Auxiliary Material for Uncertainty of Aquarius sea surface salinity retrieved under rainy conditions and its implication on the water cycle study Wenqing Tang, Simon H. Yueh, Alexander G. Fore, Akiko Hayashi, Tong Lee, and Gary Lagerloef* Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA *Earth and Space Research, Seattle, WA, USA Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans Vertical profiles of salinity and temperature in the upper oceans based on ARGO OI maps obtained from JAMSTEC (http://www.jamstec.go.jp/ARGO). Figure S1. Vertical section of salinity and temperature for the upper layer from surface to 180 m depth, averaged in the Equatorial Pacific between (a) 5N-10N, and (b) 100W-105W, as indicated by dashed line in Fig. 9 for the same eight months. Contour plots overlain on S/T sections are for salinity at 33.8 (solid) and 34.8 (dotted) PSU; temperature at 25C (solid) and 29C (dotted). Figure S2. Similar to Fig.S1, for vertical sections averaged North Atlantic Ocean between (a) 10N-12N, and (b) 15N-17N, as indicated by dashed lines in Fig.10. Contour plots are for salinity at 35.5 (solid) and 36.5 (dotted) PSU; temperature at 25C (solid) and 29C (dotted). Figure S3. Similar to Fig.S1, for vertical sections averaged in Indian Ocean between (a) 8S-10S, and (b) Eq.-2S, as indicated by dashed lines in Fig.11. Contour plots are for salinity at 34.3 (solid) and 35.3 (dotted) PSU; temperature at 24C (solid) and 28C (dotted).