Foreign Exchange Hedging
Strategies at General Motors:
Transactional and Translational
Exposures
Prepared By:
Danial Wahaj Khan
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
This report is based on a practical scenario solution of General motors. The report addresses the
problem given in scenario which is the change in policy of hedging with detailed reasoning. The
report then looks at the different available hedging instruments to the firm. Profitability of both
instruments has been compared and lowest cost option was selected to mitigate the transactional
risk. Translation risk has also been seen at different hedging ratio levels; current one and the
proposed one. The options were more profitable to the firm that has been recommended.
Argentinean subsidiary’s long term local currency problems have then be discussed with few
different strategies that managers can adopt there. The appendix contains the technical
calculations and graph that were necessary to support the decisions.
INTRODUCTION:
The case study addressed the exposure of General Motors to the foreign risk that arises due to its
presence at a number of geographical locations and transactions in different foreign currencies.
Corporate hedging policy does exist in this regard however there are two special cases that were
addressed in the case study. The matters require special consideration as the existing policy is not
very much appropriate to these two matters.
One matter is the company’s exposure to the foreign exchange risk arises from Canadian
subsidiary which has functional currency USD so CAD is foreign currency for this subsidiary.
There are two types of risks that GM faces in this situation; one is translation risk and the other
one is transaction risk. The company’ is looking at different hedging strategies to mitigate the
risks and dealing with the matter exceptionally from the company’s policy. In order to that
different instruments (options and forward contracts) should be analyzed for different level of
hedge ratio plus favorable and unfavorable scenarios. Translation risks should also be discussed
and impact of them on income statement should be estimated.
The second matter is the management major translation risk arising in Argentina subsidiary due
to recent major devaluation in the local currency. A strategy needs to be evaluated to deal with
this long term risk.
CANADIAN DOLLAR HEDGING:
Forward rates contract is a popular and highly used hedging instruments. It has its advantages
and disadvantages both. The main disadvantage is that it is a binding contract so company can’t
take advantage of favorable movements. It is usually used where company is not interested in
gains rather pure hedging. Options are option to buy or sell particular currency and they are
usually expensive than other instruments as they give advantage of realizing upside exposure.
Different hedging strategies for Canadian dollar risk are used. Particularly forward rates contract
and options are used. The objective of our calculation is to reduce the total amount paid by GM
in respect of 1.7 billion CAD cash to the suppliers. We first find out which is the most profitable
hedging instrument on 50% hedge ratio then we estimate the total cost paid in using 75% and 50
% hedge ratio.
Using the example data given in the case study we can estimate the total cost that should be paid
by the company using 50% hedge ratio.
The graph shows that the options are more profitable at 1.6 exchange rate.1.6 is the rate where
both lines intersect each other. (App-1)
Now we can analyze the income statement gain/ (loss) for the 2 scenarios for both 50% hedge
ratio and 75% hedge ratio.
The level of loss and gain both are more in 50% hedge ratio as compared to the 75% hedge ratio
and similarly the EPS volatility is also more in 75% as compared to 50%. The difference is
volatility is due to higher level of uncertainty involved in non hedged amount. (App-2)
Translational risk is usually not hedged by the firms however if its impact is significant on the
earnings of a company then hedging it is a safer option. Transaction risks should be hedged if
there is high level of volatility in foreign exchange rates as it is in the case of Canadian
subsidiary. Alternative strategies can also be used by netting off the amount or using futures
however for that management’s time will be an issue.
THE ARGENTINEAN PESO:
The case with the Argentinean subsidiary is not similar to the first one. The Argentinean
government is facing significant financial problems which throws doubts on its default. The
country has very poor economic situation with no reforms and recent devaluation of currency has
caused the managers to think over the strategy that should be followed. The manager did perform
some hedging calculation though however hedging is used where there is risk in the short term
and where risk cannot be transferred. In this case where we can easily see that local currency is
devaluing with great pace we should look for a long term strategy. Hedging strategy of GM
should not be altered in this regard however by other options we can find a solution.
In such situations where government is facing hard times financially, government puts restriction
on the level of remittance to the parent company. There is a significant risk involved with this
investment and if there are any chances of this restriction then company should assess whether it
is worthwhile to stay in operations there as it may cause severe problems for a company if it
can’t withdraw its investments.
Other options to deal with that could be borrowing in the local currency as it minimizes the level
of payments that should be remitted to the parent.
Another option could be the use of long term forex swap. This option is quite feasible for
companies who have their investments stuck up in countries from where they can’t withdraw the
investment in year or longer periods.
RECOMMENDATION:
The company faces significant level of currency risk due to geographical representation in a
number of countries. The company has non centralized treasury function that has a number of
tasks that are performed non-centrally. The company should make it centralized fully and try to
net-off the amounts and should created best possible profitable results according to USD not
local currencies.
The company currently has hedge ratio of 50% and as we have seen the level of high volatility
due to lower level of hedge ratio we suggest change in it. The hedge ratio should at least be 75%
for commercial transactions to predict the results of earnings with more certainty.
The translational risks can be minimized by borrowing in local currency so that overall risk can
be netted off. The company should also evaluate the economical landscape of any country where
it starts to work on because currencies are highly volatile to the changes in economical factors.
The hedging instrument that should be used by company is options because it gave better results
than forwards (can be seen in appendix). The options are better where there is more volatility or
chances of going upside or downside are pretty much similar.
APPENDIX:
1.
Options
Spot
Rates
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Strike
Price
1.5667
1.5667
1.5667
1.5667
1.5667
Exercise
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Future Spot
Forward
Rates
Rate
1.4
1.5667
1.5
1.5667
1.6
1.5667
1.7
1.5667
1.8
1.5667
Premium Actual Payment
92551
14285714
92551
13333333
92551
12500000
92551
11764706
92551
11111111
Gain/(Loss
)
Net Payment
76001
14302264
28382
13397502
-13284
12605835
-50049
11907306
-82729
11286391
Forwards
Hedge Amount at
Un-hedged Amount at Future Net
Forward Rate
Spot Rate
Payment
6382843
7142857
13525700
6382843
6666667
13049510
6382843
6250000
12632843
6382843
5882353
12265196
6382843
5555556
11938398
Hedging Instruments Comparison
16000000
14000000
12000000
10000000
8000000
Options
6000000
Forwards
4000000
2000000
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.
50% Hedge
Ratio
Rates
1.627
1.529
Gain/(Loss)
44
-47
EPS
Change
0.08
-0.09
Gain/(Loss)
36
-36
EPS
Change
0.07
-0.07
75% Hedge
Ratio
Rates
1.627
1.529