FINAL REPORT:
Residential Subdivision, Ash Road Leopold, Victoria:
Historical Heritage Assessment
HV Report No: 3999
CLIENT
St Quentin Consulting, on behalf of Paisley Manor Pty Ltd
30 March 2012
EHP Reference: 3115
REPORT AUTHOR:
Mollie Harbour
Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd
HEAD OFFICE: 420 Victoria Street, Brunswick VIC 3056 MELBOURNE: PO Box 298, Brunswick VIC 3056 GEELONG: PO Box 8048, Newtown VIC 3220
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Introduction
This Historical Heritage Assessment (HHA) has been prepared for the proposed rezoning of
land on the western side of Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria (City of Greater Geelong) (Map 1).
St Quentin Consulting, on behalf of Paisley Manor Pty Ltd, is proposing to rezone nine
parcels of land on the western side of Ash Road at Leopold, Victoria. The study area is
approximately 25.4 ha in size and is bounded by Ash Road to the east, residential properties in
the north, farming land to the west, and rural properties in the south (Map 2).
Methods
The desktop and standard assessments were undertaken TerraCulture in 2011. Ecology and
Heritage Partners Pty Ltd was commissioned to prepare a complex Aboriginal Cultural
Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) in July 2011. The site survey was completed by Monica
Toscano (TerraCulture Pty Ltd) on April 15 2011. Ecology and Heritage Partners completed a
subsequent assessment of the study area in August - September 2011, which included further
surface surveys in areas that were not surveyed previously by TerraCulture.
Results
The background research indicated that there have been 20 historical archaeological sites
previously recorded within a 2 km radius of the study area (Map 5). No historical sites were
located in the study area. The background research concluded that domestic and farming sites
were the types of historical sites most likely to occur within the study area.
The additional investigations by Ecology and Heritage Partners as part of the complex
Aboriginal CHMP assessment of the study area was conducted on 9, 12 and 15 August, and
between 20-21 September 2011 by Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd
Archaeologists/Cultural Heritage Advisors Mollie Harbour and Terence MacManus.
No historical heritage sites were found in the course of the archaeological investigations.
A copy of this report has been lodged with Heritage Victoria.
Residential Subdivision, Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria: HHA 3999, March 2012
1
Summary of Management Recommendations
Recommendation 1
As there are no known historical sites or areas considered to have historical potential there is
no requirement for any further historical investigations.
Recommendation 2
There are no other known historical heritage issues in regard to the proposed development. If
any historical issues are encountered during the course of construction then works should
cease within 10 m of the area of concern and a qualified Cultural Heritage Advisor (or
Heritage Victoria) should be contacted to investigate.
Residential Subdivision, Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria: HHA 3999, March 2012
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................1
PART 1 - ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................6
1
Introduction .....................................................................................................6
1.1
Background and Scope of Works ......................................................................6
1.2
Name of Cultural Heritage Advisors ..................................................................7
1.3
Notice of Intention to Survey to Heritage Victoria ..............................................7
1.4
Aboriginal Heritage............................................................................................7
1.5
Location and Description of Study Area ............................................................7
1.6
Proposed Activity ..............................................................................................8
1.7
Name of Client ................................................................................................10
1.8
Report Review and Distribution .......................................................................10
1.9
Heritage Legislation ........................................................................................10
2
Background Review ......................................................................................11
2.1
Environmental Context ....................................................................................11
2.1.1
Geographic region .................................................................................................................. 11
2.1.2
Geomorphology and landforms ............................................................................................. 11
2.1.3
Geology and soils ................................................................................................................... 12
2.1.4
Vegetation ................................................................................................................................ 12
2.1.5
Climate...................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2
Historical Context ............................................................................................13
2.2.1
History ...................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2
Land use history ...................................................................................................................... 14
2.3
Archaeological Context ...................................................................................16
2.3.1
Database searches .................................................................................................................. 16
2.3.2
Previous archaeological investigations ................................................................................ 20
2.3.3
Local heritage studies ............................................................................................................ 22
2.3.4
Historical Archaeological Site Prediction Statement .......................................................... 22
3
Field Assessment and Results ....................................................................24
3.1
Survey .............................................................................................................24
3.1.1
Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 24
3.1.2
Limitations of the survey ........................................................................................................ 24
3.1.3
Survey Coverage ..................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.4
Results of the survey .............................................................................................................. 25
4
Management Recommendations .................................................................27
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3
Maps..........................................................................................................................28
Appendices ..............................................................................................................35
References ...............................................................................................................49
Tables
Table 1: Summary of Previously Identified Sites within 2 km of the Study Area ...................... 19
Table 2: Archaeological Reports Relevant to the Study Area ................................................. 20
Table 3: Heritage Reports Relevant to the Study Area ........................................................... 22
Table 4: Effective Survey Cover Calculations within the Study Area ....................................... 25
Maps
Map 1: Location of study area. ............................................................................................. 29
Map 2: Extent of study area. ................................................................................................. 30
Map 3: Proposed development plan. .................................................................................... 31
Map 4: Location of the study area and the relevant geographic region. ................................ 32
Map 5: Historical sites located in the study area and in the vicinity of the study area. ........... 33
Map 6: Surveyed areas. ....................................................................................................... 34
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4
Acknowledgements
We thank the following people and organisations for their contribution in the project:

Chris Mason (St Quentin Consulting) for project and site information.

Chris Wellam (Paisley Manor Pty Ltd) for project and site information.

Heritage Victoria.
Cover Photo: Painting of the ‘Toorang’ homestead, on the edge of Lake Connewarre, Leopold (image from
Heritage Victoria)
Copyright © Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd
This document is subject to copyright and may only be used for the
purposes for which it was commissioned. The use or copying of this
document in whole or part without the permission of Ecology and
Heritage Partners Pty Ltd is an infringement of copyright.
Disclaimer
Although Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd have taken all the
necessary steps to ensure that an accurate document has been
prepared, the company accepts no liability for any damages or loss
incurred as a result of reliance placed upon the report and its content.
Residential Subdivision, Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria: HHA 3999, March 2012
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PART 1 - ASSESSMENT
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Scope of Works
Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd was commissioned by St Quentin Consulting, on
behalf of Paisley Manor Pty Ltd, to prepare a Historical Heritage Assessment (HHA) for the
proposed rezoning of land on the western side of Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria (City of
Greater Geelong) Victoria (Map 1). The study area is approximately 25.4 ha in size and is
bounded by Ash Road to the east, residential properties in the north, farming land to the west,
and rural properties in the south (Map 2).
An archaeological survey was undertaken for the preparation of an Aboriginal CHMP and
therefore, under the Heritage Act 1995, it was also necessary to consider and report on the
historical archaeological values of the land.
The project brief agreed upon by Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd and the Sponsor is as
follows:

Review the relevant heritage databases (e.g. Local Government Heritage Overlays,
Heritage Victoria Inventory and Register, National Trust) and other relevant
available literature;

A brief review of the land use of the study area;

Conduct a site assessment by a qualified Cultural Heritage Advisor to identify any
historical cultural heritage within the study area;

Identify and provide a series of maps as required showing any historical
archaeological heritage or areas likely to contain historical cultural heritage;

Provide information in relation to any implications of Commonwealth and State
environmental legislation and Government policy associated with the proposed
development;

Discuss any opportunities and constraints associated with the study area;

Liaise with any key stakeholders (e.g. local government and Heritage Victoria (HV);
and

Production of an HHA report.
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6
1.2 Name of Cultural Heritage Advisors
This report was prepared by Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd Archaeologist/Cultural
Heritage Advisor Mollie Harbour.
The quality assurance review was undertaken by Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd
Director/Principal Heritage Advisor Oona Nicolson. The field work was undertaken by
Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd Archaeologists/Cultural Heritage Advisors Rick
Bullers, Mollie Harbour and Terence MacManus. Mapping was provided by Ecology and
Heritage Partners Pty Ltd GIS Officer Bill Fish and Amanda Feetham.
1.3 Notice of Intention to Survey to Heritage Victoria
A Notice of Intention to Conduct an Archaeological Survey (NOI) was submitted to Heritage
Victoria (HV) on 8 August 2011. A written response to this NOI was sent by HV to Ecology
and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd on 10 August. The HV reference number for this project is
3999.
1.4 Aboriginal Heritage
A separate report detailing the Aboriginal heritage has been prepared for this project; a
Cultural Heritage Management Plan. The AAV reference number for this project is 11776
(Harbour and Bullers 2012).
1.5 Location and Description of Study Area
The study area is located in Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria (City of Greater Geelong). The study
area is approximately 25.4 ha in size and is bounded by Ash Road to the east, residential
properties in the north, farming land to the west, and rural properties in the south (Map 2). The
subject land (study area) is located in farmland to the south of Leopold on the Bellarine
Peninsula, approximately 10 km to the east of Geelong. Leopold is located on the northern
end of the Bellarine Peninsula, between the Outer Harbour of Corio Bay and Lake
Connewarre.
The study area is comprised of undulating pastoral land. The study area situated at 160-172
Ash Road contains a residence and large shed, and has a slight rise in the centre of the
allotment, along a line of trees that have since been largely removed. A dam is located
adjacent to the western fence line. The property is currently being used as a small hobby farm,
with potato farming the main activity.
The property known as 152 Ash Road is currently operating as a flower farm, and is known as
‘Flora Post’. The eastern portion of the allotment contains a number of buildings, gravel road
and the remainder has been heavily ploughed for a flower plantation, and a dam has been
constructed in the western portion.
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Properties 112-130 Ash Road, 110 Ash Road and 22-30 Walkers Road are all currently being
utilised for cattle grazing, and 110 and 112-130 each contain a residence and shed.
Number 134 Ash Road may have been used for grazing in the past, but it is currently vacant.
Number 132 Ash Road comprises a residence but no land.
Number 21 Walkers Road comprises a residence and a dense plantation of young eucalypt
trees.
The northernmost property, 90 Ash Road, is situated on a rise with panoramic views across
Leopold and extending to Lake Connewarre. The property is sloped downwards in a
southwest direction. The northwest corner of the property is the highest point of the entire
study area. A derelict house is situated on the property, alongside a large shed. The property is
currently being leased as cattle and horse grazing land.
The cadastral details of the study area are as follows:

Volume #: 8491, Folio #: 585, Lot 3 LP63799, Parish of Moolap.

Volume #: 8491, Folio #: 584, Lot 2 LP63799, Parish of Moolap.

Volume #: 8509, Folio #: 796, Lot 2 LP65178, Parish of Moolap.

Volume #: 8509, Folio #: 795, Lot 1 LP65178, Parish of Moolap.

Volume #: 9118, Folio #: 261, Lot 1 LP116751, Parish of Moolap.

Volume #: 9118, Folio #: 262, Lot 2 LP116751, Parish of Moolap.

Volume #: 8341, Folio #: 436, Lot 2 LP48473, Parish of Moolap.

Volume #: 8431, Folio #: 435, Lot 1 LP48473, Parish of Moolap.

Volume #: 8390, Folio #: 119, Lot 2 LP87651, Parish of Moolap.

Volume #: 8861, Folio #: 599, Lot 1 LP87651, Parish of Moolap.
1.6 Proposed Activity
Paisley Manor Pty Ltd seeks to rezone nine parcels of land on the western side of Ash Road at
Leopold, Victoria. The present proposal is for a rezoning of the land, with a view to future
development as a residential subdivision. The rezoning itself will have no impact on the
ground or any cultural heritage values contained within it.
The lands are currently within Farming Zone (FZ) and the application will seek to rezone the
lands as Residential 1 Zone (R1Z) similar to lands to the north and west. Paisley Manor Pty
Residential Subdivision, Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria: HHA 3999, March 2012
8
Ltd will also seek a DPO; lands adjoining the western boundary of the application area
currently fall under DPO18 (Leopold Urban Expansion Area 2).
Paisley Manor has engaged St Quentin to oversee the rezoning application process. As part of
the application process, Geelong City Council requires the preparation of a Draft Outline
Development Plan (DODP) and a Draft S173 Agreement to be exhibited with the rezoning
amendment. The DODP will need to be supported by an assessment of the archaeological
values of the lands. Following rezoning a Detailed Development Plan will be prepared.
The future residential subdivision works will impact the surface of the land and buried former
land surfaces (Map 2: Extent of study area.
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Map 3). The development will include the subdivision of land, excavation and clearing to
prepare lots, construction of roads and installation of utilities.
1.7 Name of Client
This report has been commissioned by St Quentin Consulting, on behalf of Paisley Manor Pty
Ltd (ABN: 94 107 872 251).
1.8 Report Review and Distribution
Copies of this CHMP will be lodged with the following organisations:

St Quentin Consulting;

Paisley Manor Pty Ltd; and

Heritage Victoria.
1.9 Heritage Legislation
An overview of the Victorian Heritage Act 1995, the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006, the
Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993, the Victorian Planning and Environment Act 1987, the
Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act)
is included below (Appendix 2). This legislation is subordinate to the Victorian Coroner’s
Act 2008 in relation to the discovery of human remains.
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2 BACKGROUND REVIEW
The background review includes research into information relating to historical cultural
heritage in or associated with the study area.
2.1 Environmental Context
Environmental factors influence how land may have been used in the past. This section
reviews the environmental context of the study area to gain an understanding of
environmental factors relevant to historical cultural heritage.
2.1.1 Geographic region
The study area forms a part of the Otway Plain bioregion (Map 4). This geographic region is
relevant to any Aboriginal cultural heritage that may be present within the study area. The
desktop assessment has been undertaken in relation to the Otway Plain bioregion (DPI 2011a).
2.1.2 Geomorphology and landforms
The Bellarine Peninsula is an uplifted landmass bounded by the Barrabool Fault to the north
and the Bellarine Fault along the east. It forms the southern and western boundary of the Port
Phillip Sunkland. The southern side of the Peninsula fronts the coast of Bass Strait and its
south-eastern point (Point Lonsdale) forms the western heads of the entrance to Port Phillip
Bay. Topographically, the landforms on the Bellarine Peninsula vary from vast areas of
shallow lakes and low-lying estuary (namely Lake Connewarre and Reedy Lake) to the
uplifted tertiary plain in the centre of the Peninsula, and the basalt hills between Drysdale and
Portarlington (Bird 1993).
Lake Connewarre
Lake Connewarre is the largest physiographic feature in the area of the proposed alignment
and along with Reedy Lake form substantial wetlands along the course of the Barwon River.
Bird (1993) provides the following description:
Lake Connewarre is a shallow lagoon bordered on the north and east by bluffs cut
into the sandstones of the Moorabool Viaduct Formation underlain by Fyansford
Clay, over which there have been landslides, and on the south by low-lying country
with subdued ridges of dune calcarenite surmounting a wide lava flow, consisting of
Plio-Pleistocene basalt from Mount Duneed. Downstream from Geelong the river
Barwon flows across a former lake basin now occupied by extensive rush and reed
swamp. This is known as Reedy Lake, and is underlain by Late Pleistocene
sediments containing marine shells, deposited when the area was submerged by a
higher sea live, and later covered by Holocene peaty deposits. The Barwon enters
Lake Connewarre by way of a small marshy delta, built where reeds have trapped
river silt. Tectonic disruption, lava flows, dune accretion, and erosion and
deposition by the Barwon River have all contributed to the shaping of this landscape.
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11
Lake Connewarre itself has a maximum depth of about 2 m and is saline and tidal. The
archaeology of Lake Connewarre is poorly known due to a lack of investigation (DPI 2011b).
2.1.3 Geology and soils
The surface geology of the Bellarine Peninsula consists primarily of sand sheets overlaying
Miocene clays. The hills in the centre of the Peninsula are formed from the oldest sand sheet,
which is Tertiary in age. Parts of the Tertiary sand sheet have been weathered to form a
‘gently rolling plain’ and more recent sands of variable depth have in turn covered these. The
flat areas at the toe of the plain such as at Clifton Springs also consist of these recent
(Quaternary) sands (Wright 1973; Bird 1993).
Leopold is located on a notable rise (about 50 m Above Sea Level [ASL]) that probably marks
a fault between the flat alluvial plain east of Geelong, and the undulating sand hills that
comprise the ‘plateau’ that characterises the central parts of the Bellarine Peninsula.
The subject land falls within a single geological unit, the above-mentioned Moorabool
Viaduct Sands (DPI 2011b). These Miocene and Early Pliocene sands and clays and
equivalent sediments have been described by Abele (1977), who details the variation in
localities such as Batesford and Torquay. For the Bellarine Peninsula he notes ‘…sand and
sandy clay, commonly ferruginous and at least in part equivalent to the Moorabool Viaduct
Sand are widespread on the Bellarine Peninsula’ (Abele 1977: 45). This formation is overlain
by recent siliceous sand. This sand is dark grey in colour and loosely consolidated and is
likely to vary in depth along the alignment. The humic soils associated with the above noted
drainage lines and swampy-boggy areas appear to be the only notable variation in the local
surface sediments (DPI 2011b).
2.1.4 Vegetation
The native flora and fauna of the Bellarine Peninsula has been dramatically reduced since
European settlement because of the destruction of habitat by farming and more recently, the
development of residential and industrial estates. The DSE Biodiversity Interactive maps were
accessed and the Ecological Vegetation Class for the entire area for 1750 was Grassy
Woodland. The 2005 EVC indicates that significant remnants of this vegetation survive,
especially in the central east of the subject land, in an area south of Walkers Road. However,
most of the subject land has been under cultivation for a century or more. Remnant vegetation
is a good indicator of the degree of ground disturbance (DSE 2011a).
2.1.5 Climate
The climate of Leopold is characterised by warm dry summers and cold wet winters;
temperatures range between an average maximum of 23.3°C and minimum of 16.4°C in
January to an average maximum 12.9°C and minimum 7.7°C in July.
Rainfall varies between a maximum of 52.8 mm in November and 31.5 mm in February, with
annual average rainfalls of 527.1 mm (BOM 2011).
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2.2 Historical Context
The section reviews the historical context of the study area and includes an examination of
historical and ethnohistorical sources, previously recorded historical archaeological site types
and locations in the geographic region of the study area, and previous archaeological studies
undertaken in the area. Together, these sources of information can be used to formulate a
predictive site model concerning what types of sites are most likely to occur in the study area,
and where these are most likely to occur.
2.2.1 History
The first European person to arrive in the Bellarine Peninsula was Lieutenant John Murray,
who entered the mouth of Port Phillip Bay on 14 February 1802. He sailed around the area for
one month and was then forced to return to Sydney due to a lack of supplies. Later in the same
year (26 April) Captain Matthew Flinders entered and crossed Port Phillip Bay on the
Investigator and later landed at Indented Head where he camped and moved further northwest
along the Bellarine Peninsula, in the vicinity of Portarlington. He crossed Port Phillip Bay
again to investigate the You Yangs, later returning to Indented Head.
In early 1803, the Cumberland set sail for Port Phillip with the Surveyor-General Charles
Grimes aboard, with the intention of surveying the coast for potential settlement. The men
landed at Portarlington and on foot, headed westward and crossed five dry ‘dingles’ before
reaching Point Henry. Technically, dingles are deep dells (valleys), usually shaded with trees.
These ‘dingles’ could refer to the number of small creeks that head inland from the coast in
the Clifton Springs area.
Also in 1803 the Ocean and the Calcutta arrived at Sorrento, laden with convicts including
William Buckley, settlers and marines. The settlement was abandoned due to the poor quality
of the soil. However, before William Buckley escaped from the Sorrento settlement, and went
on to live with the Wathaurong for the next 32 years, during which time there was little or no
European exploration of the Bellarine Peninsula.
In 1835, Buckley learned of three white men camped at Indented Head, who were part of John
Batman’s Port Phillip exploration party. The party went on to explore the area, returning once
again and later left three of the exploration party at their base camp. These men made a
garden and built a house of sods. After some interaction with the local Aborigines, Buckley
approached the camp on the 6 July 1835. It was during this time Batman explored the
Bellarine Peninsula; he climbed the Bellarine Hills and reported;
I found the Hills of a most superior description beyond my most sanguine expectation –
the Land Excellent and very rich a light black soil covered with Kangaroo Grass (cited
in Wynd 1988: 6).
The early European settlement of the Bellarine Peninsula spread from the west, with Point
Henry being an important landing place, and from the eastern or bay end, following in the
tracts of Batman and other explorers. Wynd (1986: 8) noted that while ‘[M]ost people are
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13
aware that 500,000 acres around Melbourne were purchased (through a deed – ‘Batman’s
Treaty’)… it is not so well known that in a separate deed 100,000 acres around Geelong,
including the whole of the Bellarine Peninsula, were purchased’ .
Large tracts of land were initially taken up by squatters, many of whom did little more than
run stock over loosely defined runs. Mr Thomas Sproat held the ‘Bellarine Hills’ run of 1,280
acres between 1842 and 1852. The Misses’ Newcombe and Drysdale’s ‘Bellarine’ run was
some 1,920 acres; this run borders the study area to the west (Spreadborough and Anderson
1983:268-270). As the various land Acts became introduced in the 1840s and 50s, squatting
runs began to dissolve and were replaced by small farming allotments purchased by
‘Selectors’.
Leopold was originally known as Kensington and, like other small towns on the Peninsula,
was established along major roads as settlement grew out from Geelong. Kensington was the
name given to the subdivision of 1852, which led to the rise of the township. Within the next
three years churches were erected and the town blossomed. By 1885 descriptions of the town
were as follows; ‘…a small village, 52 miles S.W. of Melbourne and 12 miles west of
Queenscliff, with Connewarre 2 miles S. The district is a good fruit-growing one. There are
two churches and a state school, with a population of about 100 persons, within one mile of
the post office…’ (cited in Wynd 1988:103). In 1885 the town name was changed due to the
apparent confusion with Melbourne’s suburb Kensington and Leopold was chosen.
Throughout most of the 20th Century Leopold remained a small township servicing the
surrounding rural sector. During the second half of the century and most recently, Leopold has
experienced unprecedented urban growth and with this the demise of local farms.
2.2.2 Land use history
An 1869 map of the Parish of Moolap (Figure 1) shows that the study area comprised a
section of land owned by N.K.N Weeks. Since European settlement of the study area and
surrounding region, the land has been utilised for various farming uses including grazing,
potato farming, hobby farms, and crops. In addition, number 152 Ash Road contains a small
business associated with the growing of flowers and vegetables, named ‘Flora Post’. The
study area has undergone some ground disturbance associated with farming including houses,
storage sheds, fencing, tree planting, cropping, and the construction of a dam in the southern
study area property.
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14
Figure 1: Map of Parish of Moolap circa 1869. Study area falls within section XVI.
Residential Subdivision, Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria: HHA 3999, March 2012
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2.3 Archaeological Context
2.3.1 Database searches
A search of various historical heritage registers was conducted on date, using a search area of
approximately 2 km radius centred on the study area. As a result of a review of the various
databases, a total of 22 sites were located within the search area. The database review is
discussed below in relation to the study area and surrounding region.
2.3.1.1 Victorian Heritage Register
The Victorian Heritage Register (VHR), established by the Victorian Heritage Act 1995,
provides the highest level of statutory protection for historical sites in Victoria. Only the
State’s most significant historical sites are listed on the VHR.
A search of the VHR was conducted for a 2 km radius area centred on the study area. One
previously recorded site is located within a 2 km radius of the study area; no VHR sites are
present within the study area (Map 4).

H1117 / HO285 ‘Melaleuca’ (Melaleuka) Residence
2.3.1.2 Victorian Heritage Inventory
The Victorian Heritage Inventory (VHI), established by the Victorian Heritage Act 1995,
provides the statutory protection for all historical archaeological sites, areas or relics, and
private collections of relics, in Victoria. Sites listed on the VHI are not of State significance
but are usually of regional or local significance.
A search of the VHI was conducted for a 2 km radius area centred on the study area. Two
previously recorded sites are located within a 2 km radius of the study area; no VHI sites are
present within the study area (Map 4).


H7721-0026 Hoare Homestead
H7721-0030 Well, Leopold
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2.3.1.3 Victorian Heritage Inventory
The Victorian War Heritage Inventory (VWHI) was established in 2011 as a means to
catalogue Victoria’s war history such as war memorials, avenues of honour, memorial
buildings, former defence sites and places of commemoration. Places listed on the VWHI do
not currently have discrete statutory protection, however many are concurrently listed on the
VHR, VHI, or local planning schemes.
A search of the VWHI was conducted for a 2 km radius area centred on the study area. One
previously recorded site is located within a 2 km radius of the study area; no VWHI sites are
present within the study area (Map 4).

Leopold Memorial Park
2.3.1.4 Local Council
The study area is located within the City of Greater Geelong and is governed by the City of
Greater Geelong Planning Scheme. Planning schemes set out policies and provisions for the
use, development and protection of land.
The Heritage Overlay (HO) of the City of Greater Geelong Planning Scheme was examined
for a 2 km radius area centred on the study area. Fifteen sites are located within a 2 km radius
of the study area are currently listed on the HO; no HO sites are present within the study area
(Map 4).















HO284 ‘Lake View’ Homestead
HO285 / H1117 ‘Melaleuca’ (Melaleuka) Residence
HO287 ‘Springfield’ Residence
HO288 / B2078 St Mark’s On The Hill Anglican Church
HO289 ‘Toongabbie’ Residence (located immediately east of the study area)
HO290 ‘Toorang’ Homestead
HO1535 Residence
HO1539 Former Moolap Inn ‘Green Gables’
HO1540 Leopold Hall
HO1561 Geelong-Queenscliff Railway Line
HO1567 ‘Kalimnar’ Residence
HO1568 Leopold Cemetery
HO1570 Residence
HO1571 ‘Monmeath’ Homestead
HO1586 ‘Bayview’ Residence
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2.3.1.5 National Trust Register
The National Trust of Australia (Victoria) is an independent, not-for-profit organisation that
classifies a number of heritage places. Listing on the National Trust Register (NTR) does not
impose any statutory protection, however often National Trust listings are supported by the
local council Planning Scheme.
A search of the NTR was conducted for a 2 km radius area centred on the study area. One
previously recorded site is located within a 2 km radius of the study area; no sites are present
within the study area (Map 4).

B2078 / HO288 St Mark’s On The Hill Anglican Church
2.3.1.6 Commonwealth and International Heritage Lists
The Commonwealth Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and
Communities (DSEWPC) maintains the National Heritage List (NHL), a register of
exceptional natural, Aboriginal and historical heritage places which contribute to Australia’s
national identity.
DSEWPC also maintains the Commonwealth Heritage List (CHL), a register of natural,
Aboriginal or historical heritage places located on Commonwealth land which have
Commonwealth heritage values.
A place can be listed on one or both lists, and placement on either list gives the place statutory
protection under the EPBC Act.
The World Heritage List (WHL) lists cultural and natural heritage places which are
considered by the World Heritage Council to have outstanding universal value.
DSEWPC also maintains the Register of the National Estate (RNE) which is a list of natural,
Indigenous and historic heritage places throughout Australia. Following amendments to the
Australian Heritage Council Act 2003, the RNE was frozen on 19 February 2007, which
means that no new places can be added, or removed. However, the Register will continue as a
statutory register until February 2012. During this transition period items listed on the RNE
must continue to be considered during approvals processes.
Listings on the NHL, CHL, WHL and RNE are accessed via the Australian Heritage Database
(AHD), managed by DSEWPC.
The Federal Department maintains the Commonwealth Historic Shipwreck Database (HSD).
Under the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976, all shipwrecks in Commonwealth
waters that were lost 75 years or more ago are protected. For Victoria, the majority of these
are also reflected as listings on the VHR.
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18
A search of the AHD and HSD was conducted for a 2 km radius area centred on the study
area. Two previously recorded sites, both listed on the RNE, are located within a 2 km radius
of the study area; no sites listed on Commonwealth historical heritage databases are present
within the study area (Map 4).


3641 Lake Connewarre State Game Reserve
16417 Indigenous Place
A summary of the relevant historical archaeological sites appears below (Table 1).
Table 1: Summary of Previously Identified Sites within 2 km of the Study Area
VAHR Site
Number
Site Name
Site Type
Within Study
Area?
VHR H1117
HO285
‘Melaleuca’ (Melaleuka) Residence
Residence
No
VHI H7721-0026
Hoare Homestead
Residence
No
VHI H7721-0030
Well, Leopold
Farming
No
VWHI (no number
given)
Leopold Memorial Park
Memorial
No
RNE 3641
Lake Connewarre
Reserve
Reserve
No
RNE 16417
Indigenous Place
Aboriginal Site
No
HO 284
‘Lake View’ Homestead
Residence
No
HO287
‘Springfield’ Residence
Residence
No
HO288
NTR B2078
St Mark’s On The Hill Anglican
Church
Religious
No
HO289
‘Toongabbie’ Residence
Residence
No, but is
immediately
east of study
area
HO290
‘Toorang’ Homestead
Residence
No
HO1535
Residence
Residence
No
HO1539
Former Moolap Inn ‘Green Gables’
Inn
No
HO1540
Leopold Hall
Residence
No
HO1561
Geelong-Queenscliff Railway Line
Infrastructure/Transport
No
HO1567
‘Kalimnar’ Residence
Residence
No
HO1568
Leopold Cemetery
Cemetery
No
HO1570
Residence
Residence
No
HO1571
‘Monmeath’ Homestead
Residence
No
HO1586
‘Bayview’ Residence
Residence
No
State
Game
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19
2.3.2 Previous archaeological investigations
Regional and localised archaeological investigations have established the general character of
historical archaeological sites located within the same geographic region as the study area.
This information, together with the information gathered in Section 2.3.1 and 0, can be used to
form the basis for a site prediction statement (Section 2.3.4).
TerraCulture (2005) surveyed land at 711-729 Portarlington Road, Leopold. Two Aboriginal
artefact scatters and one historical archaeological site were identified during the ground
surface survey. The landowner had undertaken illegal ground-disturbance earth works, and as
a result soil stockpiles had been piled up throughout the property. Archaeological deposits
from a European rubbish dump were found within 60 of the soil stockpiles (H7721-0115).
Weaver (2006) completed a subsurface testing program of the rubbish dump in order to
document the historic site. Weaver’s findings concluded that the site contained mostly glass
bottles and ceramics. Furthermore, Weaver identified 10 artefact material groups: glass,
ceramic, plastic, leather, metal, fibro cement, rubber, abrasive grit, Bakelite and bone. The
artefacts were not believed to be domestic products, but were thought to have been attributed
to the running of a farm property.
A summary of historical archaeological reports relevant to the geographical region of the
study area appears below (Table 2).
Table 2: Archaeological Reports Relevant to the Study Area
Author, Date
and Report No #
Location and Description
Results
TerraCulture
2004
#1878
An
archaeological
survey
and
subsurface testing for the proposed
duplication of the water transfer main
between Leopold and Ocean Grove.
A ground survey identified two Aboriginal
archaeological sites. As a result, subsurface
testing occurred within the vicinity of the artefact
scatters (772109621/0622 [VAHR[). A desktop
assessment determined that there were no
previously recorded historical sites on or near the
proposed alignment. No historical archaeological
sites were identified during the ground survey or
subsurface testing.
Murphy, A. and
Maitri, M.
2005
#2313
A ground surface survey of land located
at 251-319 Melaluka Road, Leopold.
A desktop assessment indicated that historic sites
dating to the late 1800’s may be present within
the study area. These sites are associated with
small-scale land ownership. No historical
archaeological sites were identified. However,
one un-surveyed section of the study area was
identified as having potential for historical
archaeological sites.
TerraCulture
2005
#2514
An archaeological survey at 711-729
Portarlington Road, Leopold.
A desktop assessment determined that there
were
no
previously
recorded
historical
archaeological sites within or near to the study
area. However, it was considered possible that
historical sites may be present. A ground surface
survey identified two Aboriginal artefact sites
(7721-0768/0769 [VAHR]) and one historical
archaeological site (H7721-0115). The historic
sites consisted of a European rubbish dump,
containing mostly bottles and ceramics.
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20
Author, Date
and Report No #
Location and Description
Results
TerraCulture
2006
#2639
An archaeological survey of land
located at 702-720 Portarlington Road,
Leopold.
A desktop assessment determined that there
were
no
previously
recorded
historical
archaeological sites within or near to the study
area. However, it was considered possible that
historical sites may be present. The ground
surface survey identified no Aboriginal or
historical archaeological sites.
Weaver, F.
2006
#2997
Excavations and recording of European
material from a historical rubbish dump
(H7721-0115).
TerraCulture (2005) recorded a historical rubbish
dump site during a survey of the study area in
2005. Weaver (2006) undertook subsequent
excavations at the site. Twenty spoil heaps
containing European cultural material were
located. These spoil heaps had been created by
the land owner during earth works. Weaver
identified 10 artefact material groups: glass,
ceramic, plastic, leather, metal, fibro cement,
rubber, abrasive grit, Bakelite and bone. The
artefacts were believed to have been attributed to
the running of a farm property.
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21
2.3.3 Local heritage studies
Regional and localised heritage studies have been conducted for the City of Greater Geelong
Local Government Area. These studies often define the historical character of the LGA or for
a specific township, predominantly for built heritage but also for archaeological heritage.
This information, together with the information gathered in Sections 2.3.1 and 0, can be used
to form the basis for a site prediction statement (Section 2.3.4).
Huddle (1996) completed a historical heritage study for the wider Bellarine Peninsula region.
The aim of the study was to identify and record post-contact historical heritage sites, and
make recommendations for the management of these sites. As a result, 290 historical heritage
places were recorded; 83 of the sites were recommended for inclusion within the City of
Greater Geelong Planning Scheme and were subsequently listed on the Heritage Overlay.
Huddle concluded that Drysdale and Portarlington had greatest number of sites, while
Leopold had a total of 22 sites. Community, townships and early settlement themes were seen
to be relatively well represented, but agriculture, maritime, landscape and tourism themes
were not. This is a result of the Bellarine Peninsula’s predominantly family-centred rural
community history.
A summary of historical archaeological reports relevant to the geographical region of the
study area appears below (Table 3).
Table 3: Heritage Reports Relevant to the Study Area
Author, Date,
Report Number
#
Location and Description
Results
Weaver, F.
1996
#379
A heritage study of the Bellarine area
within the municipality.
The aim of the study was to identify places of
historical significance and place them within the
context of Victoria’s history. A total of 32 sites
were recorded during the project, however,
Weaver concluded that these sites represent only
a small proportion of the historical sites likely to
be present on the Peninsula. The majority of the
sites fall into the category of pastoral and
agricultural heritage places.
Huddle, L.
1996
#3020
Identification and recording of historical
heritage sites within the Bellarine
Peninsula.
The aim of the report was to identify and record
post-contact historical sites and to make
recommendations for the management of these
sites. As a result, 83 heritage places were
recommended for inclusion within the City of
Greater Geelong Planning Scheme. A total of 290
historical heritage sites were recorded during the
study.
2.3.4 Historical Archaeological Site Prediction Statement
The review of the previously recorded historical archaeological sites and previous
archaeological investigations indicates that the most likely site types in the study area are
Residential Subdivision, Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria: HHA 3999, March 2012
22
domestic and farming sites. The following site prediction statement has been formulated from
the review of previous assessments. The statement presented is based on a site type approach.
Domestic Sites
Evidence of domestic occupation may include structural remains or ruins of homesteads
and/or outbuildings, domestic rubbish dumps or bottle dumps, wells or underground storage
tanks.
Domestic sites are likely to occur within the study area.
Farming Sites
Evidence of farming may include fence lines, dams, water channels, plantings or terracing.
Farming sites are likely to occur within the study area.
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3 FIELD ASSESSMENT AND RESULTS
3.1 Survey
The purpose of the ground survey of the study area to detect the presence of historical cultural
heritage in or associated with the study area.
The activity area was surveyed on 15 April 2011 by TerraCulture Pty Ltd
Archaeologist/Cultural Heritage Advisor Monica Toscano.
A follow up survey of the eastern portion of 146-155 Ash Road (previously under crop) was
undertaken on 20 September 2011 by Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd
Archaeologists/Cultural Heritage Advisors Mollie Harbour and Terence MacManus.
3.1.1 Methodology
The survey conducted by TerraCulture took the form of a pedestrian survey in which the
participants walked 2 m apart across the majority of the activity area (Map 6). The survey of
an area previously under crop (at 146-155 Ash Road), conducted by Ecology and Heritage
Partners, was walked with participants spaced 5 m apart.
3.1.2 Limitations of the survey
Ground surface visibility across the entire activity area was almost non-existent. Long grass
was found across the activity area; and the front section of 146-155 Ash Road could not be
surveyed by TerraCulture due to the presence of standing crops. When this section of 146-155
Ash Road was later surveyed by Ecology and Heritage Partners the ground surface visibility
was 100%, and it was evident that the ground had been ploughed.
3.1.3 Survey Coverage
3.1.3.1 Ground surface visibility
Overall, ground visibility was found to be almost non-existent (Plates 1-6). The survey
completed by Ecology and Heritage Partners revealed no historical heritage material, and no
areas of historical heritage likelihood.
3.1.3.2 Effective survey coverage
Effective survey coverage calculations are based on the level of ground surface exposure that
allows the ‘detectability’ of artefacts and the level of survey sampling effort within each
landform in the study area. The calculation assesses the level of average GSV across the
study area in each landform, the extent of isolated exposures with higher or lower GSV than
the average, and a calculation of the area within each landform that was surveyed.
An overview of the effective survey coverage in each landform within the study area is
provided below (Table 4).
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24
Table 4: Effective Survey Cover Calculations within the Study Area
Landform
Total
Average
Landform
Average
Landform
Isolated
Exposure
Isolated
Exposure
GSV (%)
GSV (ha)
Area (ha)
13.7
25
3.425
0.9
7
10
Upper Slope
4.3
Total
25
Area
(ha)
Lower Slope
Mid Slope
GSV (%)
Area of
Activity
Area
Surveyed
(ha)
Percentage
of Activity
Area
Surveyed
(%)
Effective
Coverage
(%)
100
14
100.0
31.6
0.7
7
100.0
10.0
10
0.43
4
100.0
10.0
18
4.555
25
100.0
21.8
0.9
100
3.1.4 Results of the survey
The ground surface survey revealed no historical heritage material, and no areas of historical
heritage likelihood (Error! Reference source not found., Page 34).
.
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25
Plate 1: View of Activity Area facing dam and soil
stockpiles to the west, in the southernmost
property.
Plate 2: View of Activity Area facing north east, in
the southernmost property, showing a line of trees
that have been cut down.
Plate 3: View of western portion of 146 Ash Road,
facing east.
Plate 4: View of 134 Ash Road, facing south.
Plate 5: View of eastern portion of 146 Ash Road,
facing west.
Plate 6: View of 90 Ash Road, facing east up the
slope.
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26
4 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
This section provides a summary of the recommendations made in relation to the historical
heritage values of the study area.
Recommendation 1
As there are no known historical sites or areas considered to have historical potential there is
no requirement for any further historical investigations.
Recommendation 2
There are no other known historical heritage issues in regard to the proposed development. If
any historical issues are encountered during the course of construction then works should
cease within 10 m of the area of concern and a qualified Cultural Heritage Advisor (or
Heritage Victoria) should be contacted to investigate.
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27
MAPS
Residential Subdivision, Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria: HHA 3999, March 2012
28
Map 1: Location of study area.
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29
Map 2: Extent of study area.
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30
Map 3: Proposed development plan.
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31
Map 4: Location of the study area and the relevant geographic region.
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32
Map 5: Historical sites located in the study area and in the vicinity of the study area.
Residential Subdivision, Ash Road, Leopold, Victoria: HHA 3999, March 2012
33
Map 6: Surveyed areas.
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34
APPENDICES
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35
Appendix 1: Notice of Intent to survey
NOI Form
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36
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37
HV Response
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Appendix 2: Heritage Legislation
A2.1.
Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
The EPBC Act provides a national framework for the protection of heritage and the
environment and the conservation of biodiversity. The EPBC Act is administered by
SEWPaC. The Australian Heritage Council assesses whether or not a nominated place is
appropriate for listing on either the National or Commonwealth Heritage Lists and makes a
recommendation to the Minister on that basis. The Minister for the Environment, Water,
Heritage and the Arts makes the final decision on listing. SEWPaC also administers the
Register of the National Estate.
The objectives of the EPBC Act are:

to provide for the protection of the environment, especially those aspects of the
environment that are matters of national environmental significance;

to promote ecologically sustainable development through the conservation and
ecologically sustainable use of natural resources;

to promote the conservation of biodiversity;

to provide for the protection and conservation of heritage;

to promote a cooperative approach to the protection and management of the
environment involving governments, the community, land-holders and
indigenous peoples;

to assist in the cooperative implementation of Australia's international
environmental responsibilities;

to recognise the role of indigenous people in the conservation and ecologically
sustainable use of Australia's biodiversity; and

to promote the use of indigenous peoples' knowledge of biodiversity with the
involvement of, and in cooperation with, the owners of the knowledge.
A2.2. Victorian Heritage Act 1995
The Victorian Heritage Act 1995 (the Act) is administered by Heritage Victoria (HV) and is
the Victorian Government's key piece of cultural heritage legislation.
The Act identifies and protects heritage places and objects that are of significance to the State
of Victoria including:

historic archaeological sites and artefacts;
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39

historic buildings, structures and precincts;

gardens, trees and cemeteries;

cultural landscapes;

shipwrecks and relics; and

significant objects.
The Heritage Register
The Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) lists the State’s most significant heritage places and
objects. These can be searched on the Victorian Heritage Database.
The Heritage Council determines what places and objects are included and only those places
and objects of outstanding significance are added. The process for adding a place or object is a
considered one.
A place or object cannot be added to the Register before the Heritage Council seeks the views
of the owner. If a heritage place or object is recommended to the Register, then owners are
given a report that includes a statement of cultural heritage significance, a proposed extent of
registration, and any proposed activities that may not require a permit.
A heritage object can include furniture, shipwreck relics, archaeological artefacts, equipment,
transport vehicles, and articles of everyday use that contribute to an understanding of
Victoria’s history. Objects can be registered in association with heritage places, or in their
own right.
The Heritage Inventory
Under Section 121 of the Heritage Act 1995, the Heritage Inventory records all places or
objects identified as historic archaeological sites, areas or relics, all known areas where
archaeological relics are located, all known occurrences of archaeological relics and all
persons known to be holding private collections of artefacts.
Under Section 127 of the Heritage Act 1995 it is an offence to damage or disturb an
archaeological site or relic, irrespective of whether it is listed on the Heritage Inventory or
Heritage Register.
Under Section 129 of the Heritage Act 1995 consent from Heritage Victoria is required if a
person wishes to
a) uncover or expose an archaeological relic;
b) excavate any land for the purpose of discovering, uncovering or moving an
archaeological relic; or
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40
c) deface or damage or otherwise interfere with an archaeological relic or carry out an act
likely to endanger an archaeological relic; or
d) posses an archaeological relic for the purposes of sale; or
e) to buy or sell an archaeological relic.
Any application for a consent to the Executive Director must be accompanied by the
prescribed fee. Various classes of works apply to the application fees. The Heritage Council
may waive the fees if it is satisfied that the activities to which the application relates:
a) are for the purposes of conservation or protection of the archaeological relic; or
b) are to assist in relevant anthropological, archaeological, ethnographic; historical or
scientific research; or
c) are to educate the public as to the cultural heritage significance of the archaeological
relic in its context; or
d) are for the safety of the public; or
e) are the same, or primarily the same, as those for which a consent has previously been
issued to an applicant in relation to that registered place or registered object.
Up until late 2009, Heritage Victoria had a ‘D’ classification for places that are considered to
have low historical or scientific significance. These sites are listed on the Victorian Heritage
Inventory but are not subject to statutory protection, therefore there is no requirement to
obtain a Consent to Disturb or destroy these sites. Heritage Victoria has requested that a letter
be sent to them informing them if ‘D’ listed sites or places are destroyed to maintain records
of these destroyed sites.
A2.3. Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006
The Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 protects Aboriginal cultural heritage in Victoria. A key part
of the legislation is that CHMPs are required to be prepared by Sponsors (the developer) and
qualified Cultural Heritage Advisors in accordance with the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and
the accompanying Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007. A CHMP is the assessment of an
area (known as an ‘activity area’) for Aboriginal cultural heritage values, the results of which
form a report (the CHMP) which details the methodology of the assessment and sets out
management recommendations and contingency measures to be undertaken before, during and
after an activity (development) to manage and protect any Aboriginal cultural heritage present
within the area examined.
The preparation of a CHMP is mandatory under the following circumstances:

If the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 require a CHMP to be prepared (s. 47);
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41

If the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria requires a CHMP to be prepared (s. 48);
or

If an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is required by the Environment Effects
Act 1978 (s. 49).
The Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 require a CHMP to be prepared:

If all or part of the proposed activity is a ‘high impact activity’; and

If all or part of the activity area is an area of ‘cultural heritage sensitivity’; and

If all or part of the activity area has not been subject to ‘significant ground
disturbance’.
The preparation of a CHMP can also be undertaken voluntarily. Having an Approved CHMP
in place can reduce risk for a project during the construction phase by ensuring there are no
substantial delays if sites happen to be found. Monitoring construction works is also rarely
required if an approved CHMP is in place.
Approval of the CHMPs is the responsibility of either DPCD (AAV) or the Registered
Aboriginal Parties. They will be examining the CHMPs in detail with key points including:

Addressing whether harm to heritage can be avoided or minimised;

All assessments (including test excavations) must be completed before management
decisions are formulated; and

Survey and excavation must be in accordance with proper archaeological practice and
supervised by a person appropriately qualified in archaeology.
There are three types of CHMPs that may be prepared. These are:

Desktop;

Standard; and

Complex.
A desktop CHMP is a literature review with fieldwork. If the results of the desktop show it is
reasonably possible that Aboriginal cultural heritage could be present in the activity area, a
standard assessment will be required.
The preparation of a CHMP can also be undertaken voluntarily. Having an approved CHMP
in place can reduce risk for a project during the construction phase by ensuring there are no
substantial delays if sites happen to be found. Monitoring construction works is also rarely
required if an approved CHMP is in place.
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42
It is strongly advised that for further information relating to heritage management (e.g. audits,
stop orders, inspectors, forms, evaluation fees, status of RAPs and penalties for breaching the
Act)
Clients
should
access
the
Aboriginal
Affairs
Victoria
website
(http://www.aboriginalaffairs.vic.gov.au/).
A2.4.
Victorian Planning and Environment Act 1987
All municipalities in Victoria are covered by land use planning controls which are prepared
and administered by State and local government authorities. The legislation governing such
controls is the Planning and Environment Act 1987. Places of significance to a locality can be
listed on a local planning scheme and protected by a Heritage Overlay (or other overlay where
appropriate). Places of Aboriginal cultural heritage significance are not often included on
local government planning schemes.
A2.5.
Victorian Coroner’s Act 2008
The Victorian Coroner’s Act 2008 requires the reporting of certain deaths and the
investigation of certain deaths and fires in Victoria by coroners to contribute to the reduction
of preventable deaths. Of most relevance to heritage is the requirement for any “reportable
death” to be reported to the police (s. 12[1]). The Coroner’s Act 2008 requires that the
discovery of human remains in Victoria (s. 4[1]) of a person whose identity is unknown (s.
4[g]) must be reported to the police.
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Appendix 3: Significance Assessment
A3.1. The ICOMOS Burra Charter
The standard for determining significance of places is derived from an international formula
developed by ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). In Australia, the
Burra Charter has been developed by ICOMOS which is a Charter for the Conservation of
Cultural Significance (Australia ICOMOS 1999).
The Burra Charter defines cultural significance as “aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or
spiritual value for past, present or future generations” (Australia ICOMOS 1999: Section 1.2).
Cultural significance is a concept which helps in estimating the value of places. The Burra
Charter Cultural Significance Guidelines definitions of the values implicit in assessing
cultural significance are as follows (Australia ICOMOS 1999):
Aesthetic value: Aesthetic value includes aspects of sensory perception for which criteria can
and should be stated. Such criteria may include consideration of the form, scale, colour,
texture and material of the fabric; the smells and sounds associated with its place and use.
Historic value: historic value encompasses the history of aesthetics, science and society, and
therefore to a large extent underlies all the terms set out in this section.
A place may have historic value because it has influenced, or has been influenced by, an
historic figure, event, phase or activity. It may also have historic value as the site of an
important event. For any given place the significance will be greater where evidence of the
association or event survives in situ, or where the settings are substantially intact, than where
it has been changed or evidence does not survive. However, some events or associations may
be so important that the place retains significance regardless of subsequent treatment.
Scientific value: The scientific or research value of a place will depend upon the importance
of the data involved, on its rarity, quality or representativeness, and on the degree to which the
place may contribute further substantial information.
Social value: Social value embraces the qualities for which a place has become a focus of
spiritual, political, national or other cultural sentiment to a majority or minority group.
National Historic Themes
It is noted that when assessing historic values that the use of historic themes is of benefit.
Historic themes are used by heritage professionals to assist in understanding the meanings and
connections that historic places may have in addition to the physical fabric of a place. Themes
can help explain how particular elements of a place are significant because of their ability to
illustrate important aspects of its history (Australian Heritage Commission 2001). The nine
theme groups that are most commonly used nationally are:
Theme 1
Tracing the evolution of the Australian environment
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Theme 2
Peopling Australia
Theme 3
Developing Local, Regional and National economies
Theme 4
Building settlements, towns and cities
Theme 5
Working
Theme 6
Educating
Theme 7
Governing
Theme 8
Developing Australia’s cultural life
Theme 9
Marking the phases of life
These theme groups are further expanded into more focussed sub-themes which will not be
expanded on here. The themes are intended to be non-hierarchal and a historic place may have
a number of themes, which reflects how we look at the past, allowing for an integrated,
diverse and complex human experience (Australian Heritage Commission 2001).
A3.2. The Heritage Act 1995 Criteria
The Heritage Act 1995 defines eight criteria against which cultural heritage significance can
be assessed. These criteria are used to assist in determining whether places of potential State
significance should be included in the Heritage Register. They are as follows:
Criterion A
The historical importance, association with or relationship to Victoria’s
history;
Criterion B
Good design or aesthetic characteristics;
Criterion C
Scientific or technical innovations or achievements;
Criterion D
Social or cultural associations
Criterion E
Potential to educate, illustrate or provide further scientific investigation
in relation to Victoria’s cultural heritage;
Criterion F
Importance in exhibiting a richness, diversity or unusual integration of
features;
Criterion G
Rarity or uniqueness of a place or object; and
Criterion H
The representative nature of a place or object as part of a class or type
of places or objects.
In addition it is appropriate when assessing the significance of a site in Victoria to consider
whether it is of Local, Regional or State (or potentially National) significance.
A3.3. Scientific Significance
Scientific significance of a heritage place (particularly archaeological sites) is also assessed in
Victoria using a commonly accepted formula developed by Bowdler (1981) and Sullivan and
Bowdler (1984). These are relative estimates of significance based on the current knowledge
available about sites or places in a region. The assessment uses three criteria; site contents,
site condition and representativeness.
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Site Contents Rating
1
No cultural materials remaining
2
Site contains a small number (e.g. 0-10 artefacts) or limited range of
cultural materials with no evident stratification
3
Site contains:
a. A larger number, bit limited range of cultural materials; and/or
b. Some intact stratified deposit
4
Site contains:
a. A large number and diverse range of cultural materials: and/or
b. Largely intact stratified deposit; and/or
c. Surface spatial patterning of cultural materials that still reflect the way
in which the cultural materials were laid down
Site Condition Rating
0
Site destroyed
1
Site in a deteriorated condition with a high degree of disturbance but with some
cultural materials remaining
2
Site in a fair to good condition , but with some disturbance
3
Site in an excellent condition with little or no disturbance. For surface artefact
scatters this may mean that the spatial patterning of cultural material still
reflects the way in which the cultural materials were laid.
Representativeness
Representativeness refers to the regional distribution of a site type. It is assessed on whether
the site type is common, occasional or rare within a given region. Current knowledge on the
number of and distribution of archaeological sites in a region can change according depending
on the extent of previous archaeological investigation.
The assessment of representativeness also takes into account the contents and condition of a
particular site. An example is that in any region, there may be a limited number of sites of a
particular type, which have been subject to minimal disturbance. These sorts of undisturbed
sites (containing in situ deposits) would therefore be given a high significance rating for
representativeness.
The representativeness ratings used for archaeological sites are:
1
Common occurrence
2
Occasional occurrence
3
Rare occurrence
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Overall Scientific Significance Rating
An overall scientific significance rating is assigned to the site based on a cumulative score
from the assessment. This results in one of the following ratings being assigned for scientific
significance:
1-3
Low
4-6
Moderate
7-9
High
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Appendix 4: Glossary
Items highlighted in bold italics in the definition are defined elsewhere in the glossary.
AAV
Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. A division of DPCD responsible for
management of Aboriginal cultural heritage in Victoria.
CHMP
Cultural Heritage Management Plan. A plan prepared under the
Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006.
DPCD
Department of Planning and Community Development. The Victorian
State Government department, of which AAV is a part, responsible for
management of Aboriginal cultural heritage in Victoria.
HV
Heritage Victoria. A division of DPCD responsible for management
of historical heritage in Victoria.
Registered
historical site
An historical site recorded in the VHR of other historical site database.
Taphonomy
the study of the processes (both natural and cultural) which affect the
deposition and preservation of both the artefacts and the site itself.
VHI
Victorian Heritage Inventory. A register of places and objects in
Victoria identified as historical archaeological sites, areas or relics, and
all private collections of artefacts, maintained by HV. Sites listed on
the VHI are not of State significance but are usually of regional or
local significance. Listing on the VHR provides statutory protection
for that a site, except in the case where a site has been “D-listed”.
VHR
Victorian Heritage Register. A register of the State’s most
significant heritage places and objects, maintained by HV. Listing on
the VHR provides statutory protection for that a site.
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