Name:_____________________________
Date:______________________
Period:____________________________
Cells and Cell Processes Common Assessment
Review Questions
1.
List the eight characteristics of life and give an example of each.
a. DNA – all living things contain hereditary material (DNA/RNA)
b. Cells / Order – living things are highly ordered starting with the
basic unit of life – the cell
c. Homeostasis – living things maintain a stable internal environment
through regulatory activities (i.e. temperature regulation, oxygen
concentration, water regulation, etc….)
d. Energy – living things obtain and use energy
e. Respond – living things respond to stimuli
f. Growth and Develop – living things increase in size and mature over
g. Reproduce – living things are capable of producing more of their
own kind
h. Evolve – livings things adapt to their environment
2.
What is homeostasis? Give an example of it.
A process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal
environment. Examples: regulating of blood sugar levels, body temperature,
water concentration, etc…
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3.
Complete the following: Cells work together to form
_____tissues__________________. They work together to form
_____organs__________________. They work together to form
______organ systems_____________________. And finally, they work
together to form an organism.
4.
Label each of the diagrams as Passive Transport or Active Transport.
____Active_____________ Transport
__Passive_______________ Transport
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5.
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive – high concentration to low; no energy
Active – low concentration to high; energy required
6.
What process is taking place in the picture below?
______endocytosis (phagocytosis)_________
7.
What is the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells? Give
an example of each.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles –
bacteria.
Eukarytoic cells do have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles – animal,
plant, fungus, protist
8.
What are specialized cells? Why aren’t unicellular organisms specialized?
The structure of specialized cells allow them to perform a specific function for
an organism (i.e. conducting impulses (nerve cells), contracting (muscle cells),
absorption (cells lining the digestive system), etc…
9.
During diffusion molecules want to move from areas of ____high ________
concentration to areas of __low__________ concentration.
Water exhibits both adhesion and cohesion. What’s the difference between
the two?
Cohesion – water molecules are attracted to other water molecules
Adhesion – water molecules are attracted to other polar molecules
10.
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11.
What is the name of the process that moves molecules of water in and out of
the cell?
Osmosis
12. Water is a “polar” molecule. What does that mean?
Polar molecules have a charge distribution (a positively charged /
electropositive end and a negatively charged / electronegative end) In water
the Hydrogen atoms are slightly positive while the oxygen is slightly negative
creating charged regions of the molecule. This allows it to dissolve and
transport materials.
13.
Use the diagram to answer the questions on the next page.
a.
Explain what would happen if some of the red blood cells were placed
in beaker A.
Water would move into the cells. The cells would swell and possibly burst.
Water with very little salt is a hypotonic solution for the red blood cells.
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b.
Explain what would happen if some of the red blood cells were placed
in beaker B.
Water would move out of the cells. The cells would shrivel. Very salty water
is a hypertonic solution for the red blood cells.
c.
In the human body, blood cells float in a watery liquid called plasma.
Explain what would happen if some of the red blood cells were placed
in beaker C.
Water would move into and out of the cell at the same rate. The cell would
stay the same size. Plasma is an isotonic solution for the red blood cells.
d.
Suppose the test tube contained plant cells instead of red blood cells.
What would probably happen to the cells if they were placed in beaker
A?
Water would move into the cells. The cells would swell but would NOT burst
due to the cell wall.
e.
If the test tube contained plant cells, what would probably happen to
the cells if they were placed in beaker B?
Water would move out of the cells. The cells membranes would pull away
from the cell walls (plasmolysis) but the cells may not appear shriveled.
14.
Explain, in terms of osmosis, why a raisin placed in a cup of pure water
overnight will puff up with water.
The concentration of water in the cup is much higher than the concentration
of water in the raisin. Water will move from high concentration (cup) to low
concentration (raisin) through the process of osmosis. As a result, the raisin
will swell / increase in size.
15.
Give at least two examples of:
a.
Carbohydrates – glucose (monosaccharide), sucrose (disaccharide),
cellulose (polysaccharide)
b.
Lipids – fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids
c.
Proteins – enzymes, transport proteins, structural proteins
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d.
Nucleic Acids – DNA & RNA
16. Polymers are made up of monomers. What does this mean and give an
example that illustrates this.
Polymers are very large molecules made up of many smaller molecules
(monomers) that are bonded together.
Proteins are a polymer / macromolecule made up of many amino acids.
Amino acids are the monomers / building blocks of a protein.
17.
What do proteins do? In other words, why are they so important for living
things?
There a many types of proteins – they are the worker molecules of the cell.
Types: enzymatic, structural, storage, defensive, transport, receptor,
hormonal, and contractile/motor.
18. How are enzymes important in humans?
Enzymes are biological catalysts, they speed up chemical reactions in our
bodies.
19.
What does it mean when we say that an enzyme is denatured? What can do
this?
When enzymes are denatured their shape changes. These changes often
impact the active site (where the substrate binds) of the enzyme. This can
prevent an enzyme from binding to the substrate which slows the chemical
reaction. Heating, changing its pH, coming in contact with an alcohol can all
potentially denature proteins.
20.
Carbon is an element that is part of ___organic___________ compounds.
21.
Why are carbon atoms so special when compared to other elements? In
other words, what can carbon compounds do that most other atoms can’t?
carbon atoms can form 4 covalent bonds, it can form very large / diverse
molecules – long chains, rings, etc…
22. Describe the importance of lipids.
Lipids serve very important roles in living things. They function in energy
storage (fat), structure (phospholipids), protection (wax), and chemical
messengers (steroids).
23.
The more mitochondria that cells have will increase the amount of
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_____ATP/energy_______________________ that the cells can create.
24. What happens when ATP becomes ADP?
When the 3rd phosphate is removed from ATP energy is released.
ATP → ADP + P + energy
25.
The following question has three parts. Answer a and b to help you answer
question c.
a.
Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis and label the reactants
and products.
6CO2 + 6H2O → light(energy)+ chlorophyll → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants
Products
b.
Write the chemical equation for respiration and label the reactants
and products.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)
Reactants
Products
c.
Draw a diagram showing how cellular respiration and photosynthesis
are related. Use the following terms: energy, light, carbon dioxide,
oxygen, water, glucose
Chemical energy = ATP
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26. What is chlorophyll? Explain why it is an essential part of photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll is the photosynthetic pigment of a plant found in the chloroplast.
This pigment is essential for the conversion of solar energy (sun) into chemical
energy (ATP)
27.
28.
Define the following terms and classify them as either a lipid, protein, or
carbohydrate.
a.
Amino Acid: building block of a protein; 20 different amino acids
b.
Fat: lipid responsible for stored energy
c.
Enzyme: protein that acts as a biological catalyst; speeds up
chemical reactions in living things
d.
Sugar: carbohydrate responsible for quick energy
Define macromolecules and list the four main macromolecules.
Large molecules in living cells – “ giant molecules” also called polymers made
up from many smaller molecules.
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
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29.
Use the chart below to answer the questions.
The pH Scale for Common Substances
a.
The table above lists acids and bases. Where do the acids begin on
the chart? Where do the bases begin on the chart?
pH of 0 to 7 = acid; pH of 7 to 14 - base
b.
How do you determine which of the liquids above are the strongest
base or acid?
The lower the pH the more acidic the substance is – pH of 1 is much more
acidic than pH of 7.
The higher the pH the more basic the substance is – pH of 14 is much more
basic than a pH of 7.
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30.
Describe the function of each of the cell structure listed below.
a.
Cell Membrane: regulate what enters and exits the cell
b.
Cell Wall: strong protective barrier outside of the cell membrane
in plants, algae, and some bacteria
c.
Nucleus: contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls
the cell’s activities; part of the endomembrane system
d.
Nuclear Envelope (Membrane): double membrane layer that
surrounds the nucleus
e.
Nucleolus: small, dense region within most nuclei in which
ribosome assembly begins
f.
Chromatin: genetic material of cell; DNA wrapped around histone
proteins – loose and thread-like
g.
Mitochondria: releases energy from stored food; creates ATP;
“powerhouse” of the cell
h.
Chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis; converts solar energy into
chemical energy
i.
Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis; part of the endomembrane
system if attached to the rough ER
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j.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): involved in the manufacture and
transport of proteins (rough ER w/ ribosomes) and lipids (smooth
ER w/out ribosomes); smooth ER is also involved in the
breakdown of toxins; part of the endomembrane system
k.
Golgi Body: packages and modifies substances for use within the
cell and/or for export out of the cell; part of the endomembrane
system
l.
Lysosomes: small vesicles (cell organelle) that contain digestive
enzymes; produced by Golgi body; used to breakdown food
and/or waste products
m.
Vacuoles: cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts,
proteins, and carbohydrates; plants have a large central vacuole
that provide structural support
n.
Plastids: a double membrane bound organelle involved in the
synthesis (production) and storage of food, and is commonly
found within the cells of photosynthetic organisms, like plants
o.
Cytoskeleton: internal framework of a cell composed of protein
filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm and has a role in
controlling cell shape, maintaining intracellular organization, and
in cell movement.
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31.
Use the picture below to answer the following question.
a.
The figure above is a prokaryotic cell. What characteristics tell you
that this is a prokaryotic cell and not a eukaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic features: bacterial flagellum, capsule (outside of cell wall), DNA
found in nucleoid region (not a nucleus), and no membrane bound organelles.
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