1. Origin of Species 1859 Charles Darwin
The book changed the world, it opened up new theory’s of evolution. It was the beginning of the
theorizing of evolution.
Book was published in Britain.
Wollaston Medal (1859)
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/feb/09/darwin.bestseller
http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darwin200/pages/index.php?page_id=c8
http://galapagosonline.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/charles-darwin-in-galapagos/
2. Mitosis Discovered 1879 Walhter Flemming
This discovery showed how cells divided and opened a window for other discoveries of cell
multiplication such as meiosis
The discovery of mitosis was made at the University of Rostock
No awards were given but an award was named after him
http://www.dnalc.org/view/16235-Biography-7-Walther-Flemming-1843-1905-.html
http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/33094.aspx
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/mitosis.php
3. Fabulous fossils 1870 Many people
http://www.flickr.com/photos/57440551@N03/6549988545/
The impact of this discovery is that there was actually past life of species that once lived.
The Fossils were discovered in western parts of North America.
Rewards were given to the discoverers of the fossils.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/religion/revolution/ed_pop.html
4. Atheism 1871 Charles Hodge
Atheism introduced also as Darwinism was introduced to imply that darwins theory was false and against
religion.
Atheism was founded by a theologian of Princeton at Princeton university
No awards were given
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/religion/revolution/ed_pop.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hodge
5. The Descent of Man 1871 Charles Darwin
This theory impacted the world by informing it that if you want to pass along traits to offspring you have
to be strong enough to bear reproduction. By explaining what you need to do to survive
Published in Britain
Copley Medal (1864)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/religion/revolution/ed_pop.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V74_D318_Charles_Darwin.png
6. Radioactivity 1896 Antoine Henri
Radioactivity’s impact was that it could be used to date rock and other specimen
Radioactivity was founded at Polytechnic
Antoine Henri was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Radiography/discoveryelements.htm
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/religion/revolution/ed_pop.html
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerelbio.html
7. Chromosomes carry genes 1911 Thomas Morgan
The impact of this discovery showed the world that chromosomes carried genes and this lead to many
more studies.
The discovery was made at Columbia University
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1933
http://www.dnaftb.org/10/
http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/GeneticTimeline.pdf
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html
https://bio.as.uky.edu/legacy-thomas-h-morgan
8. DNA Has a Periodic Structure 1943 William Astbury
The impact was that the first theory of what DNA looks like was made and tested and concluded that
DNA indeed had a Periodic Structure
Discover was made University of Leeds
No awards given.
http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/GeneticTimeline.pdf
http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/leeds/hi/people_and_places/newsid_9228000/9228394.stm
9. Genes are made of DNA 1952 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
Their discovery impacted the world by concluding that genes were made up of DNA. Allowed scientist to
break down genes and study them more efficiently.
Location of discovery not found
Hershey won the Nobel Prize in 1969
http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/GeneticTimeline.pdf
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Hershey-Chase_experiment.html
http://www.dnalc.org/view/16406-Gallery-18-Alfred-Hershey-and-Martha-Chase-1953.html
10. DNA 1953 Francis Crick, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins
Impact on world is that the shape of DNA has been discovered and is a double helix.
Discovery was made Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge.
They received the 1962 Nobel Prize.
http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/GeneticTimeline.pdf
http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-inhistory/themes/biomolecules/dna/watson-crick-wilkins-franklin.aspx
http://www.csb.yale.edu/userguides/graphics/ribbons/help/dna_rgb.html
11. Amino acids 1953 Stanley Miller, Harold Urey
The discovery impacts our lives because it is the building blocks of life. They make what we need to
survive so really without knowing them we would never know what makes up life.
The discovery took place at Chicago University.
No award was given to Stanley
http://www.darwinismrefuted.com/molecular_biology_09.html
http://www.nndb.com/people/014/000118657/
http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/05-07OriginofLifeKM-.asp
12. 46 Human Chromosomes 1955 Joe Hin Tjio
This discovery informs the people on how many chromosomes are in a human cell.
The discovery was made at the University of Lund in Sweeden.
Joe Hin Tjio was honored with outstanding achievement award in 1962.
http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/GeneticTimeline.pdf
http://artist.maestro.fm/Joe_Hin_Tjio.html?v=top%20songs
13. DNA Polymerase 1955 Arthur Kornberg
The impact of this discovery was pretty big, this discovery was used for DNA sequencing.
The discovery was made at University of California at Berkeley.
Arthur Kornberg was given the 1959 Nobel Prize.
http://home.fnal.gov/~carrigan/nobel/Nobel_DNA.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/biologists/arthur-kornberginfo.htm
http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/WHBBLV
14. Genetic Code Cracked 1966 Marshall Nirenberg
The impact was major. It lead to knowing of the 20 amino acids, it could also help determine where
mutations where.
The discovery was made at University of Michigan.
He was awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize
http://home.fnal.gov/~carrigan/nobel/Nobel_DNA.htm
http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/GeneticTimeline.pdf
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/nirenberg-bio.html
http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/JJBBCY
15. First Restriction Enzyme Described 1968 M. Meselson
This find shows how DNA can be cut and then put back together differently.
The discovery was made at Harvard University.
He was award the 1978 Nobel Prize.
http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/GeneticTimeline.pdf
http://www.genome.gov/25520301
http://home.fnal.gov/~carrigan/nobel/Nobel_DNA.htm
http://explorebio.wikispaces.com/DNA+FingerPrinting
16. First Recombinant DNA 1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
This discovery allowed genetic engineering to begin.
The discoveries were made at University of California and Stanford University.
They were both awarded with the 1996 Lemelson-MIT Prize for Invention and Innovation.
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1973_Boyer.php
http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/boyercohen.html
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/SFTS/sidebarmilestone.php
17. DNA Sequencing 1975 Frederick Sanger and Allan Maxam
This impacted the world was that all 4 bases of DNA were color coded and identified in DNA.
The discovery was made at Cambridge.
He was awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize
http://biospot10.blogspot.com/2012/03/genomes-ii.html
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/sanger-bio.html
http://home.fnal.gov/~carrigan/nobel/Nobel_DNA.htm
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/sanger-bio.html
18. Introns Discovered 1977 Richard Roberts and Phil Sharp
Thos discovery pushes idea that not only amino acids make proteins.
The discovery was made at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, New York.
For their work they were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize.
http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/GeneticTimeline.pdf
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/press.html
http://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2007/06/nobel-laureates-richardroberts-and.html
19. Human Genome 2001 Many different Scientist
This impacted the world because it allowed us to compare DNA with other species DNA to see if they are
related.
The human genome was discovered by many scientists in different places.
Too many scientist for awards.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/religion/revolution/ed_pop.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/oct/17/science-decade-human-genomeian-sample
20. 4 Stranded DNA 2013 Shankar Balasubramanian
Made discovery at University of Cambridge
This impacted the thought of everyone who knew about 2 stranded DNA, made people think if
there is any other number strand out there.
No awards have been given yet
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/50575704/
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/50575704/