History of the Atom
Atomic Models
 This model of the atom may look familiar to you. This is the
model. In this model, the __________ is orbited by electrons,
which are in different energy levels.
 A model uses __________ ideas to explain unfamiliar facts
observed in nature.
 A model can be __________ as new information is collected.
Bohr
The atomic model has changed throughout the ________, starting in 400 BC, when
it looked like a billiard ball. This is the ________ philosopher Democritus who
began the search for a description of matter more than ________ years ago. He
asked: Could matter be divided into smaller and ________ pieces forever, or was
there a _________ to the number of times a piece of matter could be _________?
His theory was that matter could not be divided into smaller and smaller pieces
forever, eventually the __________ possible piece would be obtained. This piece
would be indivisible. He named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” _________
“not to be cut.” To Democritus, atoms were ________, hard particles that were all made of the same
material but were _________ shapes and sizes. Atoms were __________in number, always moving and
capable of joining together. This theory was ignored and forgotten for more than 2000 years! Why?
The eminent philosophers of the time, _________ and Plato, had a more respected, (and ultimately
_______) theory. Aristotle and Plato favored the ______, _______, ______, and _______ approach to
the nature of matter. Their ideas held sway because of their eminence as philosophers. The atomos idea
was buried for approximately 2000 years.
Dalton’s Model
In the early 1800s, the English Chemist John _______ performed a number
of experiments that eventually led to the acceptance of the idea of atoms.
He deduced that all __________ are composed of atoms. Atoms are
indivisible and indestructible particles. Atoms of the _______ element are
exactly alike. Atoms of ________ elements are different. ____________are
formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements. This theory became
one of the _________________________________ .
Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
In ______ , the English scientist J.J. Thomson provided the first hint that an
atom is made of even _________ particles. He proposed a model of the atom that
is sometimes called the “_______ _______” model. Atoms were made from a
positively ______ __________with negatively charged electrons ________
about, like raisins in a pudding. Thomson studied the ___________ of an
electric current through a gas. As the current passed through the gas, it gave off
rays of __________ charged particles. This surprised Thomson, because the
atoms of the gas were uncharged. Where had the negative charges come from? Thomson concluded
that the negative charges came from _______ the atom. A particle smaller than an atom had to ______.
The atom was _______! Thomson called the negatively charged “corpuscles,” today known as
_________. Since the gas was known to be neutral, having no charge, he reasoned that there must be
_________ charged particles in the atom, but he could never find them.
Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
In 1908, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford was hard at work on an
experiment that seemed to have little to do with unraveling the mysteries of
the ______ ______. Rutherford’s experiment Involved firing a stream of
tiny ______ _______ particles at a thin sheet of _____ _____ (2000
atoms thick). ______ of the positively charged “bullets” passed right
through the gold atoms in the sheet of _____ _____without changing
course at all. _______ of the positively charged “bullets,” however, did
bounce away from the gold sheet as if they had hit something solid. He
knew that positive charges ______ positive charges. This could only mean that the gold atoms in the
sheet were mostly _____ ______ . Atoms were not a pudding filled with a positively charged material.
Rutherford concluded that an atom had a small, _____ _______ ______ ______ that _______ his
positively charged “bullets.” He called the center of the atom the “______” The nucleus is ______
compared to the atom as a whole. Rutherford reasoned that all of an atom’s positively charged particles
were _________ in the nucleus. The negatively charged particles were ________ outside the nucleus
around the atom’s_______ .
Bohr Model
In 1913, the Danish scientist Niels Bohr proposed an improvement.
In his model, he placed each electron in a ________ energy level.
According to Bohr’s atomic model, electrons move in definite
_______ around the nucleus, much like planets circle the sun. These
orbits, or energy , are located at certain distances from the nucleus.
The Wave Model
Today’s atomic model is based on the principles of ______
mechanics. According to the theory of wave mechanics, electrons ___ ____ move about an atom in a definite _____, like the planets
around the sun. In fact, it is ___________ to determine the exact location of an electron. The ___________ location of an electron is based on how much energy the electron has. The Heisenberg
Uncertainty Principle even says that it is impossible to know the ________ and energy level of an
_______ at the same time. According to the modern atomic model, at atom has a small __________
charged nucleus surrounded by a large region in which there are enough electrons to make an atom
neutral. An electron cloud is a space in which electrons are
likely to be found. Electrons ______ about the nucleus
billions of times in one second. They are not moving
around in _________ patterns. Location of electrons
depends upon how much ________ the electron has.
Depending on their energy they are locked into a certain
area in the cloud. Electrons with the _________ energy are
found in the energy level _________ to the nucleus.
Electrons with the _______ energy are found in the
__________ energy levels, farther from the nucleus.
Side 1 Word Bank:
charged
substance
scattered
passage
electrons
positively
Meaning
Small
familiar
changed
Different
Infinite
Aristotle
foundations of
modern
chemistry
1897
Smaller
Plum Pudding
nucleus
2400
Smaller
Limit
Divided
negatively
within
exist
divisible
Smallest
Dalton
Elements
Wrong
Earth
Fire
Air
Water
Same
different
Compounds
centuries
Greek
Side 2 Word Bank
Some
Repel
open space
dense,
path
impossible
probable
location
atomic structure
positively
charged
gold foil
electron
positively
specific
orbits
lowest
closest
highest
outermost
Most
gold foil
positively
charged center
tiny
contained
scattered
edge
wave
do not
levels
nucleus
whirl
random
energy
repelled
Side 1 Word Bank:
charged
substance
scattered
passage
electrons
positively
Meaning
Small
familiar
changed
Different
Infinite
Aristotle
foundations of
modern
chemistry
1897
Smaller
Plum Pudding
nucleus
2400
Smaller
Limit
Divided
negatively
within
exist
divisible
Smallest
Dalton
Elements
Wrong
Earth
Fire
Air
Water
Same
different
Compounds
centuries
Greek
Side 2 Word Bank
Some
location
Repel
atomic
open space
structure
dense,
positively
path
charged
impossible
gold foil
probable
electron
positively
specific
orbits
lowest
closest
highest
outermost
Most
gold foil
positively
charged
center
tiny
contained
scattered
edge
wave
do not
levels
nucleus
whirl
random
energy
repelled