Homework respiratory system
1. During exercise the mechanics of breathing allow for greater volumes of air to be
inhaled per breath. Describe how the mechanisms of neural control cause changes
to the mechanics of breathing during exercise.
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Complete a model of the neural control of breathing with a full description.
State the short term impact on Mo
Farah while training at altitude. (5)
2)
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State the long term impact on Mo
Farah while training at altitude and
when he returns to sea level. (3)
3)
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4 Exercise results in an increase in the volume of gas exchanged in the lungs.Define tidal
volume and describe how a performer is able to increase lung volumes during
exercise using neural control.
(4 marks)
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Q1
Neural Control
1 (chemo.)
2 (prioprio.)
3 (baro.)
4 (thermo.)
5 (RCC)
Inspiration
6 (stimulation)
7(EIM &
diaph)
8 (SCM et al)
9 (volume and
pressure)
Expiration
11 (S Rs)
12 (active)
13(addilional
muscles)
14 (volume and
pressure)
15 (air out)
Chemoreceptors detect decrease in 02 or
pp02 or pH or increase in C02 or ppC02 or
carbonic acid or acidity or lactic acid
Proprioceptors detect movement or
motor activity
Baroreceptors detect increase in pressure
Accept
Concentration for
pp02
Detect activity
Thermoreceptors or temperature
receptors detect increase in blood
temperature
Messages are sent to the respiratory
control centre (RCC) or to the .
inspiratory centre (in the medulla
oblongata)
nerve Increased stimulation of external
intercostals (ElM) via intercostal nerve or
diaphraQm via phrenic nerve
External intercostal muscles (ElM) or
diaphragm contract harder or more(than
at rest)
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) or scalenes or
pectoralis minor contract
Expiratory Centre
or ECC
Diaphragm flattens
more than at rest
Inspiratory
muscles on own
Additional muscles
recruited - on own
Ribs move up and out more than at rest /
volume or area of thoracic cavity
increases more than at rest / pressure in
thoracic cavity decreases more (than at
rest)
More air into lungs / increased depth of
breathing (from rest) ONLY AWARD IF
LINKED WITH MECHANICS OF
INSPIRATION (points 6-9)
lungs &/or chest
cavity for thoracic
cavity
Stretch receptors (in the lungs) stimulate
the expiratory centre
Hering-Bruer reflex
operate
Expiration becomes active (rather than
passive)
(these are): internal intercostals / obliques
/ transverse abdominus / rectus
abdominus :
Ribs move down and in more (than at
rest) / volume or area of thoracic cavity
decreases more (than at rest) / pressure
in the thoracic cavity increases more (than
at rest)
More air out of lungs / increased rate of
breathing (from rest) ONLY AWARD IF
LINKED WITH MECHANICS OF EXPIRATION
(points 11-14)
Do not accept
Lungs increase in
size
02 or C02 or 10 (air
in)
individual Gases
RCC for expiratory
centre
Abdominals
02 or C02 or
individual gases
Q2
Effects of Altitude: Sub max 4 for points 1 – 9
1.
Decrease in (atmospheric) pressure causes increase in breath frequency or
breathing or ventilation rate
2.
Partial pressure of oxygen or of ppO2 in the (atmospheric) air or the alveoli is low
or reduced or less (than at sea level)
3.
...this reduces or gives low(er) concentration or diffusion gradient of oxygen at
the alveoli or between the alveoli and blood
Do not accept Low concentration gradient on own
4.
Less oxygen diffuses into the capillaries or blood
5.
Less oxygen combines with haemoglobin / haemoglobin not fully saturated (at
lungs) / less oxygen is transported / less oxygen in the blood
Do not accept Less HbO2
6.
...this reduces or gives a low(er) concentration or diffusion gradient of oxygen at
muscle or tissue or between blood and muscle or tissue
7.
Less oxygen diffuses into the muscle (cell) or tissue or myoglobin
Accept Less oxygen gets to working muscles = BOD
8.
Less oxygen available for (aerobic) respiration
9.
Hypoxia or hypoxic conditions at high altitude
Impact on overall performance while at altitude:
10
Performance (of endurance events) deteriorates or decreases at altitude /
performers fatigue faster / accelerated OBLA
Accept Decrease in VO2 max or aerobic capacity / detraining occurs / increase
muscle fatigue
Do not accept Athletes run slower / can’t run as fast = TV
11.
Q3
Q4
Increased altitude can cause hyperventilation which will decrease performance
Increase in amount of HA after altitude training
Increase in transport of 02 to working muscles due to an increase in HA
Increase in aerobic capacity due to higher saturation of 02 in HA
4 marks max:
Definition: (sub max 1)
1.
The amount of air breathed in/out of the lungs in one breath
Description: (sub max 2)
2.
Movement detected by proprioceptors
3.
Changes in blood pressure via baroreceptors
4.
Emotional influences/lung stretch receptors
5.
Change in blood pH via chemoreceptors/drop in oxygen tension
(Sub-max 2)
6.
Respiratory centre (in medulla) controls breathing
7.
Inspiratory/expiratory centre initiate impulses (apneunistic/pneumotaxic)
8.
Impulses sent via (phrenic/intercostals) nerves
9.
Impulses received by respiratory muscles
10.
This leads to increased rate and depth of breathing