ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Name:
Final Exam Review
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
BIG IDEAS
Body Sections (frontal, sagittal, transverse)
Levels of Organization (cells, tissues…)
Body Cavities
Organ Systems
Relative Positions (anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, medial, lateral)
Requirements of life
TERMS
Metabolism
Homeostasis
LABELING
Body Cavities
CHAPTERS 2-4: BIOCHEMISTRY, CELLS, GENES
BIG IDEAS
Importance of water
Chemicals of the body
Organic chemicals (carbs, proteins…)
TERMS
Carbon dioxide
Carbohydrates
Cell membrane
Active transport
Stem cells
Genes
Enzymes
Activation energy
Substrate
Cellular respiration
Genome
CHAPTER 5: TISSUES
BIG IDEAS
Types of Tissues: Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous
TERMS
Cartilage
Tendon
Ligament
Adipose tissue
Basement membrane
Carcinoma
Epithelial tissue
CHAPTER 6: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
Function of the Integumentary
Parts of the system: skin, hair, nails
Layers of the skin: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
Functions of the skin
TERMS
Melanocytes
Carcinomas
Melanin
Hair
Acne
Regulation of body temp
LABELING
Skin diagram
CHAPTER 7 & 8: SKELETAL SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
Functions of the skeletal system
Parts of the bone (diaphysis, epiphysis..)
Functions of the bone
Types of bone
Bones of the body
Pectoral Girdle & Upper limbs
Pelvic Girdle & Lower limbs
Joint function
TERMS
Articular cartilage
Osteoporosis
Red bone marrow
Appendicular skeleton
Compact bone/spongy bone
Synovial joint
LABELING
Bones of the body
CHAPTER 9: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
Function of Muscle
Types of Muscle: Smooth / Skeletal / Cardiac
TERMS
Myofibrils
Myosin
Actin
Sarcomere
LABELING
Muscles of the body
CHAPTER 10-12: NERVOUS SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
General functions of the nervous system
Neuroglial Cells
Anatomy of a neuron (axon, dendrite, etc)
Synapses & Neurotransmitters (endorphins, dopamine, norepinephrine)
Impact of drugs (amphetamines)
Meninges of the Brain (pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater)
Cerebrum / Lobes of the Brain
Parts of the brain (Brocas area, thalamus, hypothalamus…)
Brain Stem (midbrain, medulla, pons)
Structure and function of the cerebellum
Types of sensory receptors (mechanical, chemo…)
Central nervous system vs. Peripheral
Receptors and their pathways (olfactory, auditory, taste, visual, pain)
TERMS
Reuptake
Spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
myelin
Photopigments
LABELING
Neuron
Ear
Dissected Sheep Eye and Brain
CHAPTER 13: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
Glands/organs and major hormones associated with them
(Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, reproductive organs)
Cause and treatment of Diabetes (Insulin)
Stress’ affect on the body
CHAPTER 14 & 15: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
Types of blood cells and their functions (erythrocytes, lymphocytes, platlets)
Contents of blood (cells, plasma)
Organs of circulatory system
Pulmonary and systemic circuits
TERMS
Hemoglobin
Sickle cell anemia
Plasma
LABELING
Heart diagram
CHAPTERS 17 & 18: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
Function of the digestive system
Organs and functions of the digestive system
Parts of the mouth
Digestive enzymes (amylase…)
TERMS
Peristalsis
Heartburn
LABELING
Digestive system
CHAPTER 19: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
Function of respiratory system
Organs of the respiratory and their functions
Process of breathing and gas exchange
TERMS
Surfactant
LABELING
Respiratory System
CHAPTER 20: URINARY SYSTEM
BIG IDEAS
Organs of the urinary system and the functions
Infections
LABELING
Urinary system
Writing Prompt
Using your journal, choose a disease or disorder that could affect multiple
systems of the body, even though it might primarily affect only one. First
explain the characteristics of the disease (2 pts). Discuss how the disease
affects at least 5 systems of the human body, whether directly or indirectly (3
pts each). For example, the flu is a respiratory disease, but it also affects your
immune system (fighting infection), Integumentary (fever), muscular (muscle
aches) etc. Include more detail than I have shown here. Please underline the
name of each system you describe.