UNIVERSITY OF SPLIT
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
PHARMACOLOGY
LITERATURE:
Katzung BG, Masters S, Trevor AJ. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 12th edition. New
York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2012
EXAM MATERIAL FROM THE TEXTBOOK
The purpose of this student material is assistance for better understanding of an otherwise
comprehensive textbook while preparing for the exam in pharmacology. Entire chapters or
sections of chapters that will not be in the exam are marked, and parts needing special
attention are highlighted. The referred generic names are typical representatives of a particular
drug group and they represent the majority of the drugs to be memorized for the final exam.
The summary table at the end of each chapter should be used for information about different
drug groups.
Chapter 1
Completely. It is not necessary to remember data in the tables.
Chapter 2
Completely. It is not necessary to remember table data.
Chapter 3
Completely. It is not necessary to remember numeric data in the tables
Framed text “Maintenance dose calculations” and “The target concentration strategy” can be
test material.
Chapter 4
Completely. It is not necessary to remember examples from table 4-1, 4-3, 4-4 and 4-7. Note
in table 4-2 CYP3A4, 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, the enzymes metabolizing the majority of drugs
in context of main interactions and genetic factors that influe their enzymatic activity.
Chapter 5
Completely. Table 5-2 is not test material
Chapter 6
Completely.
1
Chapter 7
Completely.
- Direct-acting cholinoreceptor stimulants: mechanism of action, organ system effects,
basic pharmacokinetics and main representatives (pilocarpine i bethanechol).
- Indirect-acting cholinomimetics: mechanism of action, organ system effects, basic
pharmacokinetics and main representatives (neostigmine, edrophonium,
physostigmine, organophosphates).
Clinical pharmacology of cholinomimetics: main indication and basic information about
adverse effects.
Chapter 8
Subtitle „Basic and clinical pharmacology of the ganglion-blocking drugs” is not test material.
Concentrations in table 8-2 and usual dosage from table 8-3 do not to be memorized.
Basic pharmacology of the muscarinic receptor-blocking drugs: mechanism of action, organ
system effects, basic pharmacokinetic, main representatives, main indications for
administration and adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
- Pay special attention to: atropine, ipratropium, tiotropium, tropicamide, scopolamine,
butylscopolamine i trospium.
Chapter 9
Completely.
In table 9-1 it is not necessary to memorize the chromosome of the receptor and from table
9.5 the quantity of tiramine.
Therapeutic use of sympathomimetic drugs: focus on indications (shortly!) and rational basis
for administration. The text in the frame „An application of basic pharmacology to a clinical
problem” can be exam material.
- Special attention: phenylephrine, ritodrine; salbutamol i salmeterol (see also in chapter
20), fenoldopam, methyldopa, clonidine (see also in chapter 11.)
- Sympathomimetics with mixed effects: ephedrine.
Basic adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
Chapter 10
Completely.
In subtitles „Clinical pharmacology of the alpha-receptor blocking drugs” and „ Clinical
pharmacology of the beta-receptor blocking drugs” focus on the indications (shortly), rational
basis for administration and basic adverse drug reactions (ADRs), (toxicity)
The text in the frame „The treatment of glaucoma” can be exam material.
- Special attention to adreno-receptor antagonists: phenolamine, doxazosin, tamsulosin;
atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, timolol, nebivolol, sotalol.
Chapter 11
2
Subtitle „Clinical pharmacology of antihypertensive agents” is not exam material. In table 112 drug dosage is not necessary.
- Drugs influencing sodium, potassium and water balance (see also chapter 15)
- Drugs modifying sympathic nerve system function: sympathoplegic drugs with central
activity (particularly methyldopa, clonidine); adrenoceptor antagonists (see chapter
10.)
- Vasodilators: hydralazine, minoxidil, sodium nitroprusside, diazoxide, fenoldopam
(basic pharmacodynamic characteristics and indications)
- Calcium channel blockers: basic pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, main
therapeutic indications and ADRs, particularily: verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine,
amlodipine, lacidipine, nimodipine (see chapters 12 and 14)
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors:
-ACE inhibitors: haemodynamic and other effects of this drug group, main clinical
indications and ADRs (particularily enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril); (also see chapter
13)
-Angiotensin receptor-blocking agents: haemodynamic and other effects of
angiotensin receptor blockage, clinical indications and ADRs, (i.e. losartan and
valsartan); (also see chapter 13.)
-Renine inhibitors: aliskiren (see p.297-298 in chapter 17)
-Aldosterone antagonists (see also chapter 15: potassium-sparing diureticsspironolactone, eplerenon)
Chapter 12
Subtitle „Newer antianginal drugs” and data in table 12-6 are not exam material. It is not
necessary to memorize drug dosage in tables 12-5 and 12-3. Frame text „Drugs used in the
treatment of erectile dysfunction” can be exam material.
- Pay special attention to:
- nitrates and nitrites (nitroglycerin, isosorbide mononitrate, isosorbide dinitrate), mechanism
of action, organ system effects, main indications for administration and adverse drug reactions
(ADRs).
(see also chapter 13.)
- drugs used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (sildenafil, p199), interactions with
nitrites
- calcium channel blockers (like in chapter 11)
- beta blockers: see also chapters 10 and 11
Clinical pharmacology of drugs used to treat angina: explanation of table 12-7
3
Chapter 13
Subtitle „Pathophysiology of cardiac performance” is not exam material, but is advisable to
read for better understanding of heart failure treatment pharmacology.
In the subtitle „Clinical pharmacology for the treatment of heart faulire” focus on specific
drugs/groups used in acute and chronic heart failure, not on the principals of
pharmacotherapy. Table 13-3 should be studied only on an informative level.
Basic pharmacology of drugs for heart failure:
- digitalis (digoxin), mechanism of action, cardial and extracardial effects, indications and
ADRs.
- other positive inotropic drugs used in heart faulire: i.e. milrinone, levosimendan,
dobutamine, dopamine, (see also chapter 9)
Drugs without positive inotropic effects used in heart failure:
- especially loop diuretics and aldosterone antagonists (see also chapter 15)
- ACE inhibitors and ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers (see also chapters 11 and 12)
- nesiritide; bosentan
Chapter 14
Subtitle “Basic pharmacology of the antiarrhythmic agents” is not exam material. Further
subtitles “Electrophysiology of normal cardiac rhythm” and „Mechanisms of arrhythmias” are
also not exam material, but are recommended for better understanding of antiarrhythmic
agents pharmacology.
Data in table 14-1 is not test material. Texts in frames “The nonpharmacologic therapy of
cardiac arrhythmias” and „Antiarrhythmic drug-use principles applied to atrial fibrilation” are
not test material.
Pay special attention to the following antiarrhythmic drugs:
- sodium channel-blocking drugs (class 1): disopyramide (1A), lidocaine (1B), propafenone
(1C)
- beta adrenoreceptor-blocking drugs (class 2): propranolol, sotalol (see also chapter 10, 11
and 12)
- drugs that prolong effective refractory period by prolonging the action potential (class 3):
amiodarone (sotalol)
- calcium channel-blocking drugs (class 4): verapamil
- miscellaneous antiarhythmic agents: digoxine (see also chapter 13.), adenosine, potassium,
magnesium
4
Chapter 15
Completely. Not necessary to memorize data from tables 15-3, 15-4, 15-5 and 15-6.
Subtitle “Basic pharmacology of diuretic agents”, focus on main indications.
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, mechanism of action, indications and ADRs (acetazolamide,
dorzolamide).
- loop diuretics, mecanism of action, indications and ADRs (furosemid, torasemid).
- thiazides, mecanism of action, indications and ADRs (see chaper 11), hydrochlorothiazide,
chlortalidone, indapamide.
- potassium sparing diuretics, mecanism of action, indications and ADRs, amiloride,
triamterene, spironolactone, eplerenone.
- osmotic diuretics, mannitol, indications and contraindications.
Chapter 16
Subtitles “Basic pharmacology of histamine and basic pharmacology of serotonine” are not
test material but advised to read for better undersanding of the drugs described in the chapter.
In tables 16-2 and 16-5 dosages do not need to be memorized.
Subchapter “Histamine receptor antagonists” completely.
In the subtitle “Clinical pharmacology” focus on indications (shortly) ADRs and toxicity:
- particularily: diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, loratadine, fexofenadine
- from chapter „Serotonine”, test material is subtitle “Clinical pharmacology” in the part
called “Serotonine agonists”. Focus on the text “5-HT1B/D agonists and migrene”
(particularly sumatriptan and zolmitriptan).
- further: buspirone (see chapter 22) ;
- antagonists: ondansetron (see also in chapter 62).
- subchapter „Ergot alkaloids” completely. In subtitle „Clinical pharmacology of ergot
alkaloids” focus on main indications (shortly) and ADRs (toxicity). Pay special
attention to: ergometrine (ergonovine), bromocriptine
Chapter 17
Only subchapter “Angiotensin”
Chapter 18
Not exam material. However, this chaper is a useful reminder on the physiology and
biochemistry of eicosanoids which may be helpful for better understanding of NSAID and
drugs used in the treatment of asthma.
5
Chapter 19
Is not test material; useful reminder of nitric oxide physiology.
Chapter 20
Subtitle “Clinical pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of asthma” is not exam
material.
Use summary table at the end of the chapter for better distuingshment of drug groups used.
Pay special attention to:
- sympathomimetics: adrenaline (epinephrine), salbutamol, salmeterol
- methylxanthines: theophylline, aminophylline
- antimuscarinic agnets: ipratropium bromide, tiotropium bromide
- corticosteroids (inhalation): fluticasone, mometasone, budesonide
- stabilizers of cells: cromolyn, nedocromil
- leukotriene inhibitors: montelukast, zafirlukast
- IgE antibody: omalizumab
Chapter 21
Is not test material.
Chapter 22
Completely. In subtitle “Clinical pharmacology of sedative-hypnotics” focus on main
indications shortly and ADRs (toxicity).
Pay special attention to:
- benzodiazepines: i.e. diazepam, alprazolam, triazolam, oxazepam, midazolam (see chapter
25), clonazepam (see chapter 24); antagonist flumazenil
- barbiturates: phenobarbital (see chapter 24.), thiopental (see chapter 25.).
- newer hypnotics: zolpidem
- miscellaneous: buspirone (see chapter 16).
- ramelteon
Chapter 23
Is not test material.
6
Chapter 24
Basic pharmacology of antiseizure drugs: molecular targets for antiepileptics, figure 24-1 and
24-2, mechanism of action and ADRs.
- From drugs used in partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures focus on phenytoin
(mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, ADRs, interactions with other drugs, clinical
uses, carbamazepine, phenobarbital (see also in chapter 22), lamotrigine, vigabatrin,
levetiracetam.
- From drugs used in generalized seizures focus on ethosuximide (mechanism of action,
pharmacokinetics, ADRs, interactions with other drugs, clinical uses), valproic acid
/sodium valproate
- Other drugs used in management of epilepsy, focus on benzodiazepines, clonazepam
and diazepam, i.e. (detailes about of action, pharmacokinetics, ADRs, interactions
with other drugs, see chapter 22).
In subchapter “Clinical pharmacology of Antiseizure drugs”, subtitle “Seizure classification”
and “Management of epilepsy” are not test material.
Subtitle “Special aspects of the toxicology of Antiseizure drugs” is test material.
Chapter 25
Completely. The frame text ”Sedation & monitored anestesia care” is not test material.
- Inhaled anesthetics: nitrous oxide, halothane,sevoflurane, pharmacokinetics and ADRs
- Intravenous anesthetics: barbiturates; thiopental (see chapters 22 and 24),
benzodiazepines; midazolam (see chapter 22), propofol; fentanyl, ketamine:
mechanism of action, indications, ADRs
- Tables 25-1 and 25-2 are not exam material.
Chapter 26
Completely. In subchapter “Clinical pharmacology of local anesthetics” focus on the
paragraph “Toxicity”. Data in tables 26-1 and 26-2 do not have to be memorized.
Basic pharmacology of local anesthetics: lidocaine (see chapter 14), bupivacaine, procaine.
Chapter 27
Basic pharmacology of neuromuscular blocking drugs: mechanism of action, indications,
ADRs, antidots:
- nondepolarizing relaxant drugs: pancuronium, tubocurarine
- depolarizing relaxant drugs: succinylcholine
- spasmolitics: diazepam (also see chapter 22), dantrolene, botulinum toxin (see chapter 6)
7
Chapter 28
Introduction and subtitle “Parkinsonism” are not test material, but are recmomendded for
better understaning of the drugs described in this chapter. Focus on the pharmacology of the
drugs used for Parkinsonism.
Likewise, drugs in the subtitle “Other movement disorders” are not test material. The text in
the frame “MPTP & Parkinsonism” is not test material.
Pay special attention to basic mechanism of action of:
- levodopa + carbidopa (mechanism of action, ADRs)
- dopamine receptor agonists: bromocriptine, pramipexole
- MAO inhibitors: selegiline
- COMT inhibitors: entacapone
- amantadine
- anticholinergic drugs: biperiden, benztropine
Chapter 29
Subtitle “Nature of psychosis & schizophrenia” and the hypothesis of schizophrenia are not
test material but recommended for better understanding of antipsychotic agents and their
mechanism of action.
In the subtitle “Clinical pharmacology of antipsychotic agents” focus only on indications and
ADRs. Choice, dosage, regimes and maintenance treatment are not test material including
table 29-4.
In the paragraph “Lithium, mood-stabilizing drugs & other treatment for bipolar disorder”
focus on the text in “Basic pharmacology of lithium”. In the text “Clinical pharmacology of
lithium” focus on indications, interactions and ADRs.
Pay special attention to:
- classic antipsychotics: chlorpromazine, thiothixene, haloperidol
- atypical - newer: clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine
- valproic acid and carbamazepine (also see chapter 24)
Chapter 30
Hypothesis of the depression pathophysiology are not test material but advised for better
understanding of antidepressants mechanism of action.
Completely „Basic pharmacology of antidepressants”
Pay special attention to
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: fluoxetine and sertraline
- serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:
- selective: venlafaxine
- tricyclic: imipramine, amitriptyline
- 5-HT2 antagonists: trazodone
- tetracyclic and monocyclic: mirtazapine, bupropion
- MAOIs: selegiline (see also chapter 28), moclobemide
8
In the subtitle “Clinical pharmacology of antidepressants” focus on indications, ADRs,
overdose and interactions. “Choosing an antidepressant and dosage” are not test material
including data in table30-1 to 30-3. Table 30-4 is only informative.
Chapter 31
Pharmacodynamics: mechanism of action of opioids figures 31-1 to 31-4.
Clinical use of Opioid analgesics, ADRs
Text in the frame “Ion channels & novel analgesic targets” is not test material.
Specific drugs:
- strong agonists: morphine, heroine, methadone, fentanyl (see also chapter 25)
- partial agonists: codeine, oxicodon, loperamide (see also chapter 62)
- mixed agonists/antagonists: buprenorphine, pentazocine
- other: tramadol
- antitussives: codein, dextromethorphan
- antagonists: naloxone
Chapter 32
Basic pharmacology of drugs of abuse:
- opioidis (see also chapter 31)
- cannabinoids
- LSD
- gamma-hydroxybutyric acid
- barbiturates – alcohol, benzodiazepines
- cocaine
- amphetamines
- ecstasy
Subtitle “Basic neurobiology of drug abuse” is not test material but recommended for better
understanding. Same goes for text in frames “The dopamine hypothesis of addiction” and
“Sinaptic plasticity & addiction”.
Chapter 33
Agents used in anemias:
- iron: oral and parenteral preparations, pharmacokinetics and ADRs
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid, basic biochemistry of purin and DNA synthesis (connect to the
mechanism of antimetabolites in chapter 54 and sulphonamides and trimethroprim in chapter
46)
Hematopoietic growth factors:
- erythrocyte-stimulating agents: erythropoietin, epoetin (indications and ADRs)
- myeloid growth factors: pegfilgrastim (indications and ADRs);
It is not necessary to memorize data from tables 33-1, 33-2 and 33-3. Frame text is not test
material.
9
Chapter 34
Subtitles “Mechanism of blood coagulation” and “Blood coagulation cascade” are not test
material but are recommended for reading in order to better understand the drugs described in
this chapter.
Tables 34-1 and 34-3, and frame texts are not necessary to memorize.
Basic pharmacology of the anticoagulant drugs:
- indirect thrombin inhibitors: heparin, LMW heparins, fondaparinux (mechanism of action,
indications, ADRs and antidot)
- direct thrombin inhibitors: hirudin, dabigatran (mechanism of action).
- oral direct Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban)
- warfarin & other coumarine anticoagulants: warfarin (mechanism of action, administration,
important interactions, ADRs and antidot).
Basic pharmacology of the fibrinolitic drugs:
- streptokinase, t-PAs (mechanism of action, indications, ADRs)
Drugs used in bleeding disorders:
- vitamin K; the rest is not test material
Antiplatelet agents completely!
- Aspirin (see also chapter 36), abciximab, eptifibatide, dipyridamole, clopidogrel, ticlopidine
(mechanism of action, indications, ADRs)
Chapter 35
Subtitle “Pathophysiology of hyperlipoproteinemia” is not test material but is recommended
for reading in order to better understand the pharmacology of the drugs described in this
chapter.
Subtitle “Dietary management of hyperlipoproteinemia” is not test material; all drug groups:
mechanism of action, effects.
Clinical pharmacology: focus on indications and ADRs
Not necessary to memorize data in tables 35.1, 35-2 and 35.3
Pay special attention to
- statins: simvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin
- niacin
- fibrates: fenofibrate, gemfibrozil
- bile acid-binding resins: colestipol
- inhibitors of intestinal sterol absorbtion: ezetimibe
10
Chapter 36
Subtitles “The immune response” and “Therapeutic strategies” are not exam material.
Nonsterioidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID): completely! Table 36-1 dosage in not
necessary
For each NSAID it is important to know: the mechanism of action, effects, pharmacokinetics,
indications, ADRs:
NSAIDs:
- aspirin
- selective COX-2 inhibitors: celecoxib
- nonselective COX inhibitors: ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, indomethacin
Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs:
- azathioprine (see also chapter 55)
- cyclophosfamide and methotrexate (see also chapter 54)
- mycophenolate mofetil (see also chapter 55)
- antilimphocyte agents: abatacept, rituximab
- TNF-a blocking agents (see also chapter 55), infliximab, adalimumab
- sulfasalazine (see also chapter 62)
Glucocorticoids (see also chapter 39)
Other analgesics:
- acetaminophen (paracetamol) (see also chapter 58, p1032)
(mechanism of action, indications, ADRs)
Drugs used in gout:
- colchicine
- sulfinpyrazon
- allopurinol
- pegloticase
Chapter 37
Physiology of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones is not test material but is recommended
for reading in order to better understand the pharmacology of drugs described in this chapter.
Data in tables 37-1 and 37-3 are not necessary, data in table 37-2 only informative. The frame
text “Treatment of obesity” and table 37-5 can be test material;
- growth hormone and antagonist octreotide (mechanism of action, effects and indications)
- oxytocin (indications and ADRs)
- vasopressin antagonist: conivaptan
11
Chapter 38
Thyroid physiology at the beginning of the chapter is not test material but is recommended for
reading in order to better understand the pharmacology of the described drugs. Subtitle
“Clinical pharmacology of thyroid & antithyroid drugs” is not test material. Data in tables 381, 38-2, 38-4 and 38-5 need not to be memorized.
Basic pharmacology of thyroid & antithyroid drugs (mechanism of action, indications and
ADRs);
- thyroid hormones: levothyroxine
- antithyroid agents: thioamides: methimazole, propylthiouracil
Anion inhibitors
iodides
radioactive iodine
beta blockers (see also chapter 10)
Chapter 39
- Cortisol (hydrocortisone): pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, physiologic
effects
- Synthetic corticosteroids: prednisolone and prednisone, betamethasone, dexamethasone
(indications, effects and ADRs)
- Mineralocorticoids: fludrocortisone
- Antagonists of adrenocortical agents: mifepristone (see also chapter 40), spironolactone,
eplerenone (see also in chapters 11,13,and 15)
Tables 39.1 and 39.2 can be test material
Chapter 40
- Estrogens: ethinyl estradiol (mechanism of action, physiologic effects, clinical uses)
- Progestins: progesterone (physiologic effects, clinical uses)
- Hormonal contraception: types, other effects beside contraception, ADRs and
contraindications
Table 40-3 (only informative), table 40.4 is not test material.
- Inhibitors and antagonists of estrogen and progesteron: tamoxifen, raloxifen (see also
chapter 42), clomiphene, mifepristone (see also chapter 39), anastrozole;exemestane
mechanism of action and indications for the above mentioned drugs
- Androgens and anabolic steroids: testosterone, nandrolone (mechanism of action, clinical
uses and ADRs)
- Antiandrogens: finasteride, flutamide (mechanism of action, clinical uses)
12
Chapter 41.
Subtitle “The endocrine pancreas” is not test material but is recommended for reading in order
to better understand the pharmacology of drugs described in this chapter.
- Insulins: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics (particularily onset of action, extent and
duration of various types), administration and delivery systems, ADRs and complications with
insulin therapy.
Text in frame “Benefits of tight glycemic control in diabetes” is not test material. Data in
tables 41-1, 41-2, are not test material. In table 41-4 it is not necessary to memorize the
concentrations.
- Oral antidiabetic agents: completely.
Pay special attention to:
- sulfonylureas: glyburide (glibenclamide), glipizide (glydiazinamide), glimepiride
- meglitinide: repaglinide
- biguanides: metformin
- thiazolidinediones: pioglitazone.
- alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: acarbose
- amylin analog: pramlintide
- dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: sitagliptin,
- glucagon, glucagon like polypeptide-1, exenatide
Chapter 42.
The subtitle “Clinical pharmacology” is not test material but is recommended for reading in
order to better understand the indications for drugs described in this.
Data in table 42-2, and the frame text ”Newer therapies for osteoporosis” can be test material
- calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- estrogens
- vitamin D and calcium
- bisphosphonates: alendronate
- raloxifen
- strontium ranelate
(mechanism of action and ADRs)
Chapter 43.
Beta-lactam compunds:
Penicillins: basic mechanism of action, chemical structure of the basic penicillin molecule
- penicillin G (benzylpenicillin)
- penicilin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin)
- antistaphylococcal penicillins (meticillin, cloxacillin)
- extended-spectrum penicillins (ampicillin; amoxicillin)
- carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins (piperacillin, ticarcillin);
(spectrum of activity and ADRs, data in table 43-1 not required)
13
Cephalosporins:
1. generation: cephalexin
2. generation: cefuroxime
3. generation: ceftazidime, ceftriaxon
4. generation: cefepime
(main characteristics of each generation with spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetic
characteristics, data in table 43-2 not required)
Other betalactam antibiotics:
- monobactams: aztreonam
- beta-lactamase inhibitors: clavulanic acid, tazobactam
- carbapenems: imipenem
(antibacterial spectrum of activity and ADRs)
Glycopeptide antibiotics:
- vancomycin
- teicoplanin
(spectrum of activity, ways of administration and ADRs)
Subtitle “Other cell wall or membrane-active agents”:
daptomycin, bacitracin (way of administration)
All drugs: mechanism of action, antibacterial spectrum of activity, indications, ADRs, way of
administration; dosage is not required.
Chapter 44.
- Tetracyclines: doxycycline
- Macrolides: erythromycin, claritromycin, azithromycin
- Clindamycin
- Chloramphenicol
- Streptogramins: quinupristin & dalfopristin
- Linezolid
(antibacterial spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, way of administration, ADRs)
Chapter 45.
Aminoglycosides: streptomycin (see also chapter 47), gentamicin
(antibacterial spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, way of administration, ADRs)
14
Chapter 46.
Sulfonamides:
- trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TPM-SMZ)
- sulfacetamide
- sulfadiazine
- sulfasalazine (see also chapter 62)
(spectrum of activity, way of administration, ADRs, indications)
Fluoroquinolones:
- ciprofloxacin
- norfloxacin
- moxifloxacin
(spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, ADRs)
Chapter 47.
About drugs belonging to the first line antimycobacterials, following shoud be memorized:
mechanism of action and basics of resistance, pharmacokinetics, ADRs and other
indications/administrations besides tuberculosis. Data in tables 47-1 and 47-2 not required.
Pay attention to:
- isoniazid
- rifampin (rifamycin)
- ethambutol
- streptomycin
- pyrazinamide
Chapter 48.
The following should be memorized regarding systemic antifungals: mechanism of action,
pharmacokinetics, effectiveness against fungi/antifungal spectrum of activity, clinical uses,
ADRs and toxicity. Table 48.1 and frame text “Liposomal amphotericin B” are not test
material. Table 48-2 only informatively.
- amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, echinocandins
The following should be memorized regarding the specific drugs in the subgroup of oral and
topical antifungals: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, effectiveness against
fungi/antifungal spectrum of activity, indications:
- terbinafine, clotrimazole,miconazole, nystatin, amorolfine
15
Chapter 49.
Agents to treat Herpes simplex and Varicella zoster virus:
- acyclovir
(mechanism of action, way of administration, ADRs)
Agents to treat Citomegalovirus infections
- ganciclovir
Antiretroviral agents:
- nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors: abacavir, zidovudine
- nonnucleozide reverse transcriptase inhibitors: nevirapine
- protease inhibitors: indinavir, ritonavir
- entry inhibitor: maraviroc
- integrase strand transfer inhibitors: raltegravir
(mechanism of action)
Antihepatitis agents:
- interferon alfa, ribavirin
Anti-influenza agents:
- amantadine (see also chapter 28.), oseltamivir, zanamivir
Chapter 50.
Pages 891-893: metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, mupirocin. The rest is not test material.
Chapter 51.
Is not test material.
Chapter 52.
Pages 927-931: metronidazole, tinidazole. ; The rest is not test material.
Chapter 53.
Albendazole, mebendazole and praziquantel (indications, way of administration, ADRs);
sodium stibogluconate in treatment of leishmaniasis; The rest is not test material. Table 53-1
only informative.
16
Chapter 54.
Subtitles “Causes of cancer” and “Cancer treatment modalities”, are not test material but is
recommended for reading in order to better understand the pharmacology of drugs described
in this chapter. (p949-953.).
Pay special attention to drugs and drug classes:
- alkylating agents: cyclophosphamide, cisplatin
- antimetabolites: methotrexate (MTX), 5-fluorouracil
- vinca alkaloids: vincristine, vinblastine
- taxanes: paclitaxel
- antitumor antibiotics: doxorubicin
(mechanism of action, typicall ADRs)
About miscellaneous anticancer drugs followind should be memorized (imatinib, cetuximab,
bevacizumab): mechanism of action, clinical uses/antitumor spectrum, pharmacokinetics,
ADRs (acute and delayed); see text and table 54-5. Subchapter “Clinical pharmacology of
cancer chemotherapeutic drugs” is not test material.
Chapter 55.
Subtitle „Elements of the immune system” is not test material but is recommended for reading
in order to better understand the pharmacology of drugs described in this chapter.
Immunosupressive agents:
- Glucocorticoids: clinical uses, see text and table 55-1; mechanism of action and other
pharmacological characteristics, see chapter 39
- Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus): mechanism of action, effects,
pharmacokinetics, ADRs, clinical uses (see table 55-1)
- mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus): mechanism of action, effects, ADRs, clinical uses (see table
55-1)
- Thalidomide, mycophenolate mofetil: mechanism of action, ADRs, clinical uses (see table
55-1and chapter 36 for mycophenolate mofetil)
- Cytotoxic agents (azathioprine): mechanism of action, ADRs, clinical uses (see table 55-1)
- Immunosuppressive antibodies (muromonab-CD3/Okt3): mechanism of action, clinical uses
(see table 55.1)
- Monoclonal antibodies (adalimumab, infliximab, bevacizumab): mechanism of action,
clinical uses (see table 55.1 and chapter 36 for adalimumab and infliximab, and chapter 54 for
bevacizumab )
Subchapter “Clinical uses of immunosuppressive drugs” is not test material.
Subchapter “Immunologic reactions to drugs & drug allergy” is not test material, except
subtitle “Drug treatment of immediate allergy” which is test material
Chapter 56.
Is not test material.
Chapter 57.
Is not test material.
17
Chapter 58.
Is not test material.
Chapter 59.
Is not test material. (some aspects will be discussed during course)
Chapter 60.
Is not test material. (some aspects will be discussed during course)
Chapter 61.
p1063-1067, see chapter 48.
Chapter 62.
Drugs used in acid-pepctic diseases (indications, way of administration, effects, mechanism of
action, ADRs):
- antacids: sodium bicarbonate, magnesium and aluminum hydroxide
- H2 receptor antagonists: cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, data in table 62.1 not required
- Proton pump inhibitors: omeprazole, pantoprazole (pharmacokinetics informative from table
62.2)
- mucosal protective agents (indications, way of administration, ADRs): sucralfate,
misoprostol
Drugs stimulating gastrointestinal motility:
Laxatives:
- bulk forming (methylcellulose)
- stool surfactant agents – softeners (glycerin suppository)
- osmotic: magnesium hydroxide
- stimulant: anthraquinone (senna), bisacodyl
(indications, way of administration, ADRs, contraindications)
Drugs used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): alosetron
Antiemetic agents:
- 5-HT3 antagonists: ondansetron, palonosetron
- NK1 receptor antagonists: aprepitant
- phenothiazines (see also chapter 29)
- metoclopramide and domperidone (see also p1092)
- antihistaminics (diphenhydramine (see also chapter 16)
- anticholinergic drugs (scopolamine) (see also chapter 8)
- corticosteroids: dexamethazone
- cannabinoids: dronabilon
Inflammatory bowel disease drugs:
- sulfasalazine, mesalamine
- glucocorticoids: budesonide
- azathioprine (see also chapters 36 and 55)
- methotrexate (see also chapters 36, 54 and 55)
- TNF-alfa antagonists (see also chapters 36 and 55): infliksimab / adalimumab.
Bile and therapy for gallstones: ursodiol
Drugs used to treat varical hemorrhage: octreotide, vasopressin and propranolol
Chapter 63.
18
Is not test material.
Chapter 64.
Is not test material.
Chapter 65.
Is not test material.
Chapter 66.
Is not test material. (Table 66-1 should be used as a reminder on major drug interactions
emphasized during the course)
19