Electronic supplementary material:
No evidence of enemy release in pathogen and microbial communities of common wasps (Vespula vulgaris)
in their native and introduced range
P.J. Lester1*, P.J. Bosch2,3, M.A.M. Gruber1, E.A. Kapp4, L. Peng2, E.C. Brenton-Rule1, J. Buchanan1, W.L. Stanislawek5, M. Archer6, J.C.
Corley7, M. Masciocchi7, A. Van Oystaeyen8, and T. Wenseleers8
Table S1: A list of microorganisms previously identified from Vespula vulgaris and V. germanica, in their native and introduced range.
Note that all previous V. vulgaris observations in North America were assumed to be the native species V. alascensis (Carpenter & Glare
2010). Within Rose et al. (1999) several observations were identified only to the genus level, such as “Streptococcus sp.”. We treated all
sp. identification as a new species, which may have overestimated the microbial community (in comparison, not using these records
may underestimate the pathogen community). We also note that these are “possible” pathogens and some of the taxa identified by may
not be harmful or may even be mutualistic. Any determination of pathogenicity would require experimental work.
Group & Taxa
Species
Country
Range
Reference
Bacteria
Bacillus cereus sp.
Enterococcus sp.
Lactobacillus kunkeei
Lactococcus lactis
Leuconostoc sp.
Rickettsiella grylli
Serratia marcescens
Vagococcus entomophilus
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. vulgaris
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
New Zealand
Czech Republic
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Native
Reeson et al. (2003)
Reeson et al. (2003)
Reeson et al. (2003)
Reeson et al. (2003)
Reeson et al. (2003)
Reeson et al. (2003)
Glare et al. (1993)
Killer et al. (2014)
Wolbachia sp.
V. germanica & V. vulgaris
UK
Native
Evison et al. (2012)
Fungi
Alternaria sp.
Ascosphaera sp.
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavus
Beauveria bassiana
Beauveria bassiana
Beauveria bassiana
Beauveria brongniartii
Botrytis cinerea
Candida davenportii
Cordyceps ditmari
Hirsutella saussurei
Hirsutella sp.
Nosema spp. (2 species)
Nosema sp.
Nosema sp.
Nosema sp.
Paecilomyces farinosus
Unidentified microsporidian
V. vulgaris
V. germanica & V. vulgaris
V. vulgaris
V. vulgaris
V. vulgaris
Vespula sp.
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. vulgaris
V. vulgaris
Vespula sp.
V. germanica
V. germanica & V. vulgaris
V. germanica & V. vulgaris
V. vulgaris
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. germanica & V. vulgaris
England
UK
New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand
France
UK
Europe
New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand
UK
Native range
Australia
New Zealand
New Zealand
Native
Native
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Native
Native
Native
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Native
Native
Invaded
Invaded
Invaded
Glare et al. unpubl. (cited in Rose et al. 1999)
Evison et al. (2012)
Harris et al. (2000)
Glare et al. (1996)
Harris et al. (1996)
Barker et al. (1991)
Wigley & Dhana (1988)
Laird (1991)
Acolat (1953)
Stratford et al. (2002)
Petch (1932)
Glare et al. unpubl. (cited in Rose et al. 1999)
Wigley & Dhana (1988)
Wigley & Scotti unpubl. (cited in Rose et al. 1999)
Evison et al. (2012)
Lester et al. (2014)
Anderson (cited in Rose et al. 1999)
Landcare Research (1982) (cited in Rose et al. 1999)
Wigley & Dhana (1988)
Nematodes
Pheromermis pachysoma
Pheromermis pachysoma
Pheromermis pachysoma
Pheromermis pachysoma
Pheromermis pachysoma
Pheromermis pachysoma
Pheromermis pachysoma
V. vulgaris
V. vulgaris
V. germanica
V. vulgaris
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. vulgaris
Austria
England
England
England
Germany
Germany
England
Native
Native
Native
Native
Native
Native
Native
Kristof (1879)
Baird (1853) in Poinar et al. (1976)
von Linstow (1905)
Beck (1937)
Kloft (1951)
Gauss (1970)
Waterson & Baylis (1930) in Poinar et al. (1976)
Pheromermis pachysoma
Pheromermis pachysoma
Sphaerularia bombi
Sphaerularia bombi
Steinernema carpocapsae
V. germanica & V. vulgaris
V. germanica & V. vulgaris
V. vulgaris
V. vulgaris
V. germanica
England
Austria
England
Germany
Australia
Native
Native
Native
Native
Invaded
Blackith & Stevenson (1958)
Kaiser (1987)
Cobbold (1888)
Stammer (1934)
Bedding (1984)
Viruses
Black queen cell virus
Cricket paralysis virus
Deformed wing virus
Deformed wing virus
Kashmir bee virus
Kashmir bee virus
Sacbrood virus
V. vulgaris
V. germanica
V. germanica & V. vulgaris
V. germanica & V. vulgaris
V. germanica
V. germanica
V. vulgaris
UK
New Zealand
UK
UK
New Zealand
Australia
UK
Native
Invaded
Native
Native
Invaded
Invaded
Native
Evison et al. (2012)
Wigley & Dhana (1988)
Evison et al. (2012)
Evison et al. (2012)
Wigley & Dhana (1988)
Ward et al. (2007)
Evison et al. (2012)
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