Unit 5: Cell Cycles and Genetics Self-Study Guide
Unit Learning objectives (possible essay questions):
A) Explain the structure of a chromosome such as those found in the human cell. Contrast
sex chromosomes and autosomes. Contrast a haploid cell and diploid cell in terms of
chromosomes. Give examples of each type. (Pages 151-153)
B) Describe the steps of the cell cycle and explain what important actions take place in
each of the stages. Include the three separate stages of interphase. (Pages 154-155)
C) Describe the role of DNA in all cells and why it is so important that an exact copy of
the DNA is passed on to every new cell when cell reproduction occurs in an organism.
(Pages 193 & 200)
D) Describe the structure of DNA. Name all molecules that are main components of the
DNA molecule and draw a simple diagram to represent the DNA molecules structure
and overall shape. (Pages 196-199)
E) Describe how the DNA molecule is replicated such that two identical copies result.
Use a diagram to help your explanation. (Pages 200-202)
F) Using a diagram, explain the process of "transcription" as it occurs in the nucleus.
Describe the purpose for this process. (Pages 206-207)
G) Give the name of the process and explain what is taking place in the figure 10.16 in the
text book on pg 208. Be sure to include an explanation for each of the structures or
molecules shown in the diagram. (Pages 208-209)
H) Explain where meiosis occurs, what is accomplished regarding chromosome numbers
by the process, and why the process is required if an organism reproduces sexually.
(Pages 161-163)
I) Contrast phenotype and genotype, homozygous and heterozygous, dominant gene and
recessive gene, and haploid and diploid.
Vocabulary (possible vocab quiz words):
Part one: diploid, haploid, sex chromosome, binary fission, autosome, mitosis, interphase
Part two: purine, pyrimidine, replication, codon, transcription, protein synthesis, translation,
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Part three: meiosis, allele, dominant, recessive, co-dominance, incomplete dominance,
genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous
Review questions: (possible multiple choice questions) (answer all of the following for extra credit –
some will homework)
1) From chapter 1 page 9 titled "REPRODUCTION”, be able to:
A)
Explain why reproduction is actually important for the species and not
necessarily for the individual.
B)
Define the term “gene”.
C)
Contrast asexual and sexual reproduction.
2) From chapter 8 pages 151-153 titled "CHROMOSOMES", be able to:
A) Explain the structure of a chromosome.
B) Explain what chromatids are and when they exist.
C) Contrast sex chromosomes and autosomes.
D) Explain what homologous chromosomes mean.
E) Contrast haploid and diploid cells regarding their chromosome content.
3) From chapter 8 pages 154-155 titled "CELL DIVISION", be able to:
A) Explain how prokaryote cells divide using binary fission.
B) Name and describe the stages of the cell cycle.
C) What happens when a cell such as a nerve cell enters G0 stage?
4) From chapter 8 pages 156-157 titled "STAGES OF MITOSIS", be able to;
A) Explain what mitosis accomplishes in the nucleus and why it must occur before a
cell can reproduce.
5) From chapter 8 page 157 titled "CYTOKINESIS", be able to;
A) Explain what cytokinesis is and what it accomplishes.
6) From chapter 10 pages 196-199 titled "Structure of DNA" be able to;
A) Explain the two basic functions of DNA.
B) Explain the two main roles that proteins play in living organisms.
C) Name the monomer that makes up the polymers known as DNA and RNA.
D) Describe the three molecules that make up a nucleotide.
E) Name the two molecules that make up the side of the DNA molecule.
F) Name the four types of bases found in DNA.
G) Give the name that describes the twisted ladder shape of the DNA molecule.
H) Name the two men who discovered the shape or structure of DNA.
I) Name the woman who first took pictures using X-Rays of the DNA molecule.
J) Explain why adenine always bonds to thymine and guanine to cytosine.
K) Explain where the "code" or message lies in the DNA molecule for the proteins.
7) From chapter 10 pages 200-202 titled "DNA Replication" be able to;
B) Describe how the DNA molecule replicates itself.
C) Explain why the correct bases always find their way into position so that the two new
molecules are exactly like the original molecule of DNA.
D) Explain whether the new molecules are composed of 2 new strands, 2 old strands,
or one old and one new strand. Why?
8) From the chapter 10 pages 204-206 titled "Protein Synthesis" be able to;
A) Explain the primary function of RNA.
B) Describe the three differences between RNA and DNA.
C) Name and give a brief function of the three types of RNA.
D) Explain what the process called "transcription" accomplishes.
E) Explain the reason that mRNA is transcribed from the DNA base sequence.
F) Explain where the mRNA molecule goes after it has been completed.
G) Explain how the message for a protein in the DNA is carried in the mRNA molecule.
9) From chapter 10 pages 204-210 titled “The Genetic Code" be able to;
A) What makes proteins different from each other?
C) Explain what a "codon" is and what it codes for.
D) Describe what is meant by "start" and "stop" codons on the mRNA molecule.
E)
F)
G)
H)
Explain what is meant by saying the codon is "universal".
Explain what the process called "translation" accomplishes.
Describe the role of tRNA in the process called translation.
Explain the reason for an "anticodon" on the tRNA molecule.
10) From chapter 11 pages 217-222 and your notes;
A) Define promoter.
B) Explain what an operon is.
C) Understand the role of repressor proteins and inducers.
D) Describe how the lac operon works in bacteria.
F) Describe what Hox genes are and why they occur in a wide variety of animals.
11)
From chapter 8 pages 161-163 titled "Meiosis", be able to explain;
A) In what structures does meiosis occur?
B) What is the general purpose for this process occurring?
C) What type of cells result from meiosis.
D) What would result regarding fertilization if meiosis does not occur?
E) What significance does crossing over have as a process that occurs during
meiosis.
F) Explain what is meant by “genetic recombination”.
12) Chapter 9 pages 173-176 titled "Mendel’s Legacy" be able to;
A) Explain “P”, “F1”, and “F2” generations.
13)
chapter 9 pages 177-178 titled "Mendel’s Results and Conclusions" be able to;
A) Explain what is meant by a “recessive” and a “dominant” trait.
B) Explain the “Law of Segregation” and “Law of Independent Assortment”.
C) Explain what effect independent assortment has on the species’ offspring.
14) chapter 9 pages 178 titled "Support for Mendel’s Conclusions" be able to;
A) Contrast the term “allele” and “gene”.
15) chapter 9 pages 180-181 titled "Genotype and Phenotype" and “Probability” be able
to;
A) Contrast genotype and phenotype.
B) Explain what is meant by the phrase “The organism’s phenotype is the expression of
its genotype”.
C) Contrast homozygous and heterozygous.
D) Define the term probability.
16) chapter 9 pages 182-186 titled "Predicting Results of Monohybrid & Dihybrid
Crosses” be able to;
A) Determine gametes and predict outcomes for monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
B)
Demonstrate ability to use the Punnett Squares.
17) chapter 12 pages 235-237 titled "Inheritance of traits” be able to;
A)
Explain how sex in humans is determined in terms of chromosomes.
B)
Explain a “sex linked” trait. Give 2 examples.