Biochemistry & Cytology
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1. When water dissolves a substance, weak charges carried by water molecules attract the substance’s
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oppositely charged atoms and pull them away from their molecules. This is a function of which property
of water?
a. pH
c. cohesion
b. polarity
d. surface tension
In classifying life-forms from cells to ecosystems, what form would follow animal cells?
a. tissues
c. organisms
b. societies
d. populations
What is one way in which all eukaryotic cells and all prokaryotic cells are similar?
a. They reproduce sexually.
c. They are contained in a cell membrane.
b. They are roughly the same size.
d. They share the same kinds of organelles.
A cell nucleus sends out molecules that carry instructions for protein synthesis. What is the destination of
these molecules?
a. enzymes
c. cytoskeleton
b. ribosomes
d. cell membrane
Which structural component do DNA and RNA have in common?
a. uracil
c. phosphate molecule
b. deoxyribose sugar
d. double-stranded backbone
What is the smallest biological unit?
a. cell
c. molecule
b. organ
d. organism
What do the cell wall of a plant cell and the plasma membrane of an animal cell have in common?
a. They both are strong and rigid.
b. They both perform active transport.
c. They both consist of double layers of lipids.
d. They both allow particles to enter and exit the cell.
Which statement best describes a stem cell’s ability to change into specialized cell types?
a. Metabolism occurs in cells.
b. Some organisms are unicellular.
c. Stem cells result from viral infections of healthy cells.
d. All cells in an organism have the same hereditary material.
What do the structure and function of a cell membrane most resemble?
a. water permeating a tea bag
b. a tea bag that does not allow water to permeate
c. grains of tea that break through a tea bag and float into the cup of water
d. a tea bag that is permeated by water but does not allow grains of tea to be released
This figure below shows an animal cell.
Which number corresponds to the organelle that produces cellular energy?
a. 1
c. 3
b. 2
d. 4
____ 11. What is an example of the human body achieving homeostasis through thermoregulation?
a. Sweat is produced when exercising to expel excess water.
b. Sweat is produced when exercising to keep the body cool.
c. In order to lower body temperature, extra melanin is produced in the skin.
d. In order to keep the body warm in the winter, extra blood flows out to the fingers and toes.
____ 12. Water is essential for life. Its special properties make water the single most important molecule in plant
life. Which of the following properties of water enable it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants?
a. Water expands as it freezes.
c. Water exhibits cohesive behavior.
b. Water is an excellent solvent.
d. Water is able to moderate temperatures.
____ 13. An osmosis investigation was conducted using chicken eggs to represent cells with semipermeable
membranes. The mass of each egg was measured to determine how much water diffused into or out of the
eggs. The eggs were first soaked in vinegar to dissolve the shell. Each egg was then placed in one of three
different solutions for 24 hours. The table below shows the results of the investigation.
Solution
a.
b.
c.
d.
OSMOSIS IN CELLS
Average Mass of Eggs Average Mass of Eggs
Before Soaking
After Soaking
(grams)
(grams)
Difference in
Average
Mass
(grams)
Percent Change in
Average
Mass
Vinegar
(95% water)
71.2
98.6
27.4
+38.5
Corn syrup
(5% water)
98.6
64.5
34.1
-34.6
Distilled water
(100% water)
64.5
105.3
40.8
+63.3
Based on this experiment, which of the following should be inferred about cells with semipermeable
membranes?
Substances other than water may also cross the cell membrane.
Substances other than water may block pores in the cell membrane.
Water enters the cell when placed in environments of high water potential / concentration.
Water leaves the cell when placed in environments with a low concentration of solutes.
Figure 1
A cell membrane is composed of a double layer of lipids in which many kinds of proteins are embedded.
Many of these proteins act like gates, allowing only certain particles to enter or leave the cell.
When a particle has to go against its concentration gradient through one of these gates, energy is
supplied by the cell to the correct protein to move the particle through the membrane. A sodium-potassium
ion pump is an example of a type of carrier protein that uses a large portion of the cell’s energy to move
sodium ions through the cell membrane.
____ 14. Use Figure 1 to answer this question.
____ 15.
____ 16.
____ 17.
____ 18.
The sodium-potassium ion pump found in some cell membranes is made of which of the following
basic structural components?
a. amino acids
c. monosaccharides
b. fatty acids
d. nucleotides
Use Figure 1 to answer this question.
What is a primary function of the cell membrane?
a. determining genetic traits
c. breaking down proteins for energy
b. defending against foreign particles
d. generating energy from mineral nutrients
Use Figure 1 to answer this question.
Why does the study of cell membranes lead to a better understanding of cell function?
a. All cell functions occur in the cell membrane.
b. All energy transfers occur at the cell membrane.
c. All cell membranes contain the information for making proteins.
d. All materials needed for cell functions must pass through the cell membrane.
The cell theory was first proposed in 1838. Evidence obtained through additional scientific investigations
resulted in the current cell theory. Which statement describes a component of the original cell theory that
was removed because of the new scientific knowledge?
a. All living things are made of cells.
b. All cells come from other preexisting cells.
c. Cells form through spontaneous generation.
d. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
There are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of the following structures is
found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a. lysosome
c. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
d. ribosome
____ 19. Organisms classified as fungi have unique characteristics. Which of the following characteristics is found
____ 20.
____ 21.
____ 22.
____ 23.
____ 24.
____ 25.
____ 26.
____ 27.
only in organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi?
a. single cells without a nucleus
b. multicellular with chloroplasts
c. multicellular filaments that absorb nutrients
d. colonies of single, photosynthetic cells that reproduce asexually
Which of the following best describes a result of the polar nature of water molecules?
a. Ionic compounds dissolve easily in water.
b. The volume of water decreases by nearly half when it is frozen.
c. Water molecules repel each other.
d. Water molecules repel most other substances.
Water has a much higher specific heat than most other covalent compounds. What do you predict might
happen if water had a low specific heat instead?
a. Flooding would occur and animals would be forced to migrate.
b. Harmful organisms living in water would reproduce at a rapid rate.
c. Organisms that are sensitive to changes in temperature would die.
d. Plants would not have enough water to effectively carry out photosynthesis.
Which of the following best describes the difference between the functions of nucleic acids and enzymes?
a. Nucleic acids are used as the building blocks of proteins, while enzymes are used as the building blocks of
phospholipids.
b. Nucleic acids contain the genetic code for protein synthesis, while enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.
c. Nucleic acids inhibit biochemical reactions, while enzymes provide structural support in cells.
d. Nucleic acids transmit signals that begin biochemical processes, while enzymes convert carbohydrates into
lipids and proteins.
Which of the following best summarizes why the technological invention of microscopes was important to
biology?
a. It allowed for development of the cell theory.
b. It created a means of funding for cell research.
c. It created public interest and support for research.
d. It proved that cells could form spontaneously.
Which statement best compares a eukaryote and a prokaryote?
a. Eukaryotes have a cell wall, while prokaryotes have a cell membrane.
b. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes have few specialized structures.
c. Eukaryotes use active transport to move substances across the cell membrane, while prokaryotes use
facilitated diffusion.
d. Eukaryotes use flagella to move themselves through substances, while prokaryotes are not able to move.
Which of the following best compares the structures found in plant cells and animal cells?
a. Animal cells contain cell walls and a large central vacuole while plant cells contain cell membranes and
many small vacuoles.
b. Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls, or a large central vacuole while plant cells do.
c. Plant cells contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and a Golgi apparatus while animal cells contain smooth
endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by lysosomes.
d. Plant cells have rigid cell walls and do not contain mitochondria or ribosomes while animal cells do.
Which of the following best compares the membranes found in different types of cells?
a. Animal cells have cell membranes and cell walls, but plant cells do not have cell membranes.
b. Animal cells have membrane-bound organelles, while plant cells carry out the functions necessary for
life in the cytoplasm.
c. Prokaryotes have only cell membranes, while eukaryotes have both cell walls and cell membranes.
d. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have cell membranes, but eukaryotes also have membrane bound
organelles.
Cells use passive and active transport to move materials across cell membranes in order to maintain a
constant internal environment. What is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment called?
a. diffusion
c. homeostasis
b. evolution
d. respiration
____ 28. Which of these is a beneficial effect of prokaryotes?
a. the breakdown of cellulose
b. survival in hot, acidic environments
c. production of billions of offspring per day
d. conjugation as a means of sexual reproduction
____ 29. Of the following, which is considered a living organism?
a. bacterium
c. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
d. sperm
____ 30. Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis?
a. Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid
surrounding the tubules.
b. Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine.
c. White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection.
d. Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction.
____ 31. If placed in a hypertonic solution, a plant cell will
a. swell
c. shrink in size
b. burst
d. remain constant in size
____ 32. Which of the following “organisms” is considered to be an exception to the cell theory?
a. bacteria
c. amoeba
b. viruses
d. yeast
____ 33. The function of the cell organelle circled below is to produce energy.
What is the name of this organelle?
a. Golgi apparatus
c. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
d. ribosome
____ 34. Athletes are often concerned with the question of how much protein they need in their diets because of the
requirement of growing muscles for protein. Just as muscles need the basic building block of protein,
protein itself has basic building blocks also. Which of the following are the basic building blocks of
protein?
a. nitrates
c. monosaccharides
b. amino acids
d. nucleotides
____ 35. Sodium chloride (table salt) is an example of which of the following?
a. an element
c. a chemical compound
b. a radioactive isotope
d. a chemical formula
____ 36. The drawing below illustrates a small portion of the molecules that make up a cell membrane.
____ 37.
____ 38.
____ 39.
____ 40.
____ 41.
____ 42.
____ 43.
____ 44.
The phospholipid molecules serve to
a. help cells recognize each other
b. allow glucose molecules into the cell
c. prevent the passage of certain molecules into the cell
d. line up amino acids for protein synthesis
What is the main function of a selectively permeable cell membrane?
a. storage of water
c. breaks down molecules within the cell
b. storage of chemicals
d. regulates what enters and leaves the cell
A strand of DNA is exposed to intense heat. Which of these best describes what will happen to the strand
of DNA?
a. The chemical bonds of the DNA molecule will be broken.
b. More nitrogen base pairs will add on to the DNA molecule.
c. The chemical bonds of the DNA molecule will be strengthened.
d. The nitrogen base pairs in the DNA molecule will switch places.
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?
a. to code for proteins
c. to separate the strands
b. to synthesize proteins
d. to connect the base pairs
Which structure is primarily responsible for directing all processes of a plant cell?
a. chloroplast
c. mitochondria
b. lysosome
d. nucleus
The following cell structures are located within cells that make proteins. Which description best explains
the relationship among these cell structures in making a protein?
•
nucleus
•
ribosome
•
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a. nucleus makes protein; protein winds through the ER;protein folds into its active shape
b. nucleus directs ER to assemble the protein; ribosomes surround protein; protein folds into its active shape
c. ER creates protein; DNA in the nucleus codes for ribosomes to surround protein; protein folds into its
active shape
d. DNA in nucleus codes for protein; protein assembled in ribosomes and moves to ER; protein folds into its
active shape
Which of these would be least likely to diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane?
a. water
c. sodium ions
b. oxygen
d. carbon dioxide
What will happen if an animal cell that has a solute concentration of 1% is placed in a 5% saltwater
solution?
a. It will shrink because there is less water outside of the cell than there is on the inside.
b. It will burst because there is more water on the outside of the cell than there is on the inside.
c. It will burst because there is more water on the inside of the cell than there is on the outside.
d. It will remain the same size because there is equal amount of water on the inside and outside of the cell.
Enzymes are classified as which of the following biological organic compounds?
a. carbohydrates
c. nucleic acids
b. lipids
d. proteins
____ 45. Protein synthesis occurs at which of the structures shown below?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
____ 46. In examining a picture of a cell taken with an electron microscope, a student observes that the cell has a
____ 47.
____ 48.
____ 49.
____ 50.
____ 51.
nucleus and a cell membrane, but not a cell wall. The student can correctly conclude that the cell probably
comes from
a. a sea-weed
c. a fungus
b. a plant
d. an animal
Placing wilted lettuce in cold water will make it crisp again. Which statement best describes what happens
to restore the lettuce to its original condition?
a. Water left the lettuce cells by diffusion.
b. Water entered the cells of the lettuce by osmosis.
c. Osmosis caused salts to enter the lettuce cells.
d. Salts in the leaf caused water to leave the cells.
Which cell process will move substances against a concentration gradient?
a. diffusion
c. osmosis
b. facilitated diffusion
d. active transport
The structure of the digestive tube in the grasshopper and earthworm consists of many folds. The folds
affect the efficiency of food absorption by which of the following functions?
a. increasing surface area
c. increasing hormone secretion
b. reducing transpiration
d. reducing storage of sugar
An iodine solution is placed on the cut side of a potato. Within seconds, a blue-black color appears. What
is most likely occurring?
a. a positive test for proteins
c. a negative test for proteins
b. a positive test for starches
d. a negative test for starches
This diagram represents a cell.
Which organelle is the site where amino acids are synthesized into proteins?
a. 1
c. 3
b. 2
d. 4
____ 52. scientist treats a cell with a chemical that destroys the ribosomes. As a result, which cell process will be
stopped?
a. osmosis
b. photosynthesis
c. protein synthesis
d. respiration
____ 53. Sandworms are annelid worms that live on the sea floor. They absorb oxygen and excrete wastes through
their skin. Which characteristic will best help the worm carry out these functions?
a. Large number of hearts
b. large diameter blood vessels
c. largemouth compared to body volume
d. large surface area compared to body volume
____ 54. A scientist performs an experiment to see if acids have an effect on the health of a particular type of plant.
Three sets of plants were treated with acidic solutions of known pH while the control set was treated with
a solution of neutral pH 7.
____ 55.
____ 56.
____ 57.
____ 58.
____ 59.
____ 60.
Which is the best conclusion for this experiment?
a. Acid has no effect on the health of this type of plant.
b. High acidity is helpful to this type of plant.
c. Low acidity is harmful to this type of plant.
d. High acidity is harmful to this type of plant.
Which is the most likely function of a group of cells that contains a high number of chloroplasts?
a. respiration
c. fermentation
b. transpiration
d. photosynthesis
In humans, glucose is kept in balance in the bloodstream by insulin. Which concept does this best
illustrate?
a. adaptation
c. metabolism
b. homeostasis
d. organization
Some insects can stand on the surface of the water because:
a. water has a high specific heat
b. water has a high boiling point
c. water is a good evaporative coolant
d. water’s molecules are cohesive and adhesive
Proteins are formed from monomers (subunits) called
a. amino acids
c. nucleic acids
b. fatty acids
d. ribonucleic acids
A student adds an unknown solution to a slide containing an animal cell. The student observes a decrease
in the volume of the cell. This unknown solution is
a. isotonic
c. hypotonic
b. osmotic
d. hypertonic
The information was collected in the field while studying the effect of pH on the growth of the duckweed
plant. The data shows that duckweed has optimum growth at a pH of
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 12
____ 61. Certain poisons are toxic to organisms because they interfere with the function of enzymes in
mitochondria. This results directly in the inability of the cell to
a. build proteins
c. dispose of metabolic wastes
b. store information
d. release energy from nutrients
____ 62. The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that –
a. eukaryotic cells have no organelles
b. prokaryotic cells are always much larger
c. prokaryotic cells do not have a plasma membrane
d. eukaryotic cells have a more advanced cellular organization
____ 63. According to this label, which nutrient is obtained mainly from the cereal?
a. Calcium
b. Niacin
c. Protein
d. Carbohydrate
____ 64. Which organelle has the most control over a cell’s functions?
a. Cell membrane
c. Nucleus
b. Ribosomes
d. Vacuole
____ 65. The human body uses carbohydrates as a
a. source of energy
b. material for muscle production
c. carrier of oxygen
d. coenzyme of metabolism
____ 66. Which technology contributed most to the development of the cell theory?
a. Organic stains
c. Heat-resistant glassware
b. Compound microscopes
d. Adjustable gas burners
____ 67. According to this label, one serving of this product would provide about 1/3 of the average daily value of
—
a. fat
b. cholesterol
c. carbohydrates
d. protein
____ 68. Anton van Leeuwenhoek is credited with developing the first microscope. Which theory of biology was a
direct result of Leeuwenhoek’s work?
a. The theory of natural selection
c. The theory of independent assortment
b. The Gaia theory
d. The cell theory
____ 69. Which molecule resembles the shape of a twisted ladder?
a. DNA
c. ATP
b. Sugar
d. Lipid
____ 70. Loriciferans are microscopic multicellular animals that live in various marine sediments. Scientists have
discovered genera of Loriciferans in a deep-sea habitat that lacks oxygen. Before this discovery, some
prokaryotes and some unicellular eukaryotes were known to inhabit anaerobic environments. Among the
newly discovered Loriciferans is Spinoloricus sp. nov., which is pictured below.
Spinoloricus sp. nov.
Scientists determined that organisms of the genus Spinoloricus were eukaryotes and not prokaryotes
because Spinoloricus cells have —
a. flagella
c. cell walls
b. hereditary material
d. nuclear membranes
____ 71. The diagram below shows how a paramecium maintains homeostasis. A paramecium normally lives in a
hypotonic environment in which water continually diffuses into the cell. To maintain homeostasis, the
paramecium must pump out large amounts of water using its contractile vacuole.
If the paramecium is then placed in a hypertonic environment, which of the following will occur?
a. Water will diffuse into the paramecium.
b. Water will diffuse out of the paramecium.
c. Salt will be pumped out of the paramecium by the vacuole.
d. Salt will be pumped into the paramecium by the vacuole.
____ 72. Like complex carbohydrates, proteins are biomolecules that serve many functions and can be chemically
broken down and restructured. Both proteins and complex carbohydrates are which of the following?
a. Polymers of smaller subunits
c. Lipids of large molecules
b. Sequences of sugars
d. Nucleotides of DNA
____ 73.
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 74.
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 75.
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 76.
a.
b.
c.
d.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 78.
____ 79.
____ 80.
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 81.
Which of these statements is supported by the data shown in the table?
a. Most kingdoms are made up of prokaryotic cells.
b. All cells have nuclei for control of cell functions.
c. Eukaryotic cells vary in covering and in food production.
d. Each of the kingdoms has different organelles for metabolism.
____ 82.
The picture shows a coverslip correctly being lowered onto a slide. This method is used because it —
a. allows microorganisms to move freely in the water
b. reduces the possibility of air bubbles on the slide
c. prevents the escape of microorganisms found in the water
d. prevents the coverslip from moving
____ 83. A microorganism which releases water into its environment to regulate its salinity during osmosis is
undergoing a process that is similar to a human being who releases moisture on a hot day. This process that
helps keep both the microorganism and the human body fluids in balance is known as —
a. heredity
c. cell division
b. homeostasis
d. mutation
____ 84.
\
The above diagram shows the process of osmosis. Only the water molecules could enter the cell because
water molecules —
a. have more energy than the protein molecules
b. are more numerous than the protein molecules
c. are smaller than the protein molecules
d. contain more hydrogen atoms than the protein molecules
____ 85.
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 86.
According to this simplified water cycle, the process of transpiration is the process that —
a. speeds the evaporation of water
c. causes photosynthesis in plants
b. increases the rate of the water cycle
d. releases water vapor from plants
____ 87. Which of these statements best summarizes the cell theory?
a. Cells contain a nucleus and other parts.
b. Cells can be seen through a microscope.
c. Cells come in different shapes and sizes.
d. Cells are the building blocks of living things.
____ 88.
____ 89.
a.
c.
b.
d.
a. It has ribosomes to make proteins.
b. It has a cell membrane.
c. It has no membrane-bound nucleus.
d. It stores its genetic information in
DNA.
____ 90. Cells are the functional units that make up tissues. Tissues then become the functional units that make up
—
a. enzymes
c. other cells
b. DNA
d. Organs
____ 91. The concentration of glucose must be maintained within a fairly narrow range in most vertebrates. This
statement is an example of —
a. excretion
c. homeostasis
b. fermentation
d. glycolysis
____ 92. Bacteria are tremendously successful unicellular organisms, yet all large organisms are multicellular.
Unicellular organisms cannot grow very large because the —
a. energy expenditures would be too great
b. diffusion of nutrients into the cell’s interior would be too slow
c. locomotion of the organisms would be too slow
d. respiratory rate would be too high
____ 93.
a. Attachment
b. Catching prey
c. Movement
d. Circulation
____ 94. Which characteristic do viruses possess in common with living cells?
a. They make their own food.
b. They contain a nucleus and organelles.
c. They are inactive outside the body of living cells.
d. They contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA.
____ 95.
a. 4
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1
a.
c.
b.
d.
a. Milk
b. Apples
c. Beans
d. Shrimp
____ 96.
____ 97.
____ 98.
a.
c.
b.
d.
a.
c.
b.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 99.
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____ 101.
____ 102.
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 103.
a.
b.
c.
d.
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c.
b.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
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c.
b.
d.
____ 104.
____ 105.
____ 106.
____ 107.
a.
c.
b.
d.
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b.
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____ 108.
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____ 111.
a.
b.
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____ 112.
a.
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____ 113.
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____ 119.
a.
b.
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____ 120.
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____ 122.
a.
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____ 126.
a.
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____ 127.
a.
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____ 133. In 1665 Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of cork under a microscope and presented a drawing similar to
the one shown. Hooke called the structures he observed —
a. Chloroplasts
b. root hairs
c. stomata
d. cells
____ 134. In a typical animal cell, which component contains the greatest amount of water?
a. Cell membrane
c. Ribosomes
b. Cytoplasm
d. Nucleus
____ 135. Students in a biology class thought that salt water would affect the movements of planaria. They put 25
planaria in salt water and recorded their observations. Which flaw was present in the design of their
experiment?
a. There was no hypothesis.
c. The sample was too big.
b. There was no control.
d. The procedure was too complicated.
____ 136. The diagram shows a section of a cell membrane that includes a channel protein. The function of this
protein is to —
a.
b.
c.
d.
strengthen the outer boundary of the cell
connect reproductive cells during fertilization
allow certain substances to enter or leave the cell
exchange organelles or chromosomes between specialized cells
____ 137. Which set of materials would be best to use to prepare a wet mount slide of onion skin cells?
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 138. Under a microscope, a series of cells are observed that lack membrane-bound internal organelles. Which
of these is the most likely cell type?
a. Plant cell
c. Eukaryotic cell
b. Animal cell
d. Prokaryotic cell
____ 139. As represented in the diagram below, bacteria have cell walls like plant cells do.
Unlike the plant cell walls, however, the bacterial cell wall is made of which of the following?
c. sugars and amino acids
d. cellulose and sugars
____ 140. To help patients replenish bodily fluids quickly during an illness, doctors need to understand how cells
behave in their environment. Doctors have confidence in what they know about how cells behave because
a. cellulose and starches
b. chitin and fats
a. cell theory has been tested, refined, and observed to be true over hundreds of years
b. large medical institutions have conducted their own experiments justifying cell
theory
c. the basics of cell theory have not changed much since the original experiments
d. what we know about cell theory has been published in reputable journals
____ 141. Early elements of the cell theory followed soon after the development of Hooke's light microscope. What
____ 142.
____ 143.
____ 144.
____ 145.
does this relationship suggest about the evolution of the cell theory since Hooke?
a. Improvements in technology are closely related to changes in the cell theory.
b. Isolated scientists contributed pieces of the cell theory to form the whole.
c. Progress on the cell theory was delayed by a lack of technological progress.
d. Scientists needed to focus less on cells and more on microscope development.
Which of the following characteristics defines a cell as a eukaryote?
a. Being able to move
c. Having a nucleus
b. Being able to reproduce
d. Having ribosomes
When an animal has to survive without food for a long time, it will eventually break down proteins for
energy. However, this process occurs only after exhausting the animal’s reserves of
a. DNA and RNA.
c. carbon dioxide and water.
b. carbohydrates and lipids.
d. enzymes and nucleic acids.
A person fills a drinking glass with water until the water is bulging slightly over the glass rim. The
property of water that prevents the water from spilling is
a. pH.
c. cohesion.
b. osmosis.
d. solubility.
Which property of water is shown below?
a. pH
b. polarity
c. adhesion
d. solubility
____ 146. What is the primary difference between diffusion and osmosis?
a. Diffusion requires energy input but osmosis does not.
b. Diffusion does not require energy input but osmosis does.
c. Diffusion is the movement of water from high to low concentration, while osmosis
is the movement of any substance from high to low concentration.
d. Diffusion is the movement of any substance from high to low concentration, while
osmosis is the movement of water from high to low concentration.
____ 147. Complex molecules are broken down during cellular respiration and converted into smaller molecules
containing energy. What are these complex molecules called?
a. proteins
c. nucleic acids
b. enzymes
d. carbohydrates
____ 148. Which two transport mechanisms are considered to be passive?
a. diffusion and osmosis
c. endocytosis and osmosis
b. diffusion and exocytosis
d. exocytosis and endocytosis
____ 149. Which subunit makes up a protein molecule?
a. fatty acids
c. amino acids
b. nucleotides
d. monosaccharides
____ 150. The presence of which cell structure can be used to differentiate between Bacteria and Eukarya?
a. nucleus
c. ribosome
b. cell wall
d. plasma membrane
____ 151. Which set of organelles would be found in both human cells and plant cells?
a. chloroplast, nucleus, and cell wall
b. nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell wall
c. mitochondria, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum
d. mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and centrioles
____ 152. Which two types of molecules are found in all viruses and all protists?
a. lipids and nucleic acids
c. nucleic acids and proteins
b. carbohydrates and lipids
d. carbohydrates and proteins
____ 153. An amoeba can take in a large food particle by surrounding it and creating a vacuole. What is this method
____ 154.
____ 155.
____ 156.
____ 157.
____ 158.
____ 159.
____ 160.
of feeding called?
a. lysis
c. exocytosis
b. osmosis
d. phagocytosis
Which process would be directly affected if all of a cell’s ribosomes were weakened?
a. replicating DNA
b. producing new protein
c. metabolizing glucose to produce ATP
d. transporting nutrients across the cell membrane
Which best distinguishes between a plant cell and an animal cell?
a. Plant cells have cell membranes, while animal cells have cell walls.
b. Plant cells contain centrioles, while animal cells contain chloroplasts.
c. Plant cells contain chloroplasts, while animal cells contain centrioles.
d. Plant cells have small vacuoles, while animal cells have large vacuoles.
Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to
a. assemble into multi-cellular organisms
b. establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms
c. obtain energy from the Sun
d. store genetic information in the form of DNA
Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane-bound structures called
a. cell walls
c. organelles
b. cilia
d. cytoplasm
Proteins are long chains or polymers made up of
a. nucleotides
c. amino acids
b. carbohydrates
d. lipids
If scientists search other planets for possible life, they are likely to focus on the presence of molecules
containing which of the following elements?
a. carbon
c. potassium
b. iron
d. sodium
Many land plants store energy in starch. When energy is needed, the starch molecules can be broken down
quickly.
This chemical reaction produces which of the following?
a. amino acids
c. monosaccharides
b. lipids
d. RNA chains
____ 161. Which of the following functions does active transport perform in a cell?
a. packaging proteins for export from the cell
b. distributing enzymes throughout the cytoplasm
c. moving substances against a concentration gradient
d. equalizing the concentration of water inside and outside the cell
____ 162. Which of the following is a main function of the cell wall?
a. to store carbohydrates for later use
c. to package proteins for export
b. to give the cell a rigid structure
d. to carry out photosynthesis
____ 163. Which of the following functions does active transport perform in a cell?
a. packaging proteins for export from the cell
b. distributing enzymes throughout the cytoplasm
c. moving substances against a concentration gradient
d. equalizing the concentration of water inside and outside the cell
____ 164. Which of the following statements correctly matches a cell part with its function?
a. The cell membrane packages lipids for export.
b. The mitochondria perform photosynthesis.
c. The lysosome digests molecules.
d. The nucleus produces energy.
____ 165. Many plants have waxy coatings on some surfaces. This coating reduces water loss because it is not
water-permeable. This waxy coating is which of the following types of organic molecule?
a. carbohydrate
c. nucleic acid
b. lipid
d. protein
____ 166. If an animal cell is placed in distilled water, it will swell and burst. The bursting of the cell is a result of
which biological process?
a. active transport
c. osmosis
b. enzyme activity
d. respiration
____ 167. In which of the following ways does a bacterial cell differ from an animal cell?
a. A bacterial cell is much larger than an animal cell.
b. A bacterial cell has more mitochondria than an animal cell.
c. A bacterial cell has RNA for its genetic material, whereas an animal cell does not.
d. A bacterial cell does not have membrane-bound organelles, whereas an animal cell
does.
____ 168. Scientists believe that the first organisms that appeared on Earth were prokaryotic. Which of the following
best represents what the cell structure of these organisms may have looked like?
a.
c.
b.
d.
____ 169. In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for sealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since
fibrinogen is made of chains of amino acids, it is an example of which type of organic molecule?
a. carbohydrate
c. fatty acid
b. protein
d. nucleic acid
____ 170. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant. Which of the following elements will be most
abundant in the sample?
a. zinc and copper
c. carbon and hydrogen
b. sodium and chlorine
d. magnesium and calcium
____ 171. The table below lists the concentrations of water inside and outside a cell under four different conditions.
Water
Water
Concentration Concentration
in Cell
in Environment
1
90%
95%
2
90%
100%
3
95%
90%
4
95%
95%
Under which condition will the cell experience a net loss of water to its environment?
a. Condition 1
c. Condition 3
b. Condition 2
d. Condition 4
____ 172. A biologist looks at an organism through a microscope. Which of the following observations tells the
biologist that the organism is eukaryotic?
a. The organism is unicellular.
b. The organism moves with flagella.
c. The organism has a cell membrane.
d. The organism has membrane-bound organelles.
____ 173. In the human digestive system, the enzyme trypsin acts on proteins. The optimal temperature for the
enzyme is approximately 4ºC. Which of the following graphs shows how the activity of the enzyme most
likely relates to the temperature of the reaction environment?
Condition
a.
c.
b.
d.
.
____ 174. A cell releases a chemical into the space surrounding it to communicate with nearby cells. Which of the
following must occur for the communication to be successful?
a. The chemical must be received by the nearby cells.
b. The nearby cells must divide to produce more cells.
c. The nearby cells must generate and send a nerve impulse.
d. The same chemical signal must be produced within the nearby cells
____ 175. Organism A is eukaryotic, is unicellular, and lacks a cell wall. Organism B is eukaryotic, is multicellular,
has a cell wall, and contains chloroplasts. In which kingdoms should these organisms be classified?
a. organism A in Protista and organism B in Fungi
b. organism A in Protista and organism B in Plantae
c. organism A in Animalia and organism B in Fungi
d. organism A in Animalia and organism B in Plantae
____ 176. Which of the following lists of elements contains the most common elements in organic compounds?
a. calcium, iron, and potassium
c. chlorine, phosphorus, and sodium
b. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
d. copper, magnesium, and sulfur
____ 177. A diagram of a plant cell is shown below.
Which number identifies the organelle that functions to store water and dissolve salts?
a. 1
c. 3
b. 2
d. 4
____ 178. A lab technician needs to determine whether cells in a test tube are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The
technician has several dyes she could use to stain the cells. Four of the dyes are described in the table
below.
____ 179.
____ 180.
____ 181.
____ 182.
Dye
acridine orange
Test
stains DNA and RNA
osmium tetroxide
stains lipids
eosin
stains cell cytoplasm
Nile blue
stains cell nuclei
Which dye could the technician use to determine whether the cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
a. acridine orange
c. eosin
b. osmium tetroxide
d. Nile blue
Which of the following statements best explains why oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood?
a. The diaphragm draws oxygen into the alveoli at a rapid speed.
b. Alveoli cells contain hemoglobin to transfer gases to the blood.
c. The concentration of oxygen is greater in the alveoli than in the blood.
d. Red blood cells move one at a time through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
Which of the following examples best illustrates the process of evolution by natural selection?
a. A person with asthma has trouble breathing.
b. A group of species has common DNA sequences.
c. A man and a woman have 10 children over the course of their lifetime.
d. A population becomes immune to a lethal disease over many generations.
One category of organic compounds contains molecules composed of long hydrocarbon chains. The
hydrocarbon chains may be saturated or unsaturated. Which of the following categories of organic
compounds contains these molecules?
a. carbohydrates
c. nucleic acids
b. lipids
d. proteins
In a cell, which of the following organelles most likely contains digestive enzymes?
a. centriole
c. lysosome
b. chloroplast
d. ribosome
____ 183. Which element is the main component of all organic molecules?
a. carbon
c. potassium
b. nitrogen
d. sodium
____ 184. If a cell’s lysosomes were damaged, which of the following would most likely occur?
a. The cell would produce more proteins than it needs.
b. The cell would have chloroplasts that appear yellow rather than green.
c. The cell would be less able to break down molecules in its cytoplasm.
d. The cell would be less able to regulate the amount of fluid in its cytoplasm.
____ 185. Prokaryotes are structurally simple organisms that have existed for over two billion years. Which of the
following are prokaryotes?
a. bacteria
c. plants
b. fungi
d. protists
____ 186. Which of the following best describes the composition of a nucleotide?
a. a pair of six-carbon rings attached to each other
b. a carbon atom joined to hydrogen and three functional groups
c. a chain of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group bonded to one end
d. a five-carbon sugar attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
____ 187. Which of the following is the main reason that humans need to include carbohydrates in their diet?
a. Carbohydrates are broken down in cells for energy.
b. Carbohydrates combine to form many different proteins.
c. Carbohydrates act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
d. Carbohydrates are the building blocks for cell growth and repair.
____ 188.
The diagrams show how carrier molecules allow passive and active transport. In the diagram of active
transport, the letter X represents another molecule. This molecule provides energy for active
transport but is not needed for passive transport.
Which molecule is most likely represented by the letter X?
a. water
c. ATP
b. DNA
d. oxygen
____ 189. Vitamin D is an organic molecule that regulates the absorption of calcium by the body. Which of the
following elements is most common in a molecule of vitamin D?
a. aluminum
c. magnesium
b. carbon
d. sodium
____ 190. What do disaccharides, such as sucrose, and polysaccharides, such as starch, have in common?
a. They are lipids made of fatty acids.
b. They are proteins made of amino acids.
c. They are nucleic acids made of nucleotides.
d. They are carbohydrates made of simple sugars.
____ 191. Which type of molecule in the yolk of a chicken egg provides the most energy for a developing chick?
a. lipid
c. salt
b. nucleic acid
d. water
____ 192. Many animals have either internal or external skeletons that provide support and structure. Which of the
____ 193.
____ 194.
____ 195.
____ 196.
____ 197.
____ 198.
____ 199.
____ 200.
____ 201.
following parts of plant cells play a similar role?
a. cell membranes
c. chloroplasts
b. cell walls
d. cytoplasm
What is the function of the selectively permeable plasma membrane?
a. to store chemical and heat energy inside the cell
b. to control the movement of substances into and out of the cell
c. to control the movement of red blood cells
d. to seep up chemical reactions
Which structure is in all living cells?
a. vacuole
c. ribosome
b. chloroplast
d. nucleous
Stem cells are cells that do not have a specific function. What must happen to these cells for them to
become specialized cells like heart muscle cells?
a. Certain genes in the cell have to become activated to cause special enzymes to form.
b. The nucleus in the stem cell must become bigger and more DNA has to be produced.
c. The cells must begin to divide by mitosis.
d. The cells must begin to divide by meiosis
This diagram represents a plant cell.
What is most likely found in the structure marked?
a. Carbon
c. Water
b. Chloroplasts
d. DNA
Which function do cilia perform?
a. Communication
c. excretion
b. digestion
d. movement
What are the main molecules that make up muscle fibers?
a. lipids
c. carbohydrates
b. proteins
d. nucleic acids
Which base bonds with adenine in DNA?
a. Uracyl
c. Cytosine
b. Thymine
d. Guanine
Which substance provides the instructions for producing proteins?
a. ATP
c. H2O
b. DNA
d. FAT
What process best explains how a nerve cell and a muscle cell can both develop from the same fertilized
egg?
a. differentiation
b. natural selection
c. selective breeding
d. genetic engineering
____ 202. Which statement best describes the relationship that exists among proteins, DNA, and cells?
a. Proteins combine to produce cells, which produce DNA.
b. Proteins are made up of DNA, which determines the cells that are produced.
c. DNA is made up of proteins, which tell a cell how to function.
d. Cells contain DNA, which controls the production of proteins.
____ 203. What are the subunits of DNA and their function?
a. nucleotides that store information
b. monosaccharides that provide quick energy for the cell
c. lipids that store energy and provide insulation
d. proteins that provide the building blocks for the structural components of organisms
____ 204. This diagram shows a plant cell. Which structure is found in a plant cell but is absent in an animal cell?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
____ 205. Which best explains why muscle cells are different from blood cells?
a. A mutation occurs during the development of muscle cells but not in blood cells.
b. Different genes are activated in muscle cells than in blood cells.
c. Muscles cells experience different environmental influences than blood cells.
d. Muscle cells are produced by the brain, but blood cells are produced by the heart.
____ 206. A freshwater plant is placed in a container of saltwater. What will most likely happen to the cells of the
plant?
a. They will swell because water will move into them.
b. They will swell because salt will move into them.
c. They will shrink because water will move out of them.
d. They will shrink because salt will move out of them.
____ 207. If energy is needed to move materials into or out of a cell, what is most likely occurring?
a. active transport
c. osmosis
b. passive transport
d. diffusion
____ 208. How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar?
a. Both contain a nucleus.
c. Both contain membrane-bound organelles.
b. Both contain ribosomes.
d. Both contain cell walls.
____ 209. These diagrams represent a Euglena and a Paramecium.
Euglena
____ 210.
____ 211.
____ 212.
____ 213.
Paramecium
Which function do the pointed structures have in common?
a. digestion
c. movement
b. gathering food
d. reproduction
Which would be the best evidence that a cell is using active transport to move a substance across its cell
membrane?
a. Substances are moving rapidly across the cell membrane.
b. ATP is being rapidly consumed near the cellular membrane.
c. Substances are moving from high to low concentrations.
d. Substances are moving through channels in the cell membrane.
A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic compound?
a. carbohydrates
c. nucleic acids
b. lipids
d. proteins
A student learns about the special characteristics of water in biology class. She knows that water will rise
through a narrow tube through capillary action. Which of the following experiments would demonstrate
that water has this ability?
a. placing a bouquet of white carnations in water containing blue dye and noting that after a time, the flowers
turn blue
b. filling a container to the very top with water and noting that after the water is placed in freezing conditions,
the ice has expanded above the brim of the container
c. heating an identical mass of water and metal to the same temperature and noting that after a time, the metal
has cooled faster than the water has
d. taking the pH of water and finding that it is exactly neutral
The illustration below depicts a paramecium. Paramecia have star-shaped organelles called contractile
vacuoles that move water from inside to outside the cell. The data presented in the table below were
obtained in an experiment in which paramecia were placed in different salt concentrations. The rate at
which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was recorded.
How could you explain the observed relationship between the rate of contractile vacuole contraction and
the salt concentration?
a. When the salt concentration outside the cell is very high, diffusion causes water to move inside the
cell, and the contractile vacuole has to contract more rapidly.
b. When the salt concentration outside the cell is very low, diffusion causes water to move outside the
cell, and the contractile vacuole has to contract more rapidly.
c. When the salt concentration outside the cell is very high, diffusion causes water to move outside the
cell, and the contractile vacuole does not need to contract as rapidly.
d. When the salt concentration outside the cell is very low, diffusion causes water to move outside the
cell, and the contractile vacuole does not need to contract as rapidly.
____ 214. The ion (salt) concentration of sea water is three times that of most marine fishes’ tissues. As a result,
these fishes lose water to the environment through osmosis. To make up for the lost water, fishes drink sea
water and pump out the excess salt through their gills. Freshwater fishes have the opposite problem. Their
bodies contain more salt than the surrounding water, so they tend to take in water by osmosis. The
additional water dilutes their body salts. Freshwater fishes regain salts by actively taking them in from
their environment. Because of these challenges, few fish can move between salt water and fresh water.
____ 215.
____ 216.
____ 217.
____ 218.
____ 219.
____ 220.
The figure shows ion excretion in a fish as it moves from one body of water to another. What kind of water
is the fish initially swimming in?
a. fresh water
c. brackish water
b. salt water
d. hypersaline water
A florist places a bouquet of white carnations in water containing blue dye. After a time, the flowers turn
blue. What process helped the carnations to change color?
a. water’s ability to form crystals
b. formation of covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen molecules
c. ability of H2O to dissolve NaCl
d. cohesion and adhesion of water molecules
What is the attractive force between two of the same kind of particle?
a. adhesion
c. cohesion
b. capillary action
d. polarity
Surface carbohydrates, branching chains of sugar units on the surface of some bacteria, are MOST similar
to which of the following?
a. artificial sweetener
c. a metal personal identification bracelet
b. wood used for a campfire
d. the hide of an animal
Water is one of the most important nonliving (abiotic) components of any ecosystem. Water passes
through plants and evaporates from their leaves in a process known as
a. photosynthesis.
c. respiration.
b. precipitation.
d. transpiration.
The combined observations of Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchin resulted in the
formation of the cell theory. Which of the following is NOT part of this theory?
a. All cells come from existing cells.
b. The cell is the basic unit of all living things.
c. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
d. All cells contain a nucleus.
Susan finds some old celery in the refrigerator. When she picks it up, she finds that it is limp and bendable.
She places the celery in a bowl of water for an hour. When she returns, she finds that the celery stalk is
rigid. Which organelle in the cells of the celery is responsible for this change?
a. cell membrane
c. chloroplast
b. nucleus
d. central vacuole
____ 221. A student conducted an experimental investigation of the gas production of a water plant. She placed a
beaker upside down over a water plant submerged in water and collected the gas that the water plant
produced when kept in sunlight.
After six hours, the contents of the test tube were analyzed and a significant amount of oxygen was
measured. Which of the following organelles was responsible for this change?
a. central vacuole
c. chloroplast
b. nucleus
d. cell wall
____ 222. Which of the following does NOT describe a function of the cell membrane?
a. Cell membranes maintain homeostasis by controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
b. The cell membrane contains many different proteins that enable a cell to detect and respond to its
surroundings.
c. The cell membrane participates in both active and passive transport.
d. The cell membrane aids in both mitosis and meiosis.
____ 223. A student made this sketch of a paramecium during a laboratory investigation.
A paramecium is able to move on its own. Which of the following allows a paramecium to move?
c. flagella
d. cilia
____ 224. Which of the following properties could be used to distinguish between an organism in the domain
Bacteria and an organism in the domain Eukarya?
a. uses energy to carry out multiple functions
b. uses simple mechanical motion to move around
c. contains membrane-bound organelles
d. is composed of organic chemicals such as amino acids
____ 225. Which of the following would happen if the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the cell of an organism
lost all of its ribosomes?
a. Protein production in the organism would stop.
b. Storage of proteins within the cell would increase.
c. ATP production in the cell would stop.
d. Proteins would no longer be exported from the cell.
____ 226. How are cells that form tissues different from cells that form colonies?
a. All cells can be organized to form tissues, but only independent unicellular prokaryotic cells can form
colonies.
b. Independent cells of unicellular prokaryotes form tissues, but individual cells of multicellular
eukaryotes can only form colonies.
c. Interdependent cells of multicellular eukaryotes form tissues, but individual cells of some unicellular
organisms can only form colonies.
d. All cells can form either tissues or colonies, but only interdependent cells of multicellular eukaryotes
form tissues.
a. contractile vacuole
b. micronucleus
____ 227. An oxygen molecule comes into contact with the outside of a cell’s lipid bilayer. What process would
allow the molecule to move into the cell?
a. osmosis
c. facilitated diffusion
b. simple diffusion
d. active transport
____ 228. The diagram below shows a cell with several structures identified.
Which structure is MOST like a town library, where information to help run the town is stored?
a. endoplasmic reticulum
c. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
d. ribosome
____ 229. Which of these is capable of moving quickly in response to its environment?
a.
b.
c.
d.
____ 230. According to endosymbiotic theory, which kingdom represents organisms that may have given rise to
____ 231.
____ 232.
____ 233.
____ 234.
____ 235.
____ 236.
mitochondria and chloroplasts?
a. Archaebacteria
c. Fungi
b. Eubacteria
d. Protists
A student mistakenly transfers a protozoan from a marine culture to a drop of fresh water on
a microscope slide. While observing the slide, the student notices that the protozoan begins to swell
and quickly transfers the organism back into a drop of salt water. What process did the student
observe?
a. active transport
c. endocytosis
b. osmosis
d. exocytosis
Which of the following BEST describes the factors that influence protein folding?
a. Protein folding depends on the sequence of amino acids and fatty acids that make up
the protein.
b. Protein folding results from the interactions of the double helix and the nucleotide
bases that form it.
c. Protein folding is completely dependent on how amino acids interact with transfer
RNA
molecules.
d. Protein folding depends on the sequence of amino acids, the interactions of amino
acids with each other, and the interaction of amino acids with water.
What are the bonds between water molecules called?
a. covalent bonds only
c. ionic and covalent bonds
b. hydrogen bonds only
d. covalent and hydrogen bonds
What is the name of a cell vesicle that contains enzymes that destroy damaged cell organelles?
a. endoplasmic reticulum
c. lysosome
b. Golgi complex
d. mitochondria
Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport?
a. It moves substances with a concentration gradient.
b. It requires energy from the cell.
c. It involves facilitated diffusion.
d. It relies on vesicles that often function as pumps.
The single-celled organism shown in the illustration below uses a whiplike structure to move.
What is the whiplike structure called?
a. nucleus
b. chloroplast
c. cilia
d. flagellum
____ 237. Which organelles consist of membranous tubes and sacs and serve as part of the cell’s packag- ing and
____ 238.
____ 239.
____ 240.
____ 241.
____ 242.
____ 243.
____ 244.
____ 245.
____ 246.
transport system?
a. mitochondria and lysosomes
b. mitochondria and chloroplasts
c. ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. Golgi apparatus and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following are found in eukaryotes but NOT in prokaryotes?
a. mitochondria
c. cell membranes
b. DNA
d. receptor proteins
The movement of materials across the cell membrane is vital to the health of the cell and the organism as
a whole. Which of the following movements would require active transport?
a. moving a substance down a concentration gradient
b. moving a substance against a concentration gradient
c. moving a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration
d. moving a substance by osmosis
A community of plants growing in a terrarium can grow even if the terrarium is sealed.
Which of these possible explanations is NOT a reasonable hypothesis to explain how this can happen?
a. A particular plant in the terrarium does not appear as healthy as other plants.
b. There was enough carbon dioxide initially to support the growth for a long time.
c. Some kind of decomposer that releases carbon dioxide is growing in the terrarium.
d. The sealed terrarium actually has small openings that allow exchange of air with the
out- side environment.
In all organisms and viruses, what type of biological molecules contains instructions for specifying the
characteristics of living things?
a. carbohydrates
c. nucleic acids
b. lipids
d. proteins
Look at the diagram of a cell below.
Which structure is MOST like a furnace that heats your home?
a. endoplasmic reticulum
c. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
d. ribosome
Which of the following are proteins in your body?
a. collagen and hemoglobin
c. glycogen and fructose
b. cholesterol and antibodies
d. chlorophyll and hemoglobin
Enzymes in your body probably work BEST at what temperature?
a. 25°C
c. 37°C
b. 30°C
d. 98°C
A red blood cell has a flattened disc shape, as illustrated below.
What advantage does the shape of a red blood cell provide?
a. increases its surface area-to-volume ratio so it can take in nutrients efficiently
b. decreases its surface area-to-volume ratio in order to limit cell growth
c. increases its surface area-to-volume ratio so that the cell can grow much larger
d. decreases its surface area-to-volume ratio so more cells can fit in a blood vessel
The table below compares bacteria and eukaryotes.
Which of the comparisons in the table is NOT correct?
a. comparison A
c. comparison C
b. comparison B
d. comparison D
____ 247. Which membrane proteins transmit information into the cell by responding to signal molecules?
a. carrier proteins
c. marker proteins
b. receptor proteins
d. structural proteins
____ 248. Why does the human body require carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?
a. The body uses these nutrients to synthesize inorganic compounds.
b. The body uses these vitamins to synthesize and maintain bones and nerves.
c. The body uses these organic compounds to provide energy to maintain life
processes.
d. The body uses these inorganic compounds to maintain life processes and reproduce.
____ 249. As the pH of an aquatic ecosystem decreases, there is a gradual decline in the plant and animal population.
At a pH of 5.5, bacterial decomposers begin to die. At a pH of about 4.5, most
fish are dead. How does pH = 4.5 compare to pH = 5.5? A pH of 4.5 is
a. 5 times less acidic.
c. 2 times more acidic.
b. 5 times more acidic.
d. 10 times more acidic.
____ 250. The following section focuses on different lemur species of Madagascar.
Read the information below and use it to answer the four multiple-choice questions and one
open-response question that follow.
Madagascar is an island located off the east coast of Africa, as shown on the map below.
Madagascar has a unique animal community. Lemurs are one of the animal groups that have diversified
extensively on Madagascar. Lemurs are primates, which is an order of mammals that also includes
monkeys and apes. Lemur species vary widely in habitat, diet, size, and color. Lemurs only live on the
island of Madagascar. However, fossil evidence shows that lemur ancestors existed on Africa’s mainland.
Scientists hypothesize that lemur ancestors reached Madagascar by floating across the Mozambique
Channel on matted clumps of vegetation.
Lemurs’ bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may
help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique Channel from mainland
Africa to Madagascar. Which of the following types of molecules are primarily used for long-term energy
storage in the lemur?
a. lipids
c. nucleic acids
b. monosaccharides
d. proteins
Biochemistry & Cytology
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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49.
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B
PTS:
A
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C
PTS:
B
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C
PTS:
A
PTS:
D6N1401NX PTS:
D
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D
PTS:
A
PTS:
B
PTS:
C
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C
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A
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B
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D
PTS:
C
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D
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C
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A
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C
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B
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A
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B
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B
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D
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C
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A
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A
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A
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C
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B
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B
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B
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C
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C
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D
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A
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D
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D
PTS:
D
PTS:
C
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A
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D
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C
PTS:
D
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B
PTS:
D
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A
PTS:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
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50.
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55.
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103.
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B
B
C
D
D
D
B
D
A
D
C
D
D
D
C
A
B
C
D
A
D
B
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C
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B
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C
D
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B
C
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A
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C
B
B
D
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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104.
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157.
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D
B
D
B
C
C
D
D
C
C
D
D
D
A
D
C
A
C
D
C
A
C
D
A
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B
C
A
C
D
B
B
C
D
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C
A
A
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B
C
B
D
D
A
C
A
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C
D
B
C
A
C
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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158.
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165.
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173.
174.
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C
A
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.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
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185.
186.
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189.
190.
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193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
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202.
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205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
PTS:
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1
B
B
C
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D
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B
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C
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D
B
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A
B
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C
A
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C
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
ANS:
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ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
B
C
A
C
A
D
C
PTS:
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1
1
1
1
1
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1
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‘
217.
218.
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220.
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226.
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228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
PTS:
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1
C
D
D
D
C
D
D
C
D
C
B
C
D
B
B
D
B
C
B
D
D
A
B
A
C
B
A
C
A
D
B
C
D
A