Videan 1
Shawn Videan
Sue Webb
WRA110
15 March 2009
Annotated Bibliography
Berlin, Jr., Cheston M. "Tic Disorders Including Tourette Syndrome." National tourette
syndrome association. Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. 15 Mar. 2009 <http://www.tsausa.org/Medical/images/tourettehandout_berlin.pdf>.
In this article, Cheston talks about what Tourette Syndrome is and what the typical symptoms of
the disorder are. He describes that Tourette Syndrome is a neurological disorder that consists of
a series of tics. These tics can relate to motor or vocal functions of the body. Motor tics include
twitching of the face, trunk, or limbs and vocal tics include noises such as barking, hooting,
grunting, or clearing the throat (p. 3). These tics are involuntary and do not improve when the
subject tries to prevent themselves from doing them. Tics increase in severity during a person’s
childhood throughout their teenage years, with more tics developing (p. 4). However, tics do not
occur as often or do not occur at all during sleep.
Brill, Marlene T. Tourette Syndrome (Twenty-First Century Medical Library). Brookfield: 21st
Century, 2002. 2002. 15 Mar. 2009 <http://books.google.com/books?id=T1U_5jO08f4C&dq=tourette+syndrome&printsec=frontcover&source=bll&ots=o0i08aaIj4&sig
=fXmSrVVUFUGnBLFC1lNAa1ielA&hl=en&ei=3lO9ScLoO5ryMqqMnLAI&sa=X&o
i=book_result&resnum=14&ct=result#PPA1,M1>.
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In this book, Marlene describes what Tourette Syndrome is, the causes of the disorder, and
treatments that can be used to reduce tics, and famous people who had the disorder. She
describes TS as a physical disorder where tics occur. There are two types of tics, twitchy and
vocal, each having different effects. Tics can occur many times every minute or a few times in
days or weeks. Tics are categorized as either simple or complex. Simple tics affect only one
part of the body, such as grunting or twitching of a limb, whereas complex tics affect several
muscle groups, like jumping or yelling obscene things. More serious tics include echopraxia,
imitating others’ actions, and coprolalia, or suddenly saying inappropriate words or phrases (p.
20). There are certain things that can increase the occurrence of tics, including excitement,
stress, fear, anger, and depression (p. 24).
Marlene then goes on to describe some famous people who had TS in their lives. This
list includes Calvin Peete, a professional golfer, Jim Eiesenreich, a Major League Baseball
player, and Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf, a guard for the Denver Nuggets (p. 15). This goes to show
that Tourette Syndrome can occur in anyone and if somebody has the disorder, they can
overcome it.
Hawley, Jason S. "Tourette Syndrome." EMedicine. 15 Mar. 2009 <http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289457-overview>.
In this article, Hawley describes that TS is a childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by
abnormal neural activity. He states that Tourette’s is often accompanied with behavioral
disorders such as ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and OCD, ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder. Hawley describes how the cause of TS is believed to deal with several
cortices of the brain, including the primary motor cortex, Broca area, and inferior parietal cortex.
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In addition, the disorder is believed to deal with an autosomal dominance inheritance pattern and
is likely a polygenic condition, explaining the tics. Hawley states the United States occurrence
of TS is 0.7-4.2% of the total population.
Packer, Leslie E. "Tourette Syndrome "Plus"" Tourette Syndrome "Plus" 15 Mar. 2009
<http://www.tourettesyndrome.net/tourette.htm>.
Leslie Packer describes the diagnosis of tics, common tics that occur, and how tics change over a
lifetime. Tourette Syndrome is diagnosed clinically, with the doctor observing the patient and
checking their family history. While observing the patient, the professional looks for motor or
vocal tics, occurrence of those tics, and the age of the patient. Tics normally develop in kids
under the age of 18. The most common types of motor tics include eye blinking, nose twitching,
pulling at clothes, and touching objects. The most common types of vocal tics include grunting,
throat clearing, humming, and stuttering. Tics develop in the early years of the individual,
typically from the age of 10-12, and then decrease as age increases. Typically, subjects are
virtually tic-free by the time they are in adulthood.
Robertson, Mary M., and Simon Baron-Cohen. Tourette syndrome. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998.
15 Mar. 2009 <http://books.google.com/books?id=oGM_SeeZjikC&printsec=frontcover>.
This book describes an overview of Tourette Syndrome, what it is, questions and answers, and
how it is diagnosed. Tourette Syndrome has many forms, it can range from mild twitches to
uncontrollable movements, all the way to involuntarily swearing. The disorder is also sometimes
accompanied by obsessions, decreased attention spans, and hyperactivity (p. 3). Mary shares 3
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stories of people with Tourette’s, one of which being about a young boy named Johnny. Johnny
showed signs of TS that can occur in young boys, mostly being very overactive and loud. When
Johnny would talk, he would talk in a very loud tone and would interrupt others. Also, he would
never walk anywhere, he would always run, showing the possibility of hyperactivity in TS. In
addition, as Johnny grew older, he began to smell and lick objects and play with and blow at his
hair. These are all signs that point toward Tourette Syndrome.
"Tourette Syndrome Fact Sheet." National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 15
July 2008. National Institutes of Health. 15 Mar. 2009 <http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tourette/detail_tourette.htm>.
Tourette Syndrome is classified as a neurological disorder that consists of involuntary
movements or noises called tics. The name, Tourette Syndrome, was derived from a French
neurologist named Georges Gilles de la Tourette who discovered the condition in an elderly lady
in 1885. The tics of TS develop in the early years of a person’s life and continue throughout
their teen years. Tics will normally begin to disappear as the person grows older, eventually
resulting in a tick-free lifestyle. Tics are classified as either motor or vocal, and each can be
either simple or complex. Simple tics deal with only one muscle group or body part, while
complex deal with several muscle groups. The severity of tics can increase during times of
anxiety and excitement and decrease during calm, focused activities. When people try to
suppress their tics, tension seems to eventually build up and force the person to perform the tic.
"Tourette's Syndrome." We Move. 7 Dec. 2008. 15 Mar. 2009 <http://www.wemove.org/ts/>.
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This article gives an overview of Tourette Syndrome, including symptoms, diagnosis, and typical
age of onset. Symptoms of TS include motor and vocal tics. The most common motor tics
include facial twitches, neck movements, and eye-blinking, while the more complex motor tics
consist of jumping, touching others, and smelling objects. Common vocal tics include grunting,
throat clearing, and tongue clicking, while more complex vocal tics include repeating phrases
and on rare occasions, saying vulgar words or phrases. These symptoms usually occur between
the ages of 2-15, normally around age 7. TS symptoms are normally always apparent before the
age of 18. To diagnose Tourette Syndrome, professionals use clinical evaluation to check the
symptoms and family history checks to see if the disorder was prevalent in past generations.
Walkup, John T., John W. Mink, and Peter J. Hollenbeck. Tourette Syndrome (Advances in
Neurology). Vol. 99. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. 15 Mar. 2009
<http://books.google.com/books?id=hhE74A1fTQkC&dq=tourette%27s+syndrome&prin
tsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=2DG9SfycKpDWMNuj6LUI&sa=X&oi=book_r
esult&resnum=11&ct=result#PPR7,M1>.
This book focuses on the nature of tics associated with Tourette Syndrome. The tics are
triggered by an abnormality in the basal ganglia, a region of the brain. Typically, the basal
ganglia allows the body to perform voluntary actions based on motor patterns in the brain.
However, in TS, the motor patterns are overactive, and when a certain neuron continues to fire,
the basal ganglia continually allows the body to perform that specific motion (p. 93). When
different groups of neurons are continually active, the body performs different tasks, explaining
the variety of motor tics caused by Tourette Syndrome.
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Waltz, Mitzi. "Employment: Getting a Job and Keeping It." National tourette syndrome
association. 15 Mar. 2009 <http://www.tsa-usa.org/People/LivingWithTS/Employment.htm>.
This source describes the workplace for people who have Tourette Syndrome. Waltz describes
how people with TS have certain characteristics that help them find a career, including a good
sense of humor and a positive attitude. She states that while people look for a job, they should
research the comfort of the workplace and see if the company has a written policy of diversity.
In regards to comfort in the workplace, Waltz says that a relaxed, low stress environment is the
best for people who have TS because tics seem to worsen when the person is in a tense, stressful
atmosphere. In addition, if the company has a policy of diversity and a situation regarding the
persons Tourette Syndrome comes to attention, the person will have policy to refer to in order to
state their case. Also, Waltz states that there are programs within companies that help their
employees who have disorders or other things that may affect their working ability. These
programs may be very beneficial to controlling tics and help keep a calm work environment
possible. Lastly, Waltz describes what people with Tourette Syndrome may do to continue doing
a good job in the workplace if they are already employed. She talks about how people with TS
may take “tic breaks”, similar to how many people take cigarette breaks in their work day. She
also talks about being considerate toward other employees if the person with TS is doing
something that other workers find offensive.
Zinner, Samuel H. Tourette syndrome -- much more than tics. 8th ed. Vol. 21. Contemporary
Pediatrics, 2004. National tourette syndrome association. 15 Mar. 2009 <http://www.tsausa.org/Medical/medsci.html>.
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In this book, Zinner talks about what Tourette Syndrome is and how it is diagnosed. Tourette
Syndrome is a psychological disorder that deals with tics, performing abnormal, frequent body
movements or noises. Tics are classified as either motor, dealing with the face, trunk, or limbs,
or phonic, dealing with noises. These tics vary in many aspects including form, severity, and
frequency. Tics develop in a child’s early years, normally around the age of 6 or 7, and appear
natural to them. As the child grows into their teenage years, more tics seem to appear and they
seem more frequent. Tics have waxing and waning stages; they will be very frequent for a time
period, leading to another period of fewer occurrences, just to increase in occurrence again later.
Zinner also states that about 90% of people with TS also have some sort of co-morbid
condition. These co-morbid conditions include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,
ADHD, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, OCD.