Supplementary Information
We are at the center of four ecozones. The Eastern Woodlands (Kentucky,
Tennessee, Alabama) which provided salt and game. The Mississippi Valley
(Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama) which provided water, fish, fowl, and rich, fertile, flood plain soil. The Prairie (Illinois, Iowa, Indiana,
Northern Missouri) which provided grass for thatched roofs and animals. The
Ozarks (Missouri, Arkansas) which provided rocks and minerals.
Projectile Points
"Clovis points are typically 3-6 inches long, thin, laurel-leaf shaped and finely chipped. They have one or more short flakes (flutes) removed on either face, extending from the base up the center portion of the point towards the tip. It is believed that the removal of this flute made it easier to haft the point to the shaft."
The largest numbers of these points appear in southeast Iowa.
(Lynn Marie Alex,
Office of the State Archaeologist, Educational Series I)
"Folsom spear points are smaller than Clovis points. They are less leaf-shaped, and have a concave base with ear-like projections on each side. A deep flute, which sometimes runs almost the entire length of the point, is found on both faces. The base and lower edges of Folsom points were ground or dulled. The dulling allowed the point to be hafted to the shaft without cutting through the sinew or material used for binding."
(Lynn Marie Alex, Office of the State Archaeologist, Educational
Series)
Putnam Museum
The Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences sent W. H. Pratt to Albany, Illinois in August,
1873 to "make measurements, drawings and descriptions of the mounds." On his first trip he made a map and excavated mound 80 and part of mound 40.
The Davenport Academy conducted several digs at the Albany Mounds in the
1880s, which they documented in 1907 with lantern slides. A lantern slide is made on glass. The lantern slides at the Putnam Museum are 3.5 inches wide by
4 inches tall by 1/8 inch thick, about the size of a 3 X 5 note card. Like today's slides they are a positive image. The dry plate process, which created the image on the glass, came into use around the 1880s.
Two of our local Hopewell sites were excavated by the Davenport Academy of
Natural sciences, which was founded in 1867. Today it is known as the Putnam
Museum and Imax Theatre. The museum is the repository for artifacts from the
Albany and Shearer's Island sites, in Illinois, Cook and Pine Creek in
Muscatine County, and Toolesboro sites in Iowa, from the Point Andrew
Wisconsin site and from sites in Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi and Georgia.
Early archaeologists sought objects and not information. The techniques and technology of today was not known in the 1780s or the 1880s.
Hopewell

The Hopewell Culture, got its name from Captain M. C. Hopewell, on whose farm, in Ross County, Ohio, the first of 30 mounds was opened in 1893.
Sites
Toolesboro
Mounds were built at Toolesboro, near Wapello, Iowa. In 1830, Abigail and
Freeman Shaw built a house on one of the mounds. In 1868, William Toole, an early settler, noted eight mounds and opened one of them. The Davenport
Academy of Natural Science excavated Mound 7, which was ten feet high and 85 feet in diameter, in 1886. There has been no further excavation. Today aerial photography, surface surveys and remote sensing are used to examine the site.
George H. Mosier donated the land for this historic site in 1963.
The Toolesboro area was inhabited from 200 BC- 400 AD. Of the twelve
mounds, which were built (between 100 BC and 200 AD), seven exist today. The mounds were conical, 20-30 feet high, with 80 foot circumferences. They were on a terrace at the summit of the Mississippi River banks. This was a ceremonial
center. No village site has been located.
The first post office in Louisa county was located at this site. At that time the town of Black Hawk had three mills, two distilleries, several stores, and warehouses.
Davenport
As Hopewell mounds were being built in Albany, the Cook Farm Mounds, were built in the Davenport, Iowa area. Marshall McKusick quotes Farquharson as saying the mounds were, "a mile below the town and consisted of nine large conical mounds on the valley floor only twelve feet above the high water mark on the Mississippi."
(McKusick, Marshall, Men of Ancient Iowa, As Revealed By Archaeological Discoveries, p.113)
Each of the nine conical mounds was 30-40 feet in diameter and 4-5 feet high.
Albany
One mound had three bodies, whose heads faced east, with grave offerings. That same mound had two more bodies, whose heads faced west, with no grave offerings. Two layers of shells covered all the burials. One mound had an altar four feet high, made of stones. (show 4 feet) One mound had two stone vaults, one vault inside the other.
Hopewell
To build a mound the topsoil had to be removed from the area. Next, a pit was dug one to three feet deep, five to twelve feet wide and seven to seventeen feet long.
That pit's walls were lined with logs, and or stone. The floor of the pit was shells, special clay, sand, logs or stone slabs. After the bodies or bone bundles were laid in the tomb, baskets of shells and pearls were poured into the grave and a low log wall was built around the body. Then, the bodies were covered with mats, bark, stones and or logs. (King, Grenville C., Historian, Putnam Museum, Regional History Narrative,
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chapters 1-4) Lastly, the tomb was covered with up to 15 feet of soil.
The Hopewell traded for the following items:
Conch and sea tortoise shells from the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico
Barracuda teeth from Chesapeake Bay
Alligator teeth and marine shells from the Gulf of Mexico
Grizzly bear teeth obsidian/volcanic glass (Mexican obsidian has a greenish cast which is due to concentrations of olivine in the soil) from Wyoming, Yellowstone
National Park area and Rocky Mountains
Flint from the Knife River in North Dakota
Pipestone, soapstone, Catalinite and Iron Ore from Minnesota and the
Rock River Valley
Freshwater pearls from the Mississippi River
Burlington, Crotan, and Wyandotte Chert and aragonite from Indiana and Southern Illinois
Mica and quartz from southern Appalachia, North Carolina
Galena from Northwest Illinois
Copper from Michigan, Lake Superior and Wisconsin
Gypsum, Hematite, Meteoric Iron, Silver and Steatite
Among the grave goods of one prominent person were a panpipe of copper and another of silver. Musical instruments do not appear in grave goods before or after the peak of the
Hopewell culture.
Many theories exist regarding the Hopewell people's disappearance circa (about)
500 AD. : they moved south and merged with a group of later tradition
Mississippians, they were absorbed by a local non-Hopewell group, more leisure time made them lazier and they didn't hunt as much, which changed their diet and health, climate changes and/or depleted natural resources.
Effigy Mounds
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Some were bundle burials (I-30 people's bones tied together), some were charred
skeletal remains and some were on an altar like platform. (Shetrone, Henry C., The
Mound Builders, p. 332) Conical and linear mounds, which also contained burials in their centers, are found near the effigy mounds. Special soils were brought in from surrounding areas and primitive tools were used, which created a labor intense, time consuming task.
Excavations at the Hadfield’s Cave along the North Fork of the Maquoketa River revealed that White-tailed deer, elk, raccoon, and beaver comprised 80% of the inhabitants diet with turkey, passenger pigeon, prairie chicken, fish, turtles and freshwater mussels as
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supplementary meat sources. Important wild plant foods were hickory nuts, black walnuts, sunflower, goosefoot, arrowhead, yellow lotus and butternuts.
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Mississippian Culture
The high carbohydrate diets they ate were not healthy. As the civilization declined so did their health. The skeletal remains indicate diets low in protein, iron deficiencies and bone disease. (Dickson site notes) They ate corn, squash, lamb's quarter seeds and leaves, hickory nuts, pecans, pumpkin, sunflowers, blackberries and tubers.
Circa 900 AD, houses were small and oval shaped with the support posts set in holes.
One hundred fifty years later, 1050 AD, they were large and rectangular with the support posts set in trenches. One hundred years after that,1150 AD, they were square in shape.
Some of the ceremonial buildings were in the shape of a cross. One such building at the
Myer-Dickson site was 80 feet long. Historians believe the roofs were thatched and that the shape was symbolic of fire, sun and the eye.
Residents had stable occupations within a structured, well defined class system. There was an organized cooperative labor force, mathematicians, engineers, craftsmen, organized leadership, management and religious leadership.
The centralized government had both local and regional chiefdoms. Like the Hopewell
Culture, the Mississippian Culture's sphere of influence and trade was large.
There were four levels of community. The farmstead or hamlet had a population of 10-20 related people, living in houses grouped around a courtyard. The village size community had a plaza, one mound and a population of 100+. The Temple town was a larger, fortified population center, with a plaza and at least two mounds. It could be compared to suburbs of today. The largest community level had many permanent structures, plazas, platform mounds for temples, a population in the thousands and could be compared to our large metropolitan areas.
Sites
Dickson
It was a highly advanced culture technologically, economically, politically and religiously.
It is about 2 hours south of the Quad Cities, Southeast of Macomb and Lewistown, on highway 136 and 24, it is near the Spoon River and Illinois River confluence.
Fulton County, Illinois, which is about 2 hours south of the Quad Cities, "has long been known as having within its boundaries the greatest concentration of prehistoric
archaeological sites in the State. At the time of this writing, nearly 3,000 mounds and village sites have been recorded." (Harn, Alan D., The Prehistory of Dickson Mounds: The
Dickson Excavation, p.1)
Much has been learned about the Mississippian culture by studying this 350 year old
(900-1250AD), thirteen mound site on the Illinois River. "The 30-by-60-foot Dickson
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excavation represents approximately one-tenth of the total area covered by the cemetery complex. …more than 3,000 individuals may have been present prior to modern exploration." (Harn, Alan D., The Prehistory of Dickson Mounds: The Dickson Excavation, p.76)
There are 50 related settlements within eight miles. Of those 50 settlements, seven were major sites containing 150 mounds.
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There were two cemeteries and 10 mounds. The burial mounds were log lined, roofed, and rectangular. Sometimes the bones were dried, bagged and burned before internment. One tomb contained over 2,000 shells and beads. New graves had been dug into the mounds.
People from surrounding towns were buried in the religious centers.
Eveland Village, Grable, Lawrenz, and Walsh were temple mound centers. Emmons and
Vandeventer were part of the Dickson Mound complex.
The Eveland Village site, south of the Dickson Museum, was a ceremonial center. Two excavations are on display there. The site has ceremonial buildings and several rectangular buildings. The rectangular buildings are partly underground with a tunnel like entrance.
An interesting occurrence at this site is that jewelry, pottery and tools were found only in
burials of women. Arrowheads were found only in the male burials. (Dickson site notes)
"Perhaps only 3 generations had passed since the last burials were made at Dickson
Mounds before bearers of Oneota traditions arrive(d) in the Illinois Valley…"
(Harn, Alan D., The
Prehistory of Dickson Mounds: The Dickson Excavation, p.83)
Cahokia
Inhabited from 700-1400 AD, covering six square miles, its 3300 acre boundaries formed a diamond shape.
The Cahokia Mounds are located at the confluence of the Missouri, Illinois and
Mississippi Rivers, which is one of the most fertile agricultural zones in North America.
(show poster) It is now a state park of 2,200 acres in Madison County, near Collinsville and East St. Louis, Illinois. The river channel on which it was originally founded is extinct today. Its name came from the Illiniwek Confederation Indians (Illini). They are of the
Algonquin language group. They had settled in the area before the first French arrived.
Their tribal name was Cahokia.
The grand plaza in front of Monk's Mound was a square field of approximately 40 acres. It functioned as a marketplace, ceremonial center and recreation area. High-ranking individuals lived in the surrounding plaza.
The houses were in rows, or open streets around an open plaza. Seven of them were located under the Cahokia Mounds State Historical Site museum building. They measured from eight feet by fourteen feet up to twenty feet square. The framework was wooden poles.
The poles were set into two to three-foot deep trenches. The trenches were filled with dirt.
The poles were lashed together with saplings. There were no windows, cattail mats covered
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6 the pole walls and bulrush mats were used as floor coverings and for sleeping mats. The roof was steeply pitched and thatched. While there were no separate rooms, there were designated sections for cooking, food storage pits, sleeping and artisanship.
Community buildings were council lodges, summer houses, which were simply four posts and a roof, with no walls, storage buildings, granaries, which were daubed with clay to keep them dry, sweat lodges (saunas) and menstrual huts.
Borrow pits were the first example of "urban renewal", four to five feet deep when flooded, they became small ponds for the town's use and may have been stocked with fish. They probably would not have been used as landfills. The largest pit, located between the twin mounds, was 17 acres. That is the same size as 13 football fields.
A stockade wall, 12 to 15 feet high, made of logs that were 12 inches in diameter, extended two and a half miles around Monks Mound, enclosing 17 mounds and the central ceremonial district of Cahokia, which was about 200 acres. That is the size of a small farm.
The wall required 20,000 logs, or 200-500 acres of oaks and hickory. (
Cahokia Museum exhibit)
The stockade was rebuilt at least four times.
The bastions (guard towers) were 70-80 feet apart, which was the range of a bow and arrow at that time. The first time it was built the bastions were round. The second time the bastions were square with enclosed backs and the walls may have been plastered with a mixture of clay and prairie grass to protect it from fire and weather. The third time the stockade had smaller, rectangular guard towers with three sides and open backs. Each time the length of it was increased, more trees were required and their supply decreased.
Each year a family of four people required 1.5 treetops for their daily fires. Each year a city of 20,000 people would need 7,500 tree tops, 41 football fields or nearly 55 acres of trees for their daily fires. In the course of 200 years the city would have consumed 8,200 football fields, or 13.6 square miles of trees to keep their daily fires going. In addition to the stockade and daily fires, trees/logs were needed for canoes, bows and arrows, buildings, tools, handles for tools, utensils, containers, thread, baskets, fabric and Woodhenge.
(Cahokia
Museum exhibit)
How many of you have heard of Stonehenge in England? The Woodhenge, at Cahokia was a solar observatory, a primitive calendar and example of the science and engineering skills of that culture. In 1100 AD, Woodhenge was located one half mile west of Monks Mound.
Over a period of 100 years, the circular structure was rebuilt and enlarged five times on the same site. The first time 24 posts were used. The second circle had 36 posts. The third time, 48 posts were arranged 410 feet in diameter. The fourth circle had 60 posts. The fifth circle 12 posts, which were located along the eastern sunrise arc. Archaeologists conjecture that red cedar trees may have become scarce or that they were only using
Woodhenge for sunrise settings and did not require a circular arrangement any longer.
The posts were 15-20 inches in diameter, larger than for the stockade, stood 20 feet tall and were spaced 27.4 feet apart. Red cedar, being considered a sacred wood, was used for the posts. Red ocher pigment, which was found on some of the posts, suggests they were painted.
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Only three posts were crucial as seasonal markers. Two were used to mark the first days of winter and summer (the solstices). The post halfway between those two was used for marking the first days of spring and fall (the equinoxes). The most spectacular sunrises occur at the equinox post, where the sunrise aligns with the front of Monks Mound. It gives the appearance that Monks Mound "gives birth" to the sun directly over the leaders house. (site brochure) Large observation posts were located at the center of the circle for viewing. The other posts between the solstice posts probably marked special festival dates
7 related to the agricultural cycle. The remaining posts enclosed the circle, in which sacred ceremonies may have been held.
An offertory pit, near the winter solstice post may have held a fire to encourage the sun to return for another annual cycle. This may have been New Year's Day for them. It was at this offertory pit, in Circle 2 that a beaker fragment was found. This is a reproduction of a beaker fragment found in 1961 at Woodhenge. Warren Wittry, the archaeoastronomer who discovered Woodhenge, believes that the crosses in the center of the symbol represent the world. The radiating lines on the beaker represented the sun. The circular pathway may represent the passage of the sun. The open path at the right signifies the winter solstice sunrise. The closed path in the lower left corner signifies the solstice sunset.
One burial rivaled an Egyptain tomb. Mound 72 has a very important burial in it. A 40 year old, early leader of Cahokia, was found lying on a bird-shaped platform of 20,000 marine shells beads. In addition they found 15 Chunkey stones, nearly two bushels of unprocessed mica, a staff made from a sheet of rolled copper, one cache of 332 arrow points lined up pointing southeast and another cache of 413 arrow points lying in a northwest orientation. There were also a dozen people, men and women buried around him. Not all were buried in such lavish fashion. Some were merely tossed in the mound.
The majority of the people were buried in cemeteries.
Today, 80 of the mounds have survived, of which 69 have been preserved. Over 50 million cubic feet of earth had to be moved to build the mounds.
Monk's Mound
It "is also the only mound with more than two terraces at the Cahokia site, and indeed throughout much of eastern North America." (web site) Monk's mound has four terraces.
Monk's Mound, at Cahokia, had a 104 foot long, 48 foot wide, 50 foot high, building on the summit of the mound. That is a 5,000 square foot building. That would be twice to three times the size of your house.
To allow for natural drainage the mound was built with brown and gray silty soil with some clay and sand incorporated. The 156 steps leading up to the top have been rebuilt.
The French settled in the area in 1699. French priests built a small chapel on the southwest corner of the Mound's first terrace in 1735. For over twenty years the priests served the Cahokians and other tribes. The chapel was abandoned when most of the
Cahokia men were killed in a battle and the survivors moved away. A small trading post/tavern was located in the vicinity from 1776 to 1784. In 1809, French Trappist
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8 monks purchased two parcels of land, including Monks Mound, to build a formal monastery. They had a garden and orchard on the first terrace, a chapel and refectory
(dining hall) on or near mound 48. Poor crops, malaria and other diseases caused the monks to abandon the settlement in 1813. It is for these men that the mound was named.
One of the Trappist priests living at Monk's Mound baptized Sacajewa's baby in St. Louis, where the arch is today.
There is a person buried in Monks Mound! Amos Hill purchased it, in 1831. He is the only person buried on or in Monks Mound. He built a farmhouse and several outbuildings on the third terrace. A well was dug on the second terrace and an access road was built to the top.
ONEOTA
1200-1700 A. D.
The "…last prehistoric tradition to leave its mark on Iowa…" was the Oneota about 1200 A.
D.
(Lynn Alex, Iowa's Archaeological Past, p. 185)
Within 200 years this culture covered all of Iowa,
(McKusick, Marshall, Men of AncientIowa, As Revealed By Archaeological Discoveries, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 1964) spilling across its border into Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas,
Nebraska, and South Dakota. The Iowa sites existed from 1200-1700 AD. Iowa was the center of the Oneota world in the 13 th century.
(Lynn Alex, Iowa's Archaeological Past, p. 136)
The Oneota lived in Louisa County, Iowa, adjacent to the Hopewell Mounds at Toolesboro.
The culture was named Oneota, after the river and its rock formations along the Upper
Iowa River. (Lynn Alex, Iowa's Archaeological Past, p. 185) Oneota Dolomite rock formations are located in Allamakee County along the Upper Iowa River. That is where Iowa and
Minnesota meet, across the Mississippi from Wisconsin.
In 1914 , Ellison Orr described the pottery he found along the river, which was called theOneota River at that time.
The sites were located on the bluffs and high terraces along large rivers and their tributaries.
(Shetrone, Henry C., The Mound Builders)
Most of the Iowa sites were large, 50-100 acres .
Over 100 sites have been found in four regions of the state of Iowa. (Northeast, Northwest,
Central Des Moines valley, and Southeast)
(Lynn Alex, Iowa's Archaeological Past, p. 186)
The Blood Run Site, in northwest Iowa, overlooking the Sioux River, was over 100 acres. In a 15 acre enclosure, 143 mounds were located at this site.
In the southeast section of Iowa 25 sites have been identified. From just north of
Fort Madison to just south of Muscatine, on 43 miles of Mississippi River alluvial plain in Lee, Des Moines, Louisa and Muscatine counties the Cedar, Des Moines,
Iowa, and Skunk rivers provided seasonal housing for the Oneota. (Lynn Alex, Iowa's
Archaeological Past, p. 193) The previous Toolesboro site shows a sign of fortification, an octagonal earthen work fort. The McKinney site, next to the Toolesboro site, may have been the last Oneota village in the area. It was excavated in 1995 and may have covered 60 acres.
Other sites show signs of permanent housing. The five styles of housing were: a large, rectangular building with a row of large interior posts down the center and several fire pits, a wigwam style, a lodge style, sweat lodges and charnel houses,
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used for burials. Daub was used on the poles and bark and/or mats were used for the walls.
(Lynn Alex, Iowa's ArchaeologicalPast, p. 199)
They hunted, fished, gathered and farmed. However, they took farming a step forward by inventing the "ridged field system". The Oneota added barley, grapes, plums and wild cherries to the crops previous cultures grew.
(Lynn Alex, Iowa's Archaeological Past, p. 186-187, 199)
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Oneota pottery varied in size from miniature jars to vessels capable of holding several gallons. They were called pumpkin pots because of their shape. Shoulder and loop/strap style handles made the Oneota pottery recognizable and distinctive.
(Lynn Alex, Iowa's Archaeological
Past, p. 189-190)
The Oneota created tens of thousands of food storage pits.
(Lynn Alex, Iowa's Archaeological Past, p. 191)
The bowl or bell-shaped pits were located in the floor and between the houses. Also large groups of them occur in particular areas that are not associated with structures.
(Lynn Alex,
Iowa's Archaeological Past, p. 199)
The pits were about 4 feet deep and lined with grass. They were covered with an animal skin, more grass, wooden planks, more grass, another animal skin, ashes, refuse and earth.
(Alex, Lynn, Office of the State Archaeologist, Educational Series 7)
The pits were also used for trash.
They had no temple mounds or ceremonial centers. Burials were in mounds and in cemeteries. The mounds ranged in size from 2-6 feet high and 25-70 feet in diameter.
Some sites had as many as 500 mounds. The mounds were mostly conical. Some were oval in shape. The cemeteries were located close to the cities.
(Shetrone, Henry C. The Mound Builders, p. 334)
Some of the mounds had grave goods within them.
The Toolesboro site and Upper Iowa River sites contained bone awls and needles, shell tempered pottery, tubular copper beads, flint arrow points, scrapers, stone celts/hatchets, hammers/mauls, hand mullers, shallow mortars, calumet, disk-stem and red pipestone (catlinite from southwestern Minnesota) pipes and
(Shetrone, Henry C. The Mound Builders) Copper and brass bracelets, bone whistles, and even the skull of a raven, whose eye socket contained a bone disc bead were found at Flynn Cemetery in northern Allamakee County. A bear claw necklace was a unique find at an Oneota site in Jones County, IA, which is northeast of
Iowa City. (Alex, Lynn, Office of the State Archaeologist, Educational Series 7) Pipes and other pieces have been inscribed with arrows, bison, men, serpents, sunbursts, and weeping eyes. (Lynn Alex, Iowa's Archaeological Past, p. 193)
Inscribed tablets, of catlinite, were found more abundantly than in the Mississippi culture mounds. The pictographs of animals, birds and fish on the cliff and cave walls, adjacent to the sites are another step towards written history. At the 50-60 acre McKinney site in
Louisa County, a hematite plaque with a pictograph of a hawk, or a thunderbird was found.
When the Europeans arrived the Oneota became fur traders.
We do know that the following tribes are descendents of the Oneota:
1.
Siouan speakers - Chiwere/Winnebago, Iowa, Oto, Missouria Ho-Chunk
2. Dhegihan Sioux - Dakota, Kansa, Omaha-Ponca
3. Algonquian speakers - Miami.
(Lynn Alex, Iowa's Archaeological Past, p. 185)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alex, Lynn M., Iowa's Archaeological Past, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, 2000
Alex, Lynn M., Office of the State Archaeologist, Educational Series, I, 7
Anderson, Duane, Eastern Iowa Prehistory, pages 23-40
Cedar Rapids Gazette, Sunday, December 28, 1975, page 16A
Cedar Rapids Gazette, Sunday, November 21, 1993, section A, page 11A
The Daily Iowan, (magazine), December 6, 1961
Encyclopedia of Iowa, Somerset Publishers, Inc., pages 43-47, New York, New York, 1995
Green, John, Indian Life in Pre-Columbian North America Coloring Book, Dover
Publications, Inc., New York, 1994, ISBN 0-486-28047-0
Harn, Alan D., The Prehistory of Dickson Mounds: The Dickson Excavation, Illinois State
Museum, Reports of Investigations, No.35, Dickson Mounds Museum Anthropological
Studies, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL, 1980
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Herold, Elaine Bluhm, ed., The Indian Mounds at Albany, Illinois, Davenport Museum
Anthropological Papers, No.1, Putnam Museum, Davenport, IA. 1971
Holmes, William H., 1884 Ancient Pottery of the Mississippi Valley, A Study of the
Collection of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences
Proceedings, V. 4, pp. 123-196
Hoyer, Julianne Loy, Iowa's P. A. S. T. (Programming Archaeology For School Teachers), A
Classroom Manual for the Video Series, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa,
Iowa City, Iowa, 1990
King, Grenville C., Historian, Putnam Museum, Regional History Narrative, chapters 1-4
Korp, Maureen, The Sacred Geography of the American Mound Builders, Native American
Studies, V. 2, Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York, 1990
Lerche, Jean, The Living Museum, V. 46, No.2, Spring 1984, "Peoples of the Past", Illinois
State Museum, Springfield, IL, 1984
McKusick, Marshall, Men of Ancient Iowa, as revealed by Archaeological Discoveries, Iowa
State University Press, Ames, IA, 1964
"Mississippian Mound Builders", April 185-1986, Putnam Museum exhibit
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Moorehead, Warren K., Curator of Museum of American Archaeology, Phillips Academy,
Andover, MA, The Hopewell Mound Group of Ohio, Field Museum of Natural History
Publication 211, Anthropological Series, V. VI, No. 5, Field Museum of Natural History,
Chicago, IL 1922
Pringle, Heather, In Search of Ancient North America: An Archaeological Journey to
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Forgotten Cultures, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996
Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, V. I, 1867-1876, Women's
Centennial Association, Davenport, IA, July, 1876
Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, V. II, 1876-1878, J. D. Putnam,
Davenport, IA, 1877-1880
Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, V. III, 1879-1881, Academy of
Natural Sciences, Davenport, IA, 1883
Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, V. IV, 1882-1884, Academy of
Natural Sciences, Davenport, IA, 1886
Shetrone, Henry Clyde, The Mound Builders, D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1930
Silverberg, Robert, The Mound Builders, Ohio University Press, Athens, GA, 1968
Steele, William O., Talking Bones
Stoltman, James B., ed., Prehistoric Mound Builders of the Mississippi Valley, Proceeding of a Symposium sponsored by the Putnam Museum, Davenport, IA, November 15-17, 1985,
Putnam Museum, Davenport, IA, 1985
Swaim, Ginalie, ed., The Goldfinch, V. 7, #1, September 1985, "Digging Into Prehistoric
Iowa", Iowa State Historical Department
Toolesboro Mounds, National Historic Landmark, brochure, State Historical Society of Iowa,
1996
Woodward, Susan L. and Jerry N. Mc Donald, Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley, A
Guide to Adena and Ohio Hopewell sites, McDonald & Woodward Publishing Co.,
Blacksburg, VA, 1986
Yellowbanks Heritage Association, brochure, 606 N. 10 th St., Keithsburg, IL 61442
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Artifacts
Atlatl - reproduction
Banner stone - reproduction of Museum artifact from Albany Mounds, IL
Beaver bowl - reproduction from Cahokia Museum
Birdman tablet - reproduction from Cahokia Museum
Birger figurine - reproduction from Cahokia Museum
Bone scraper - from Russ Forbis, Grand River-Honey Creek, Davenport, IA
Buckeye - found in area –
Copper celt - reproduction of Museum artifact from Toolesboro, IA - stolen at Riverbend
Middle school, Fulton, IL - October 5, 2007
Copper nugget and penny - purchased at Museum Store
Discoidal - Putnam museum specimen
Duck bowl - reproduction from Cahokia Museum
Grinding stone and pestle – museum collection
Mica - Putnam museum specimen
Obsidian - from Russ Forbis, Grand River-Honey Creek, Davenport, IA
Obsidian arrow heads - purchased at Museum Store
Reed duck decoy - purchased in antique store in MN
Shark teeth - purchased at Museum Store
Shells - sand dollar, generic (5, one with barnacles), Putnam museum specimens
Spear - (2) made by Mark Anderson, archaeologist, Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist
Spear points - Clovis (2), Agate Basin, Marshall Barbed (Des Moines area) or Gibson
(Coralville Reservoir area), unfinished sample, 1 from Rienits collection,
2 unfinished - Museum collection
Stone axe - Putnam museum specimen
Stone hoe - reproduction of Museum artifact from Illinois City, IL
Visuals
Effigy Mounds poster - Putnam Museum
Fish dam near Middle Ammana on Iowa River, photographer Fred Kent
Indian Life In Pre-Columbian North America – purchased at Museum Store
Iowa's Archaeological timeline - purchased from Armadillo Arts, Iowa City, IA
Photo albumn - postcards and photos of area - purchased
Topographical glacial and fauna map of prehistoric Iowa - Iowa Office of the State
Archaeologist
United States map – purchased
Artifacts and Visuals in storage
Banner stone - reproduction of Museum artifact from Albany Mounds, IL
Beaker – reproduction of Woodhenge beaker
Discoidals (3) – Museum collection
Duck potter bowl – small
Shark teeth
Shell – white
Spear points and flint knapping shards (8)
Albany Mounds excavation - 4 reprints from Museum lantern slides (2 in storage)
Albany Mounds blueprints - from Putnam Museum archives (2 in storage)
Blue prints of Albany mounds (2)
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