PREPARATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF POLY-HERBAL
FORMULATION
YallaReddy Kolavali*1, C.Saritha1, S.Soumya1, E.Vijay kumar2, J.Praveen2,
C.Madhavi latha1, Dileep kumar1
1Jagan’s
2
college of Pharmacy, Jangalakandriga, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Srinivasa Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Abstract:
Standardization of herbal formulations is essential in order to assess of quality drugs
based on the concentration of their active principles, physical, chemical, Phyto-chemical,
standardization, In-vitro, In-vivo parameters. The quality assessment of herbal
formulations is of paramount importance in order to justify their acceptability in modern
system of medicine. The present research work on standardization of poly-herbal
formulation is used to common skin problems occurred in summer season. In this herbal
formulation consists of Cucuma longa, Ocimum sanctum, Aloe vera, Azadirecta indica,
Lawsonia inermis and Pongamia pinnata. The poly herbal formulation is one of the best
remedy for sun allergy, sunburn, rashes, summer acne, dry skin and small fox etc. while
studying medicinal needs of a poly-herbal formulations set some parameters to ensure
that the formulation shows desired pharmacological actions against various diseases. The
preparation and standardization of crude drug materials includes authentication,
organoleptic evaluation, ash values, extractive values, and determination of Carr’s index.
Key words: Standardization, Poly-herbal, Skin disease, Aloe Vera, Carr’s index
*Corresponding Author
Yalla Reddy Kolavali,
Jagan’s College of Pharmacy,
Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
Email ID: yallareddy777@gmail.com
Mobile No: 09573064507.
INTRODUCTION
Standardization of herbal formulations is essential in order to assess of quality drugs
based on the concentration of their active principles, physical, chemical, Phyto-chemical,
standardization, In-vitro, In-vivo parameters. The quality assessment of herbal
formulations is of paramount importance in order to justify their acceptability in modern
system of medicine (Satheesh Madhavi et al., 2011). Plant material when used in bulk
quantity may vary in its chemical content and therefore, in its therapeutic effect according
to different types of cultivation and collection, harvesting, drying and storage on different
seasons. In the condition the quality of herbal medicines may be fluctuate. The
standardization of raw and end product gives authentic, uniformity in manufacturing of
herbal formulations so as to ensure quality control and quality assurance (Archana A.
Bele et al., 2011). One of the major problems faced by the herbal industry is the
unavailability of rigid quality control profiles for herbal materials and their formulations.
The subject of herbal drug standardization is massively and deep. There is so much to
know and so many seemingly contradictory theories on the subject of herbal medicines
and their relationship with human physiology and mental function. It needs to explore the
medicinally important plants. This can be achieved by evaluating and analyzing using
sophisticated modern techniques of standardization (Arun rasheed et al., 2012). The
standardization of poly-herbal formulation is used to common skin problems occurred in
summer season. In this herbal formulation consist of Cucuma longa (Turmeric), Ocimum
sanctum (Tulasi), Aloe vera (Kalabandha), Azadirecta indica (Neem), Lawsonia inermis
(Henna) and Pongamia pinnata (Kanuga).
Curcuma Longa (Zingiberaceae): It is a rhizomatus herbaceous perennial plant.
Turmeric contains chief active constituents are volatile oil, resin, starch grains, yellow
coloring substances, curcuminoids, curcumin. It also contains mono and sesqi-terpenoids
such as α-pinene and β-pinene, α-phellandrene, camphor, comphene, zingiberene, α and
β-curcumene (Akram M Shahab-uddin et al., 2010). Curcuma longa is currently used in
allied medicinal purposes like anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic agent, antibacterial,
Fungistatic, antioxidant, antimutagenic, carcinogenesis, diuretic, anticoagulant, antiulcer.
Turmeric also used in sores and rashes, sunburns, open wounds (Julie S Jurenka et al.,
2009).
Ocimum sanctum (Lamiaceae): It is herbaceous, much branched annual plant. Ocimum
sanctum contains essential oils, fats and fatty acids, apigenin, luteolin, molludistin,
orientin, tannins, mucilage and lipids (Amit kumar et al., 2013). Ocimum sanctum is
mainly used as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcerative, antiviral,
antiasthamatic, antimyco-bacterial (Shahedur et al., 2011). Tulasi is used in earache,
nasal infections, cough, cold, stomachache, hair lice, burns, rashes (Subramanian
sootheswaran., 1998).
Aloe vera (Liliaceae): It is succulent herb with short, thick, stem. Aloe vera contains
chief active constituents are aloe-emodin, aloesin, anthrol, 1,8-dihydroxy anthraquinone,
chrysophanic acid, amino acids, sugars, barbaloin, enzymes, organic acids, methyl ester
of dehydro-abietic acid, cholesterol, stigmasterol, lupeol, isocitric acid, p-coumaric acid,
lipids and amino acids. It is used in burn healing, wound healing, peptic ulcer,
antibacterial, hair stimulant, purgative, emollient (Rajeshwari et al., 2012). It treats
wounds and burns, used to treat sun burns, rashes and x-ray burns (Ganesh et al., 2013).
Azadirecta indica (Meliaceae): It is a tree 6 to 25 m tall with alternatively arranged
pinnately compound leaves up to 40 cm long. Neem contains chief active constituents
Androstadiedione, Azadirachtins derivatives, margosin, margolone, isomargosinolide,
margosolone, nimbidin, nimbin, nimbinol, several organo sulfur compounds, cholesterol,
ergostadienol, triterpenes like beta–sitosterol, melia polysaccharides, nimbidol,
nimbaflavone, kaemferaol and its glycoside, diterpene (sugiol). Azadirecta indica used in
several medicinal purposes like antiarthritic, anti-inflammatory (Kausik Biswas et al.,
2002), antiulcerative, antitumor, antipyretic, antiviral, cytotoxic, nematocidal, insect
repellant, abortifacient, asthma, syphilis and skin diseases (Mohammad Asif., 2012).
Lawsonia inermis (Lythraceae): It is indigenous to Africa and is largely cultivated in
Egypt, Sudan, Florida, India and China. Henna contains chief active active constituents
Lawsone, gallic acid, resin, sugars, tannins, and xanthones. Lawsone mainly coloring
constituent is said to be a degradation product of primary glycoside hennoside A, B & C.
Henna is used as favourite hair dye, hair products like hair conditioner, rinses, Antibacterial, antifungal and skin rashes sunburns (Santhosh yadav et al., 2013).
Pongamia pinnata (Leguminaceae): It is a medium sized glabrous tree popularly known
as Karanja. Pongamia pinnata contains chief active constituents are sterol derivatives like
beta-sitosterol acetate, galactoside, stigmasterol. It contains saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids like oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid. Karanja contains maily karangin,
pongamol, pongalabrone and pongapin, pinnatin and kanjone. Pongamia pinnata used as
anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodic, antioxidant, antihyperammonemic, anti-diarrhoel,
antiulcer, antihypoglycemic, tumors, piles, skin diseases, wounds (Savita sangwan et al.,
2010).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
PLANT MATERIAL:
This is a poly herbal formulation consisting of 6 ingredients Cucuma longa (Rhizomes),
Ocimum sanctum (Leaves), Aloe vera (Juice), Azadirecta indica (Leaves), Lawsonia
inermis (Leaves) and Pongamia pinnata (Seeds) procured from medicinal garden,
Jangalakandriga, Nellore, India. And these were authenticated by prof. P.Jayaraman,
Director, National institute of herbal science, W.Tambaram, chennai.
PREPARATION OF POLY-HERBAL FORMULATION
Poly-herbal formulation was made by taking equal proportion of each powdered herbal
drugs. All the procured and authenticated individual crude drug material was dried in
shade and cleaned by hand sorting. The individual drugs are then pulverized and passed
through mesh no.40. The individual powdered drugs are then subjected to the soxhlet
extraction with suitable solvent. The concentrated and dried extract of individual plant
drugs are weighed and mixed geometrically using a double cone blender. The mixed
formulation was unloaded weighed and preserved in labeled glass bottle (Rani sharma et
al., 2012).
ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
Organoleptic evaluation means conclusions drawn from studies resulted due to
impressions on organs of senses. It refers to evaluation of poly herbal formulation by
color, odour, taste, texture and touch (Kokate et al., 2007).
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
The poly-herbal formulation was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening for
the detection of various plant constituents present in the plant drugs. In this preliminary
phytochemical analysis various tests like i.e. Test for alkaloids, test for glycosides, test
for carbohydrates, Test for steroids, Test for flavonoids, Test for terpenoids, and Test for
proteins (Khadabadi et al., 2011).
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATIONS
Physico-chemical investigations were carried out including determination of extractive
values like Water soluble extractive, Alcohol soluble extractive, Ether soluble extractive
and Hydro-alcoholic soluble extractive values were determined. Then Ash values like
Total ash, Water soluble ash and Acid insoluble ash was determined. In Physico-chemical
evaluation determined the moisture content of the poly-herbal formulation by Loss on
drying method at 105°C (Annonymous1, 1998).
DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL CHARECTERISTICS OF POLY-HERBAL
FORMULATION
Physical characteristics like bulk density, tapped density, angle of response, Hausner ratio
and carr’s index were determined for poly-herbal formulation (Karthi et al., 2012).
BULK DENSITY:
The term bulk density refers to a indicating a packing of particles or granules. The
equation for determining the bulk density (Bd) is following.
Bulk density(Bd) =
M
Vb
Where M = Mass of particles
Vb = Total volume of packing.
The volume of packing can be determined in an apparatus consisting of graduated
cylinder mounted on mechanical tapping device (Jolting Volumeter) that has a specially
cut rotating can. 100 gm of weighed poly-herbal formulation was taken and carefully
added to cylinder with the aid of a funnel. The initial volume was noted and sample was
then tapped until no further reduction in volume was noted. The initial volume gave the
bulk density value and after tapping the volume reduced, giving the value of tapped
density.
ANGLE OF REPOSE:
Angle of repose has been used as an indirect method quantifying powder flowability,
because of its relationship with inter-particle cohesion. The fixed funnel and the free
standing cone method employs a method that is secured with its tip at a given height (H),
above the glass paper that is placed on a flat horizontal surface. Powder or granules were
carefully poured through the funnel until the apex of the conical pile just touched the tip
of funnel. Thus, with R being the radius of the conical pile.
H
ɵ = tan − 1[ ]
R
Where ɵ = angle repose
H = Height of pile
R = Radius of pile
HAUSNER RATIO:
Hausner ratio is related to inter-particle friction and as such can be used to predict the
powder flow properties. The equation for measuring the Hausner ratio is
𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐷𝑓
𝐷𝑏
Where, Df = Tapped density
Db = Bulk density.
CARR'S INDEX:
Carr's index is another indirect method of measuring the powder flow from bulk density.
The equation for measuring Carr's index is
𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑥 100
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this research work the poly-herbal formulation was prepared and assesses the various
characteristics for the standardization of poly-herbal formulation. In this standardization
procedure poly-herbal formulation were tested for relevant organoleptic, preliminary
phytochemical analysis, physicochemical evaluation and determination of physical
characteristics like bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose and Hausner’s ratio and
carr’s index. The organoleptic characteristics are given in the [Table.1]. The preliminary
phytochemical analysis was conducted for poly-herbal formulation and identified
different active constituents which are responsible for treating skin diseases given in the
[Table.2]. The physicochemical characteristics are determined and given in the [Table.3].
In these Physico-chemical characteristics like extractive values indicates the presence of
acids, sugar and inorganic compounds. Less or more extractive values indicate addition
of exhausted material, adulteration or incorrect processing during drying, storage or
formulating. The ash values are like total ash indicates amount of minerals and earth
materials present in the plant material. The deterioration time of poly-herbal formulation
depends up on the amount of the water present in the plant material. If the water content
is high the formulation easily undergoes to deteriorate due to microbial attacks. The
physical characteristics of poly-herbal formulation was determined and given in the
[Table.4]. Tapped density gives information on consolidation of a powder. The Hausner
and Carr’s Index both measures the flow properties of the powders. The smaller the
Carr’s Index the better the flow properties.
Table 1: Organoleptic characteristics of Poly-herbal formulation
S. No
Organoleptic characters
Poly-herbal formulation
1.
Appearance
Powder
2.
Color
Pale green
3.
Odour
Pleasant
4.
Taste
Slightly bitter
Table 2: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Poly-herbal formulation
S. No
Phytochemical parameter
Results
1.
Alkaloids
+Ve
2.
Glycosides
+Ve
3.
Carbohydrates
+Ve
4.
Tannins
+Ve
5.
Resins
+Ve
6.
Terpenoids
+Ve
7.
Flavonoids
+Ve
8.
Steroids
+Ve
9.
Proteins
+Ve
Table 3: Physicochemical parameters of Poly-herbal formulation
S. No
Physicochemical parameter
Results
1.
Water soluble extractive
7.2%w/w
2.
Alcohol soluble extractive
15.2%w/w
3.
Hydro alcoholic extractive
14.3%w/w
4.
Moisture content
1.7
5.
Total ash
11.2%w/w
6.
Acid insoluble ash
1.43%w/w
7.
Water soluble ash
14.7%w/w
8.
Carbonated ash
12.3%w/w
9.
Sulfated ash
74%w/w
10.
Nitrated ash
1.96%w/w
Table 4: Physical characters of Poly-herbal formulation
S. No
Physical characters
Results
1.
Bulk density
0.510gm/cc
2.
Tapped density
0.502gm/cc
3.
Angle of repose
41°.3ʹ
4.
Hausner ratio
0.989
5.
Carr’s Index
17.25%
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to our beloved chairman, Mrs. Madhusudhan Reddy for his generous
support for this study. This research was supported by the grants from Jagan’s college of
pharmacy.
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