevolution
d. allopatric speciation
____ 62. If a species is suddenly introduced into a new habitat, what might occur?
a. habitat speciation
c. adaptive radiation
b. coevolution
d. selective speciation
____ 63. Which of the following is biochemical evidence for evolution?
a. Embryonic human hemoglobin is different from adult human hemoglobin.
b. Hemoglobin in humans can vary between different individuals.
c. Human hemoglobin is more similar to chimp hemoglobin than mouse hemoglobin.
d. Human hemoglobin is different than mouse hemoglobin.
____ 64. On the islands of Hawaii there are a group of about 30 species of highly variable, but closely related, species
of plant called silverswords. These species appear to be related to a small group of plants in North America.
What are the silverswords an example of?
a. mimicry
c. adaptive radiation
b. analogous structures
d. vestigial structures
____ 65. The major anatomical difference between hominins and the other apes is that the foramen magnum is ____ in
hominins.
a. less developed
c. thicker
b. located at the base of the skull
d. all of these
____ 66. Evidence that Homo erectus was more intelligent than its predecessors would include ____.
a. a small cranial capacity as indicated by their skeletal remains
b. involved messages they wrote on cave walls
c. signs of agriculture and tilled fields
d. tools such as hand axes that have been found near their fire pits
____ 67. Which factor may have played a large role in human evolution?
a. a geologic event that released much radiation into the environment, which in time resulted
in an increased mutation rate
b. climatic changes that caused existing primates to search for new food sources
c. flooding due to melting glaciers causing primates to seek refuge in the trees
d. massive grassland fires that caused existing primates to flee to the mountains
Figure 16-1
____ 68. According to Figure 16-1, which species shares the closest ancestor with humans?
a. A
c. C
b. B
d. D
____ 69. Where would orangutans fall in Figure 16-1?
a. between gorillas and chimpanzees
b. between gorillas and lemurs
c. above chimpanzees
d. between lemurs and gibbons
Figure 16-2
____ 70. Which characteristic of the skulls in figure 16-2 shows an increase in intelligence?
a. increased brain cavity size
c. smaller eye sockets
b. decreased teeth size
d. rounder jaw
____ 71. Which characteristic of the skulls in Figure 16-2 most impacts diet?
a. increased brain cavity size
c. smaller eye sockets
b. decreased teeth size
d. rounder jaw
____ 72. Primates have eyes that are situated close together on the front of the face. What is the functional result of this
anatomy?
a. acute distance vision
c. excellent depth perception
b. superior focus on nearby objects
d. improved night vision
____ 73. In which group would you classify primates that are small, often (but not always) nocturnal, with large eyes
and ears, and dependent on their sense of smell?
a. haplorhines
b. strepsirrhines
c. New World monkeys
d. anthropoids
____ 74. What function is a prehensile tail associated with?
a. tool use
c. tree living
b. fruit eating
d. courtship behavior
____ 75. Altiatlasius, an early fossil primate, most closely resembles which of the following animals?
a. gorilla
c. tree shrew
b. lemur
d. bushbaby
____ 76. What is the best description for the fossil primate Aegyptopithecus?
a. small, nocturnal insect eater with grasping hands and feet
b. the “dawn ape,” about the size of a domestic cat
c. a lemurlike primate with a very small brain
d. an early hominoid, possibly ancestral to humans
____ 77. How do hominoids and hominins differ?
a. Hominoids include only humans and their recent ancestors, while hominins include
humans plus anthropoids.
b. Hominoids include monkeys and apes, while hominins include only humans.
c. Hominoids include all nonmonkey anthropoids, while hominins include only humans and
their extinct relatives.
d. Hominoids include humans and their extinct ancestors, while hominins include all
nonmonkey anthropoids.
____ 78. The location of the foramen magnum in the Taung baby skull led anthropologist Raymond Dart to conclude
that it walked upright. Why did many scientists disagree?
a. It had a small brain, suggesting low intelligence.
b. It had hip structure consistent with quadrupedalism.
c. It had curved finger bones, suggesting an arboreal lifestyle.
d. It had knee joints quite different from those of humans.
____ 79. What features distinguish Australopithecus africanus from A. boseii and A. robustus, which are often
classified in the genus Paranthropus?
a. Australopithecus africanus walked upright, but members of the genus Paranthropus did
not.
b. Paranthropus walked upright, but members of the genus Australopithecus did not.
c. Paranthropus and Australopithecus africanus both walked upright, but Paranthropus had
a significantly larger brain.
d. Members of the genus Australopithecus africanus were slender but Paranthropus were
robust.
____ 80. In what significant way was Homo habilis different from all members of the genus Australopithecus?
a. Homo habilis had the first human nose, but nostrils of Australopithecus opened to the
front.
b. Homo habilis walked upright, unlike Australopithecus.
c. Homo habilis had a larger brain than any Australopithecus.
d. Only Homo habilis migrated to Asia and Europe.
____ 81. Analyze the following sequences. In which list are species arranged chronologically in the order of their
appearance on Earth from earliest to most recent?
a. Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, Australopithecus africanus
b. Australopithecus africanus, Homo ergaster, Homo habilis, Homo erectus
c. Homo habilis, Australopithecus africanus, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus
d. Australopithecus africanus, Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus
____ 82. Mitochondrial DNA from Africans was recently discovered to be more variable than mitochondrial DNA
from Europeans. Which of the following ideas is supported by this finding?
a. the Out-of-Africa hypothesis
b. the multiregional theory
c. the hominoid biogeography hypothesis
d. the ancestral neanderthal theory
____ 83. A 1 meter-tall hominin fossil with australopithecine-like body proportions was found on an Indonesian island
in association with stone tools. How was the hominin classified?
a. Australopithecus floresiensis
c. Homo ergaster
b. Homo floresiensis
d. Homo sapiens
____ 84. A large and heavily muscled hominin with a brain larger than that of modern humans went extinct about
30,000 years ago. How was this hominin classified?
a. Australopithecus africanus
c. Homo neanderthalensis
b. Paranthropus robustus
d. Homo erectus
____ 85. Which species are believed to have overlapped in time?
a. Homo ergaster and Homo neanderthalensis
b. Homo erectus and Homo floresiensis
c. Homo sapiens and Homo erectus
d. Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis
____ 86. Which statement best summarizes the “mitochondrial Eve” idea?
a. All people alive today are descended from one female Homo sapiens who lived in Africa
about 200,000 years ago.
b. All people alive today are descended from one female Homo erectus who lived in Africa
400,000 years ago.
c. All people alive today are descended from one female Homo neanderthalensis who lived
in Europe 300,000 years ago.
d. All people alive today are descended from one female Homo habilis who lived in Africa
1.4 million years ago.
____ 87. Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name of the Northern cardinal?
a. cardinalis cardinalis
c. cardinalis Cardinalis
b. Cardinalis cardinalis
d. Cardinalis Cardinalis
____ 88. Which of the following is a taxon of related phyla or divisions?
a. class
c. kingdom
b. domain
d. order
____ 89. Which of the following is the most general taxon?
a. genus
c. phylum
b. kingdom
d. species
____ 90. Which of the following lists the taxa from broadest to most specific?
a. domain, kingdom, class, order, phylum, family, genus, species
b. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
c. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
d. phylum, kingdom, class, family, order, genus, domain, species
____ 91. To which domain does the American black bear belong?
a. Animalia
c. Chordata
b. Carnivora
d. Eukarya
____ 92. Which of the following is a limitation of the phylogenetic species concept?
a. It does not account for extinct species.
b. Evolutionary histories are not known for all species.
c. It does not account for asexual species.
d. Some organisms that are different species occasionally reproduce.
____ 93. Which of the following is an example of a morphological character used for classification of taxa?
a. DNA analysis
b. RNA analysis
c. the hip structure of theropods
d. the chromosomes of broccoli and cauliflower
____ 94. Which type of character is found within an entire line of descent of a group of organisms?
a. ancestral
c. derived
b. biochemical
d. morphological
Figure 17-1
____ 95. Which of the following groups in Figure 17-1 is the outgroup?
a. cats
c. fish
b. dogs
d. flies
____ 96. What assumption is made when constructing a cladogram?
a. the fewer derived characteristics shared by groups, the more recently the groups share a
common ancestor
b. the more derived characteristics shared by groups, the more recently the groups share a
common ancestor
c. the fewer ancestral characteristics shared by groups, the more recently the groups share a
common ancestor
d. the more ancestral characteristics shared by groups, the more recently the groups share a
common ancestor
____ 97. Which of the following are prokaryotes that contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
a. Archaebacteria
c. Fungi
b. Eubacteria
d. Protists
____ 98. Which domain includes organisms that are called extremophiles?
a. Animalia
b. Archaea
c. Bacteria
d. Eukarya
____ 99. Which character distinguishes Fungi from Plantae?
a. presence of membrane-bound organelles
b. presence of membrane-bound nucleus
c. cell walls with chitin
d. multicellular
____ 100. What are the Domain and Kingdom of a paramecium?
a. Domain Bacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria
b. Domain Archaea, Kingdom Plantae
c. Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista
d. Domain Archaea, Kingdom Protista
Completion (1 point each)
Complete each statement.
101. If Miller and Urey’s experiment were reproduced with a more accurate mix of gases from the early
atmosphere but with no electricity, you would expect it to produce ____________________ organic
compounds.
102. On average, Earth experiences mass extinctions every 100 million years, so the next one could be predicted to
occur in ____________________ million years.
103. The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period is thought to be due to the impact of a giant asteroid
that left a crater near the Yucatan coast of Mexico. Study of the crater revealed that the asteroid struck at a
low angle from the southeast, sending out white-hot debris that caused massive firestorms. From this we can
infer that mass extinctions would have been worst in ____________________.
104. Scientists believe that ____________________ could have aided in the synthesis of polymers such as proteins
or nucleic acids in the pre-life planet by preventing the newly assembled molecules from breaking down.
105. Life was well established before the evolution of photosynthesis and its accompanying oxygen production. In
time, the action of photosynthetic organisms resulted in the mass extinction of the predominant
____________________ organisms.
106. The transition from the Permian to the Triassic periods is marked by a ____________________.
107. Relative dating in the geological record depends on an assumption about the strata of sedimentary rock called
the law of ____________________.
108. Information on genetics and ____________________ now provide compelling evidence of evolution
that was not available to Darwin.
109. Not all fossils of ____________________ organisms have modern counterparts.
110. The flattened faces of primates contribute to their ____________________ by increasing the degree of
binocular vision.
111. The group of primates that is divided into New World and Old World monkeys is collectively classified as
____________________.
112. Haplorhines include tarsiers, monkeys, and ____________________.
113. Considering fossils ranging from early Australopithecus through the various Homo species (H. ergaster, H.
erectus, and H. sapiens) a pattern of increasing ____________________ capacity emerges.
114. The larger brains of primates require an extended period of infancy and childhood. This puts some species at
higher risk of extinction because it is associated with a decreased rate of ____________________.
115. In addition to the position of the foramen magnum of the skull, the other bone that would provide the most
conclusive evidence of bipedalism in a fossil hominin is the ____________________.
116. An anatomical feature that distinguishes humans from chimpanzees and enables humans to walk upright is a
pelvis shaped like a ____________________.
117. The Australopithecus fossil known as “Lucy” displays a mosaic pattern of evolution. Its discovery is
important because it indicates that it is possible for different parts of the body to evolve at different
____________________.
118. From extremely large muscle attachments and bowing of the long bones, we can infer that Homo
neanderthalensis had large, powerful, ____________________.
119. Because the two species were found at the same times and places in Europe, we could infer the possibility that
Neanderthals were eventually displaced due to competition with Homo ____________________.
120. ____________________ developed a system of classification that divided organisms into two groups:
plants and animals.
121. A ____________________ reflects the evolutionary history of a species.
122. Feathers are one example of a ____________________ character in animals.
123. Unlike Eubacteria, Archaebacteria do not have ____________________ in their cell walls.
124. Organisms with cell walls containing chitin are part of Kingdom ____________________.
125. Archaea are often found in ____________________ environments.
Short Answer (3 points each)
126. Explain how the evolution of photosynthetic organisms helped protect life from the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.
127. How did Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur support the concept of biogenesis with their experiments?
Figure 14-2
128. What major evolutionary event occurred at the point on the graph indicated by Z in Figure 14-2?
Figure 14-3
129. Assuming that the oldest of the strata in Figure 14-3 is layer IV and that the youngest is layer I, name and
describe two techniques that could be used to determine the age of fossil A.
130. How do changes in genetic equilibrium lead to speciation?
131. List and describe the indirect evidence available to support the theory of evolution.
132. How is Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection related to the origin of structural and physiological
adaptations?
A biologist studying a variety of fly in the rain forest noticed that the types of foods the fly preferred were
located either high in the trees or in the foliage on the ground. There didn't seem to be any of the preferred
foods anywhere in between. An experiment was designed that would select for a genetically determined
behavior known as geotaxis. If a fly shows positive geotaxis, it flies downward. If a fly shows negative
geotaxis, it flies upward. To conduct the experiment, the flies being studied were marked and placed in a
maze (illustrated in Figure 15-6). Each fly was placed in the "start" chamber. To exit from this area, the fly
had to make a decision about which of the three exits to enter. One exit faced upward, indicating negative
geotaxis, and another exit aimed downward, indicating positive geotaxis. A third exit permitted the fly to
remain on middle ground. Each fly was placed in the maze 15 times and its choice of direction recorded.
Some flies consistently went upward and entered the food vial at the end of the exit tube. Others consistently
went downward and entered the food vial at the lower end. Some flies chose the upward and downward exits
equal numbers of times; others went for the middle exit.
Figure 15-6
133. If the selection of direction is a genetic trait, explain what should happen when flies consistently selecting the
upward exit are mated and those selecting the downward exit are mated, and the "no preference" and middlechoice flies are discarded. Refer to Figure 15-6.
134. Compare allopatric and sympatric speciation. Begin your comparison with a definition of speciation.
135. Why is bipedal locomotion probably the most important of all hominin traits?
136. When African forests declined and were replaced with vast areas of grassland, competition for food among
animal species intensified. In an attempt to survive, hominins radiated outward from small forested areas. A
vegetarian group, the australopithecines, emerged a few thousand years after the cooling period 2.8 million
years ago. These hominins had to rely on seeds and tubers during the harsher seasons and on dense vegetation
along riverbanks during the remainder of the year. Exploiting a variety of habitats at about the same time as
the australopithecines was the first representative of the genus Homo. Members of this group consumed many
kinds of food, including meat. How would a diet of meat select for a different jaw and tooth structure than is
seen in earlier primates?
It is speculated that environmental changes in the African habitat from warm, moist forest to cool, dry
grassland exerted selection pressures on all native species, including prehumans. Of all the theories
attempting to explain hominid evolution, the one presently receiving much attention links the emergence of
humankind to widescale climatic change. Two such major events in human evolution occurred, the first 2.8
million years ago, and the second 1 million years ago.
Ocean-bottom core samples (see Figure 16-3) taken from the west coast of Africa, the Arabian Sea, and
the Gulf of Aden off the east coast of Africa lend credibility to this theory. A thick layer of dust and silicate
particles has been found in the cores at levels determined to have been deposited 2.8 million and 1 million
years before the present. Scientists attribute the deposits to the fact that grasses draw large quantities of
silicates from the soil and concentrate them in their tissues for structural use. In a grassland environment, as
grasses live, die, and decompose over many years, quantities of silicates accumulate in the surface soil.
Deposits of dust and silicates also coincide with ice sheet formation and the onset of two ice ages in the
Northern Hemisphere. Computer models show that the cooling and ice sheet formation influenced weather in
both hemispheres. The models illustrate how cool, dry winds would have been diverted toward Africa as the
ice sheets grew.
Another important piece of information has been obtained from the Gulf of Aden core. It contains
volcanic ash, along with dust and silicates blown by monsoon winds from the Rift Valley. This type of ash is
also found in association with some hominid fossils discovered in the Rift Valley.
Figure 16-3
137. Describe the African environment that existed approximately 2.8 million and 1 million years ago. Use Figure
16-3 to explain your answer.
138. In what way are fungi and plants alike?
139. In what way are protists and fungi alike?
Organism
House cat
Red fox
Dog
Wolf
Gopher
Fly
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Arthropoda
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Insecta
Order
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Rodentia
Diptera
Family
Felidae
Canidae
Canidae
Canidae
Geomyidae
Muscidae
Genus
Felis
Vulpes
Canis
Canis
Thomomys
Musca
Species
domesticus
fulva
familiaris
lupus
bottae
domestica
Table 17-1
140. How does Table 17-1 indicate that a dog is more closely related to a red fox than a house cat?
141. At what taxonomic level does the relationship between gophers and house cats diverge? Refer to Table 17-1.
142. Which two animals in Table 17-1 are most closely related? Explain.
143. What kind of animal is Vulpes velox? How do you know? Use Table 17-1.
When a sample solution of DNA is heated to about 80ºC, the DNA "melts," separating into single strands of
nucleotide bases. If the sample is cooled slightly and incubated, matching sequences begin to reassociate. The
solution can then be filtered to allow the single strands to pass through.
One technique for comparing DNA of different species involves the labeling of single strands of DNA
with radioactive iodine and using the labeled DNA to form hybrid DNA. In this procedure, a small amount of
labeled, single-stranded DNA from one organism is mixed with a large amount of unlabeled, single-stranded
DNA from another organism, and the mixture is incubated over time. A percentage of the strands form hybrid
DNA consisting of one labeled and one unlabeled strand (see Figure 17-2A).
The more closely related the organisms, the greater the number of matched sequences there will be along
these strands (see Figure 17-2B). Hybrid DNA with a high proportion of matched sequences melts at higher
temperatures than that with a low proportion of matched sequences.
Figure 17-2
144. A solution containing Hybrid A in Panel C of Figure 17-2 is heated at stages of 2.5 degrees from 55ºC to 95ºC
and filtered at each stage to let single strands of DNA pass through. The radioactivity of the filtered material
is measured at each stage. Would you expect to find higher radioactivity levels at 60ºC or 85ºC? Why?
145. Classify each of the items in Figure 17-3 as a bacterium, protist, or fungus.
Figure 17-1
Problem (5 points each)
Radioactive isotopes, atoms with unstable nuclei, decay over time, giving off radiation as they break down.
The decay rate of every radioactive element is known; moreover, radioactive decay continues at a steady rate.
Scientists compare the amount of the original radioactive element to the amount of the new element present,
which has formed as a result of the decay. Suppose that you start with 100 g of a certain radioisotope that
decays to half its original amount in 50,000 years.
Amount of
Parent Material
Amount of
Daughter Material
Years Passed
100 grams
0 grams
3.125 grams
96.875 grams
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Table 14-1
146. Complete Table 14-1 so that the amount of parent material (original radioisotope) and the amount of daughter
material (nonradioactive end product) are correct for the number of years passed.
147. On the grid in Figure 14-4, graph the data in Table 14-1 in order to show the relationship between the passage
of time and the amount of original radioisotope. Then, place an X on the graph to indicate the point at which
modern humans first appeared on Earth. Consider time 0 as that point at which the decay of the full amount of
the isotope begins. The 250,000-year point is the present time.
Figure 14-4
148. In a population of butterflies, the frequency of an allele that causes a dark-colored wing is 0.35, while the
frequency of the alternate allele, which causes a patterned wing, is 0.65. The dark-colored wing allele is
dominant to the patterned-wing allele. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the
expected frequency of individuals with dark-colored wings. Begin by calculating the expected frequency of
each of the three genotypes.
149. An agricultural researcher has carried out a selection regime on corn plants in an attempt to increase the
number of kernels per cob. The researcher is applying directional selection by choosing only the plants with
the top 5% number of kernels per cob to be planted for the next generation. After 20 generations, the rate of
increase in number of kernels per cob has declined greatly suggesting that selection is no longer working.
Given what you know about the requirements for natural selection (artificial selection in this case), what do
you suggest the researcher could do to continue increasing the numbers of kernels per cob?
Table 17-1
150. Create a cladogram from the character information shown in Table 17-1. Label the tips of the branches of the
cladogram with the species letter and indicate the location along the branches at which a character first
evolves. (A plus sign means a character is present, while a minus sign indicates the character is absent.)
Essay: Answer any 2 (15 points each). To receive full credit you must be thorough and completely answer all the
questions asked.
151. Euphorbia and cacti are plant families that are found in different parts of the world, but whose species are
often similar in structure and function. For example, some species in both families store water in spiny stems
that are leafless. Explain the similarities of these plants in terms of evolution and biogeography.
152. The apple-maggot fly provides a well-studied example of potential sympatric speciation. In this case, female
flies lay their eggs on apple trees, and the maggots develop and metamorphose into adults, at which point they
mate with each other and the females fly off and deposit eggs on a new apple tree. These apple-inhabiting
populations originated from a species that feed on hawthorn. An apple tree might be right next to a hawthorn
tree, but because of the egg-laying preference difference, flies of each population never meet to mate with
each other. The change in preference appears to have been caused by a genetic mutation that is passed on
from one generation to the next. Explain what sympatric speciation is and how this might be an example of
sympatric speciation. Describe the process by which these two new populations will become two new species.
153. Assess the effect of the development of bipedalism on the evolution of hominins. What conclusions can you
draw about the adaptive value of this trait? Could the advent of bipedalism encourage the evolution of other
traits, like intelligence?
154. Compare the major differences between organisms in the three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Evolution & Classification Test Chap 14-17
Answer Section
TRUE/FALSE
1. ANS: T
The isotopes needed are not present in sedimentary layers likely to hold fossils.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
TOP: 14-2
2. ANS: F
Amino acids and other organic molecules were formed.
REF: 396
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 403
TOP: 14-5
3. ANS: F
Redi covered the flask to keep flies from landing on the meat inside the flask.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 401
TOP: 14-4
4. ANS: F
There is much left to be learned about early life. Do not confuse lack of evidence with evidence to the
contrary.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 402
TOP: 14-5
5. ANS: T
Since trace fossils may include nests, footprints, and burrows, they do provide at least a snapshot of the
behavior of an extinct organism.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 393
TOP: 14-1
6. ANS: T
Review the endosymbiotic theory to see how eukaryotes are thought to have developed from prokaryotes.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 405
TOP: 14-5
7. ANS: T
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy B
REF: 425
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 15-5
8. ANS: F
To develop his understanding of evolution, Darwin used his studies on H.M.S. Beagle and the work that he
did later after his return to England.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy B
REF: 420–422
TOP: 15-1
9. ANS: F
Vestigial structures are homologous structures and both indicate a shared ancestry.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
REF: 424–425
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 15-5
10. ANS: F
Strepsirrhines are the earliest primates and are present in the Old World (Africa, Asia) only.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
REF: 453
TOP: 16-2
11. ANS: T
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
REF: 456
TOP: 16-2
12. ANS: F
Australia has been isolated for longer than the human species has existed.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 473
TOP: 16-7
13. ANS: T
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 470
TOP: 16-9
14. ANS: F
Aristotle’s system was based on his belief that species are distinct, separate, and unchanging.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
TOP: 17-1
15. ANS: T
The class is made up of related orders of organisms.
REF: 484–485
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-3
16. ANS: F
Characters can be biochemical or morphological.
REF: 488
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 492
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-4
17. ANS: T
If a population becomes geographically isolated from the rest of the species, it will not be able to reproduce
with the other members of the species. The population may evolve adaptations that allow it to survive within
its specific environment.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
TOP: 17-4
18. ANS: F
The branches of a cladogram show hypothesized ancestry.
REF: 491
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 496
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 17-6
19. ANS: F
Viruses are not considered living things and therefore are not classified in the current classification system of
organisms.
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3e
20. ANS: T
DIF: Bloom's Level B
TOP: 17-9
REF: 503
Most plants produce their own food through photosynthesis. Some plants are parasitic and are unable to
photosynthesize.
PTS: 1
TOP: 17-9
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 502
MULTIPLE CHOICE
21. ANS: C
The Law of Superposition holds that more recent layers are closer to the surface.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Think about what fern and moss fossils above the marine layer indicate.
See the Law of Superposition on p. 394.
Correct!
Consider the presence of terrestrial fossils.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 394–395
TOP: 14-1
22. ANS: B
Invertebrates, here represented by jellyfishes, are graphed closest to the original one-celled life forms.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Look carefully at the dates on the horizontal axis of the graph.
Correct!
Land plants didn't appear until the Paleozoic era.
Reptiles are relatively complex and didn't appear until about 245 million years ago.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 398
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 14-3
23. ANS: D
This option presents organisms in the order they appear in the graph.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Remember simplest forms of life evolved first.
The earliest life-forms were single-celled.
Complex animals like fish and dinosaurs evolved later than simple prokaryotes.
That's right!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 14-3
24. ANS: A
This is the correct sequence order.
REF: 398–399
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Right!
The specimen is buried in sediment before mineralization can occur.
The organism dies first.
Mineralization happens while the specimen is still encased in sediment.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
TOP: 14-1
25. ANS: C
Cast fossils are molds that became filled in with minerals.
REF: 394
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Look over page 393 in your text.
Are definitions paired with the correct terms?
Correct!
See the definitions on page 393.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 393
TOP: 14-1
26. ANS: D
An assumption must be made about the amount of the original isotopes that were present in the material when
it was formed because this cannot be measured or calculated.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This can be measured and is already known for all isotopes.
This will be measured, not assumed.
Not quite, this is what we're going to calculate.
Right!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 395
TOP: 14-2
27. ANS: C
After a period of one half-life (5730 years) there will be 50% of the original isotope left. After the second
half-life (11,460 years) that 50% gets divided in half, leaving the 25% now found in guano.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Review the concept of half-life. After one half-life there would be 50% of the isotope
left.
You're on the right track, but at that age the C-14 would be down to 12.5%.
Good, that's the answer.
See p. 395.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 395
TOP: 14-2
28. ANS: C
The iridium-rich layer of material from the meteroid impact marks the boundary between the Cretaceous and
the Tertiary periods This impact is also believed to be the cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs. A dinosaur
fossil from after this period would be quite significant.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Study page 399.
The main source of iridium on Earth is meteorite impacts.
Good job, that's correct!
See text for information on the Mesozoic era.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 399
TOP: 14-3
29. ANS: D
Only the atmospheric consequences would have had widespread global effects on living things.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Even a powerful earthquake is a relatively local phenomena, unlikely to cause
extinction on a global scale.
Many species lived inland so tsunamis would not explain global extinctions.
Volcanic eruptions would certainly cause local fatalities but would not explain the
simultaneous extinctions of numerous species all over the planet.
Correct.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 14-3
30. ANS: C
This statement correctly defines the two ideas.
REF: 399
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Are the definitions in the right order?
Review pages 401 and 402.
Good, that's it.
See pages 401 and 402.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 401–402
TOP: 14-4
31. ANS: D
Preventing microorganisms from entering kept the broth from spoiling, since of course new microorganisms
were not spontaneously generated.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Review page 402.
There was no difference here.
This is a difference, but it wasn't the essential difference.
That's right!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 402
TOP: 14-4
32. ANS: A
Simpler components must be created before they can be arranged as components of more complex structures.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Correct.
Review Pages 403-404.
Amino acids make up proteins, so amino acids must have been made first.
The genetic code carries information on what amino acids are added to proteins in
which order, so proteins must have existed before the code.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 14-5
33. ANS: C
These are the two essential pieces of evidence.
REF: 403–404
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Neither the archaebacteria nor the early cells were eukaryotic.
Photosynthesis did not evolve until after the archaebacteria and the first cells.
Correct.
Archaebacteria are noteworthy for their ability to survive in extreme environments.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 405
TOP: 14-5
34. ANS: C
This affected the ecosystem of the entire planet, especially since oxygen is toxic to many anaerobes.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Review page 405.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthesizers.
Right!
Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 405
NAT: IS_1e
TOP: 14-5
35. ANS: B
The circular DNA found in these organelles resembles the DNA configuration in prokaryotes.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This is true but does not support the theory.
Correct!
This is true, but does not support the theory.
This is not specific enough a trait to support the theory.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 406
TOP: 14-6
36. ANS: B
The endosymbiont theory implies that genomes from separate species combined in a single species over time.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This is not an implication of the theory.
Right!
Have a look on page 406.
Think about phylogeny as a genealogy.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 406
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 14-6
37. ANS: C
Chloroplasts and mitochondria have double membranes, as might be expected in an endosymbiont that was
engulfed by another larger cell.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This doesn't seem to follow from the process described.
Have a look at page 406 again.
That's correct!
No, the endosymbiont was a prokaryote.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 406
TOP: 14-6
38. ANS: C
This describes the origin of a photosynthetic eukaryote as a two-step process beginning with the
endosymbiotic origin of a mitochondrion and then a chloroplast.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
You're on the right track, keep trying.
Hint: it's a two-step process.
Correct, good work.
Remember a photosynthetic eukaryote has mitochondria as well as chloroplasts.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 407
TOP: 14-6
39. ANS: C
The timing of a completely evolved bird with a feathered dinosaur suggests that birds evolved much earlier at
a time when dinosaurs were also evolving.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This suggests birds evolved from dinosaurs.
This shared character doesn't tell us either way.
Right!
This shared character doesn't tell us either way.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 408
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 14-3
40. ANS: B
The Cambrian explosion was a significant diversification in which most major animal body plans we see
today began.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
A diversification is an increase in the number of species.
Correct.
See page 398.
Review information on the Paleozoic era.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 398
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 14-3
41. ANS: D
Rocks of particular ages in different places are identified by having similar fossil assemblages.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Review the material on page 394.
The age of a sedimentary rock cannot be determined in this way.
In most cases the composition of a rock does not say anything about its age.
That's right!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 394–395
TOP: 14-2
42. ANS: D
This is the correct order of magnitude for a half life to determine an age as old as Earth. Recall that carbon-14
is only useful to date objects as old as about 60,000 years
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This is the half life of carbon-14, recall the upper limit of age determination for this
isotope.
This is too short.
Still too short, think of the case of carbon-14.
That's right!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
TOP: 14-2
43. ANS: D
More than one fossil type appears in this deposit.
REF: 396
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Nests are trace fossils, but what about the other specimens?
Not all the specimens are composed of original material.
Review Table 14.1.
Correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 393
TOP: 14-1
44. ANS: D
The clay surface would act to stabilize complex molecules such as proteins, keeping them from breaking
apart.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Clay is not itself an organic substance.
The hypothesis deals with events occurring much before this.
The surface of the clay is the important factor.
That's right!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 404
NAT: IS_1e
TOP: 14-5
45. ANS: D
Over time, organisms often adapt to changes in the environment. In this case, the insects adapted to the
insecticide and lost their initial susceptibility.
Feedback
A
You are thinking on the right track. Try to be a little more specific in your response.
B
C
D
Would eating the insecticide be the actual cause?
Did you consider all the variables?
Good job! You are correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 428–430
NAT: LS_3a
TOP: 15-3
46. ANS: A
Some species have evolved morphological adaptations that allow them to blend in with their environments
and therefore survive.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Correct!
Do giraffes live in tropical rainforests? Read the question again carefully.
Read the information in the question carefully. D/No, try again!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 428
TOP: 15-5
47. ANS: B
Darwin’s theory of how traits change in a population over time includes the idea that variations can be
inherited. Mutations in a small population would be inherited and passed to the next generation. The smaller
the population and the more mutations, the more changes would happen in the population.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Almost. Keep trying.
Good job! You are correct!
Think again. Would that cause the most changes?
Try again. Read page 420 of your text.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 420
NAT: LS_3a
TOP: 15-7
48. ANS: D
If an extreme version of a trait makes an organism more fit, directional selection may occur. This form of
selection increases the extreme versions of a trait in a population.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again. Read page 435 in your text again.
Good try. Read page 435 in your text again.
Keep trying. Read page 435 to help with this concept.
Correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 435
NAT: LS_3a
TOP: 15-7
49. ANS: B
Camouflage is an adaptation that allows species to blend in with the environment and therefore survive.
Camouflage is an adaptation that allows species to reproduce.
Feedback
A
Mimicry is an adaptation, but not the one shown in Figure 15-2. Read page 428 again.
B
C
D
Correct!
No. Artificial selection isn't an adaptation. Read page 428 again
Keep trying. Read page 428 again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
REF: 428
TOP: 15-5
50. ANS: C
Not all anatomically similar structures are evidence of evolution. Analogous structures are not inherited from
a common ancestor.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Good try! Read page 426 of your text again.
Try again! Read page 426 of your text again.
Correct!
You are on the right track. Read page 426 of your text again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 426
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 15-5
51. ANS: C
Natural selection acts to select the individuals that are best adapted for survival and reproduction. That
concept is reflected in C.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Not quite. Try again.
No. Examine the graphs again and compare them to the information on page 434.
Correct!
Sorry. Read about the Hardy-Weinberg principle on page 434.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 434 | 436
NAT: LS_3a
TOP: 15-7
52. ANS: C
Natural selection is one of several processes, or mechanisms, that can lead to evolutionary change.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Read page 422 in your text again.
No, they aren't related in this way.
That's right!
If they were, then we wouldn't need two terms!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 422
NAT: LS_3a
TOP: 15-3
53. ANS: A
Fossils are the main evidence of evolution because they show ancestors of modern species.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Good job! You got it.
Good try. Read page 423 in your text again.
Keep trying. Read page 423 in your text again.
Sorry. Fossils reveal much more than that. Read page 423 in your text again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
REF: 423
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 15-4
54. ANS: D
Derived traits are recent features, such as feathers in vertebrates; ancestral traits are more primitive features,
such as teeth in vertebrates.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
No. This isn't about natural selection or genetics. Read page 424 in your text again.
No. Read page 424 in your text again.
You are on the right track! Read page 424 in your text again.
Correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 424
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 15-5
55. ANS: D
Evolution predicts that an organism’s body parts are more likely to be modifications of ancestral body parts
than new features.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again. Read page 424 in your text again.
You're on the right track. Read page 424 in your text again.
Keep trying. Read page 424 in your text again.
Correct! Nice work.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 424
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 15-5
56. ANS: C
Analogous structures are evidence of convergent evolution through natural selection.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again. Read page 426 in your text again.
This describes structures that are more than superficially similar.
Correct!
No. Read page 426 in your text again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
REF: 426
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 15-5
57. ANS: C
Darwin recognized that South American animals are more similar to each other than they are to the similar
species in Europe. He decided that this is due to a common South American ancestor.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
No. Did Darwin know about genotypes? Read the question again.
Incorrect. Did Darwin know about amino acid sequences? Read the question again.
Correct!
Keep trying. Read about the mara and the rabbit in your textbook.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 427
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 15-6
58. ANS: D
This analogy has been used to argue the importance of being careful when saying that a particular structure in
an organism is an adaptation, without evidence of natural selection.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again. Read page 430 in your text again.
Keep trying. Read page 430 in your text again.
Try again. Read page 430 in your text again.
Correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 430
TOP: 15-5
59. ANS: B
The Hardy-Weinberg principle showed mathematically that evolution will not occur in a population unless
allelic frequencies are acted upon by forces that cause change.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again. Read page 431 in your text again.
Good job!
Keep trying! Read page 431 in your text again.
Good try. Read page 431in your text again.
PTS: 1
TOP: 15-7
60. ANS: A
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy B
REF: 431
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Correct!
Good try. Read page 438 in your text again.
Try again. Read page 438 in your text again.
Incorrect. Keep trying. Read page 438 in your text again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
REF: 438
TOP: 15-8
61. ANS: C
In this case, the ancestor species and the new species live side-by-side during the speciation process.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again. Read page 438 in your text again.
Keep trying. Read page 438 in your text again.
Correct!
You're on the right track. Read page 438 in your text again.
PTS: 1
TOP: 15-8
62. ANS: C
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy B
REF: 438
Adaptive radiation occurs when a species is introduced to a new ecosystem or when a species can survive in
an environment that was unreachable before. For example, Darwin’s finches developed from a single species
of finches that reached the islands.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Keep trying! Read page 439 in your text again.
Try again. Read page 439 in your text again
Correct!
Good try. Read page 439 in your text again
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 439
NAT: LS_3b
TOP: 15-7
63. ANS: C
The structure of biochemical traits, such as protein structure, reflects the degree of relationship of different
species in the same way that anatomical traits do.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This is just an example of development.
This is variation, there can be variation without evolution.
That's right!
Have a look at page 427 again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy F
REF: 427
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 15-6
64. ANS: C
The silverswords are an example of an adaptive radiation occurring after a single species dispersed to new
habitat in the Hawaiian Islands.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
These plants don't look like each other.
Think about the pattern displayed by the species.
Good!
There were none identified in the question.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 439
NAT: LS_3b
TOP: 15-7
65. ANS: B
This change was in response to the bipedalism characteristic of hominins.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
See page 463 to learn about the foramen magnum.
Correct!
Review the definition of foramen magnum.
Try again.
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-4
66. ANS: D
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 463
Evidence such as this suggests the greater intelligence.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Would a small brain make it more intelligent?
See page 469.
Review information on Homo erectus.
Right.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 469
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 16-5
67. ANS: B
Climate changes are associated with the evolution of human ancestors.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Does the text support this idea?
Good job.
See page 461.
Try again!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 461
TOP: 16-5
68. ANS: B
The chimpanzee shows the greatest degree of similarity in protein sequence.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Is there a bar that is higher?
Correct!
Is this the highest bar?
This is the lowest bar in the graph.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 16-3
69. ANS: B
The orangutan is the great ape least related to humans.
REF: 461
Feedback
A
B
C
D
See page 461.
Right!
Orangutans are not that closely related.
Neither of these is a great ape like the orangutan.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 16-3
70. ANS: A
The greater intelligence is indicated by the larger brain.
Feedback
A
B
Right.
Try again.
REF: 461
C
D
See page 463.
Review pages 467–471.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 16-5
71. ANS: B
The form of the teeth directly reflects diet.
REF: 463 | 467–471
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again.
You're correct!
Try again.
You're on the right track.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 452 | 463 | 467
TOP: 16-5
72. ANS: C
With eyes both facing forward, stereoscopic vision is possible, which provides a sense of depth.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Review page 452.
Do the eyes need to be close together for this?
You're correct!
This is related to the structure within the eye.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
TOP: 16-1
73. ANS: B
These traits are characteristics of the strepsirrhines.
REF: 452
Feedback
A
B
C
D
See page 456 for information on haplorhines.
Right!
See page 456 to learn more about New World monkeys.
Anthropoids are humanlike primates.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 455
TOP: 16-2
74. ANS: C
The prehensile tail acts as a fifth grasping limb allowing easier movement through trees.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
The tail is not used to handle tools.
Diet is not associated with the prehensile tail.
Correct!
This is not its function.
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 456
75. ANS: C
This is an example of a very early primate.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
It resembles an early primate, not a later one.
See page 459.
You're correct!
Not early enough.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 459
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 16-3
76. ANS: B
Aegyptopithecus has been hypothesized to be an ancestors to the apes.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
See page 460.
You're correct!
This fossil is like an ape.
This is a more primitive ancestor.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 16-3
77. ANS: C
These are definitions of the two groups.
REF: 460
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Review pages 461–463.
Hominoids don't include monkeys.
Correct.
Are the definitions in the correct order?
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 16-4
78. ANS: A
This was the basis of the argument.
REF: 461–463
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Right!
See page 465.
Only the skull was found.
Only the skull was found.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 465
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 16-5
79. ANS: D
The overall body size and jaw morphology is used to justify the distinction between these fossils.
Feedback
A
They all walked upright.
B
C
D
Review pages 465–466.
Review hominin fossils in your text.
Correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 16-6
80. ANS: C
Brain size was the key difference.
REF: 465–466
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Homo ergaster had the first humanlike nose.
Re-read pages 463–467.
That's right.
Check page 468.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 16-5
81. ANS: D
This is the correct order.
REF: 463–467
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Re-read pages 467–471.
This is the right start.
Homo habilis is not the earliest fossil.
You're correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 465 | 467–471
TOP: 16-5
82. ANS: A
The greater diversity in Africa supports the single-origin in Africa hypothesis.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Correct!
This is the opposing theory.
Try again.
See page 472.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 16-8
83. ANS: B
This is the name given to this recent discovery.
REF: 472
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Its name reflects its great similarity to modern humans.
Right.
See page 469.
It was not classified as the same species as modern humans.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 469
TOP: 16-7
84. ANS: C
Homo neanderthalensis disappeared at about this time.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
These fossils are from much earlier in time.
Try again.
That's correct!
Review pages 470–472.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 470–472
TOP: 16-9
85. ANS: D
Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens overlap in the fossil record.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Homo ergaster is a relatively early species, unlike H. neanderthalensis.
Homo erectus is an early species.
Review page 471.
That's right!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 471
TOP: 16-7
86. ANS: A
The “mitochondrial Eve” is the earliest human female ancestor with descendents now alive.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
You're correct.
The hypothesis pertains to descent within the human species.
See pages 471–472.
The hypothesis pertains to descent within the human species.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 471–472
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 16-8
87. ANS: B
A scientific name is italicized with the first letter of the genus capitalized and the first letter of the species in
lower case.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Check page 486. There is a list of rules for scientific names.
Way to go!
You are on the right track.
Look at the choices again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-2
88. ANS: C
A kingdom is divided into more specific phyla or divisions.
REF: 486
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This isn't quite right. Think again.
Watch out. A domain is divided into kingdoms.
Good job!
Check page 488 if you need help.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 488
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-3
89. ANS: B
Kingdom is the most general of the taxon listed here. Species is the most specific.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Look at the choices again.
You are right!
Oops. Remember that a kingdom is split into phyla
This is the most specific taxon.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 488
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-3
90. ANS: C
Domain is the least specific of all taxa and species is most specific.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Remember that phylum is more specific than kingdom but less specific than class.
Look again. This list goes from most specific to least specific.
Good job!
Recall that domain is the most general taxon.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 488
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-3
91. ANS: D
Recall that there are three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Be careful. Animalia is a Kingdom.
The American black bear belongs to order Carnivora.
Chordata is the phylum of this bear.
That's right!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 488
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-3
92. ANS: B
The phylogenetic species concept is a classification based on evolutionary history, if the evolutionary history
of a species is unknown, its species status cannot be determined.
Feedback
A
B
C
This is a limitation of the typological species concept.
Yes!
Not quite. This is one of the limitations of the biological species concept.
D
Oops, this is a limitation of the biological species concept.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 491
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-4
93. ANS: C
A morphological character has to do with body structure and shape.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Having trouble? Check page 492.
This is a biochemical character.
Correct!
Look at the choices again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 492
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-5
94. ANS: A
Ancestral characters are used to reconstruct the phylogenic history of an organism or group of organisms.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Terrific!
You are close but this isn't quite it.
Not quite. Look again.
Oops. Check page 495 for some more help with this.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 495
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 17-5
95. ANS: D
The outgroup on a cladogram is the species or group that shares ancestral characters with the other organisms.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Look again.
Good job!
No, check page 496 if you need help.
Try again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 496
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 17-6
96. ANS: B
Derived characters are used to determine relationships. Shared derived characters are evidence of a
relationship.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Oops. Look at the choices again.
Great job!
You want to be discussing derived characteristics, not ancestral characteristics.
Check page 496 for a little more help with this one.
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3d
DIF: Bloom's Level E
TOP: 17-6
REF: 496
97. ANS: B
The Eubacteria are the only group with this trait.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again.
Great!
This is not correct.
A protist does not have this polymer in its cell membrane.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 499
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-7
98. ANS: B
Extremophiles live in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents or hot springs.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Animalia is a phylum, not a domain.
That's correct!
Check page 500 for a little more help.
Eukarya includes organisms that have membrane-bound nuclei.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 500
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-7
99. ANS: C
The cell walls of Fungi contain chitin, in contrast with those of plants, which contain cellulose.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This is characteristic of both groups.
This is characteristic of both groups.
Yes!
Both groups are mostly multicellular, although Fungi contain unicellular species.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 502
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-8
100. ANS: C
Protists are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This is not quite right. Paramecium has a membrane-bound nucleus.
Try again. Paramecium do not contain chlorophyll.
Way to go!
If you need more help, check page 501.
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3e
COMPLETION
101. ANS: no
DIF: Bloom's Level C
TOP: 17-9
REF: 501
PTS: 1
TOP: 14-5
102. ANS: 35
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 403
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 14-3
103. ANS: North America
REF: 399
PTS: 1
TOP: 14-3
104. ANS: clay
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 399
PTS: 1
TOP: 14-5
105. ANS: anaerobic
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 404
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 14-5
106. ANS: mass extinction
REF: 405
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
TOP: 14-3
107. ANS: superposition
REF: 399
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
TOP: 14-2
108. ANS: biochemistry
REF: 394
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3c
109. ANS: extinct
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
TOP: 15-6
REF: 427
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
TOP: 15-4
110. ANS: depth perception
REF: 423
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-1
111. ANS: anthropoids
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 452
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-2
112. ANS: apes
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 456
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-2
113. ANS: brain
DIF: Bloom's Level A
REF: 458
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-7
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 467–471
114. ANS: reproduction
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-1
115. ANS: pelvis
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 453
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-5
116. ANS: bowl
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 463–465
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-4
117. ANS: rates
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 463
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3c
118. ANS: muscles
DIF: Bloom's Level E
TOP: 16-5
REF: 466
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-9
119. ANS: sapiens
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 470
PTS: 1
TOP: 16-9
120. ANS: Aristotle
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 470
PTS: 1
TOP: 17-1
121. ANS: phylogeny
DIF: Bloom's Level A
REF: 484
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3d
122. ANS: derived
DIF: Bloom's Level B
TOP: 17-5
REF: 491
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 17-5
123. ANS: peptidoglycan
REF: 495
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3e
124. ANS: Fungi
DIF: Bloom's Level C
TOP: 17-7
REF: 499
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3e
125. ANS: extreme
DIF: Bloom's Level C
TOP: 17-8
REF: 502
DIF: Bloom's Level B
TOP: 17-7
REF: 500
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3e
SHORT ANSWER
126. ANS:
Photosynthetic organisms produced enough oxygen to support the production of an ozone layer in the
atmosphere. The ozone shielded Earth's surface, and organisms evolving there, from the damaging effects of
ultraviolet radiation.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 405
TOP: 14-5
127. ANS:
Biogenesis is the idea that living things come only from other living things. Redi proved that large organisms,
such as flies, do not spontaneously appear as had been previously thought. Pasteur took Redi's work even
further and showed by experiments with broth that even bacteria do not spontaneously arise.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
TOP: 14-4
128. ANS:
At this stage in Earth's history, aerobic organisms evolved.
REF: 401–402
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 405
TOP: 14-2
129. ANS:
To determine the age of fossil A, scientists could use an absolute dating technique called radiometric dating. It
relies on the rate at which unstable radioactive nuclei break down and, over time, give off radiation and
eventually become different, stable elements. The ratio of the amount of unstable radioisotopes to the amount
of the stable end product allows scientists to calculate how much time has passed since the fish was alive.
Another method, relative dating, relies on scientists knowing the age of fossils above, below, or within the
same layer as the unknown specimen. The age of fossil A can then be estimated.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 394
TOP: 14-1
130. ANS:
Answers will vary. Allele frequency is altered by genetic drift, natural selection, migration, mutation, or
nonrandom mating. This results in a change in genetic equilibrium in a population that is evolving. Evolution
leads eventually to speciation.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 440
TOP: 15-8
131. ANS:
Fossils can show evolutionary changes over time. Anatomical studies indicate evolutionary relationships.
Vestigial structures indicate evolutionary pathways. Embryological development and genetic comparisons
show evolution from a common ancestor.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 15-4 | 15-5 | 15-6
132. ANS:
Structural and physiological adaptations occur at random within populations because of adaptations. Darwin's
theory explains how these are fixed within populations.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 420
TOP: 15-2
133. ANS:
You should end up with two different types of flies. One type will consistently fly only upward and the other
will fly only downward.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 434–436
NAT: LS_3a
TOP: 15-7
134. ANS:
For speciation to occur, a population must diverge and then be reproductively isolated. There are two forms of
speciation: allopatric and sympatric. In allopatric speciation, a physical barrier divides two or more
populations. Eventually, the populations will no longer be able to breed with one another. In sympatric
speciation, a species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier. As a result, the species is no longer
able to breed with the main population.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 438
TOP: 15-8
135. ANS:
Being bipedal allowed hominins to use their hands for tasks other than locomotion, such as toolmaking and
food gathering.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 465
TOP: 16-5
136. ANS:
The jaw of a vegetarian animal is necessarily heavy with broad, flat teeth. This allows for the chewing and
grinding necessary to prepare the food for further digestion. The tooth and jaw structure of an omnivore or
carnivore does not require the same massive structure. Meat does not require the same amount and kind of
mechanical processing. A meat eater would also need teeth modified for tearing the flesh of the animals
consumed.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 463 | 467
TOP: 16-4
NOT: Repurposed question: answer must be an inference since info not found in text.
137. ANS:
The silicate deposits indicate a relatively dry grassland environment. This hypothesis is reinforced by the
computer models predicting cool, dry air being diverted toward Africa as ice sheets grew in the Northern
Hemisphere.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
TOP: 16-3
138. ANS:
They both remain in one place for their life history.
REF: 462–463
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 501–502
TOP: 17-6
139. ANS:
Members can be either unicellular or multicellular. Members have a membrane-bound nucleus.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level B
REF: 501
TOP: 17-6
140. ANS:
Dogs and foxes are in the same family, whereas dogs and cats are not.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-4
141. ANS:
Gophers and house cats diverge at the level of order.
REF: 496
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 496
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-4
142. ANS:
The dog and the wolf are most closely related because they have the greatest number of levels of
classification in common, differing only at the species level.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 496
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-4
143. ANS:
Vulpes velox is a species of fox because it is of the same genus as the red fox, Vulpes fulva.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 496
NAT: LS_3e
TOP: 17-4
144. ANS:
The radioactivity levels would be higher at 85ºC. Because Hybrid A has a high proportion of matched
sequences, it has a higher melting temperature; thus, single strands containing radioactive iodine would not be
present at lower temperatures.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
TOP: 17-5
145. ANS:
protist, bacterium, fungus
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3e
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 17-6
REF: 495
REF: 499–502
PROBLEM
146. ANS:
Amount of
Parent Material
Amount of
Daughter Material
100 grams
0 grams
0
50 grams
50 grams
50,000
25 grams
75 grams
100,000
12.5 grams
87.5 grams
150,000
6.25 grams
93.75 grams
200,000
3.125 grams
96.875 grams
250,000
Table 14-1
Years Passed
PTS: 1
TOP: 14-2
147. ANS:
See Solution 14-4.
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 395
[art note: the “X” is located at point (150,000,12.5)]
Solution 14-4
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 394–396
TOP: 14-2
148. ANS:
W is the dark-colored wing allele and w is the patterned-wing allele. The expected frequency of each of the
three genotypes is:
WW : p2 = (0.35)(0.35) = 0.1225
Ww: 2pq = 2(0.35)(0.65) = 0.4550
ww: q2 = (0.65)(0.65) = 0.4225
Make sure the genotype frequencies sum to 1.0 as a check of your work:
0.1225 + 0.4550 + 0.4225 = 1.0000
Since W is dominant, the frequency of dark-colored winged individuals is the frequency of homozygous
dominant and heterozygous individuals or:
0.1225 + 0.4550 = 0.5775
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 432
TOP: 15-7
149. ANS:
The researcher has probably exhausted all of the genetic variation for the trait. Heritable variation in a trait is
one of the requirements for natural selection to work. To continue the experiment, the researcher could
introduce new variation by introducing unrelated plants or by causing mutations in the corn plants.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
NAT: LS_3a | IS_1a
TOP: 15-2
150. ANS:
REF: 420 | 435
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3d
DIF: Bloom's Level F
TOP: 17-6
REF: 495–496
ESSAY
151. ANS:
This is an example of convergent evolution, in which unrelated groups of organisms contain species with
superficial similarities. These similarities result from similar natural selection in geographically separate areas
with environments that are similar. The similarities are not due to recent common ancestry, but result from
selection in the similar environments.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 426–427
TOP: 15-7
152. ANS:
Sympatric speciation is the formation of two species through an isolating mechanism that is not geographic.
This might be an example of sympatric speciation because the apple and hawthorn populations of fly are
separated by their preference for host plant, not by geography. The two populations of fly live in the same
area but never meet up because they live and mate on different trees. For speciation to occur, the two
populations must remain isolated. Over time the species will gradually change through adaptation or other
mechanisms until the point when they would no longer be able to produce viable offspring were they allowed
to mate between each other. At this point they would be considered separate species.
PTS: 1
TOP: 15-8
153. ANS:
DIF: Bloom's Level E
REF: 438
Multiple fossil specimens of small-brained, bipedal Australopithecus support the contention that
bipedalism evolved before large brains. Bipedalism might even have encouraged the evolution of intelligence.
Bipedalism is adaptive because it frees the hands to manipulate and carry objects. Logically there
could be a connection between bipedalism and increasing intelligence. After all, a creature that has its hands
free to manipulate things might have more surviving offspring if it could manipulate things in a clever way.
Evolution is based on variability in a population, with the best adapted organisms leaving the most
offspring. For example, an early hominin that was intelligent enough to make crude stone tools might use
those tools to break open animal bones and get the rich marrow. When food was scarce, the more intelligent
hominins might have stayed well fed. They could have continued to reproduce while less intelligent hominins
died out. This could explain the trend of gradually increasing intelligence among hominins over time.
PTS: 1
NAT: IS_1e
154. ANS:
DIF: Bloom's Level F
TOP: 16-5
REF: 464
Organisms within the domain Bacteria are unicellular and do not contain membrane-bound organelles. They
contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Some are anaerobic and some are aerobic. Some are autotrophic but
most are heterotrophic. Bacteria are the most abundant organism on Earth.
Organisms within the Domain Archaea are single-celled and do not have membrane-bound nuclei. They do
not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Members of the Domain Archaea are very diverse. Some are
autotrophic but most are heterotrophic. They can live in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents,
hypersaline waters, and in environments that lack oxygen.
Members of Domain Eukarya have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They
include both autotrophic and heterotrophic individuals. The Domain Eukarya includes all the organisms in the
Kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista.
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3e
DIF: Bloom's Level D
TOP: 17-7
REF: 499–502