1. Alexander, K., McMillen, R. G. & Easley, J. Incisor extraction in a horse by a longitudinal forage technique. Equine Vet. Educ. 13, 179–182 (2001). 2. Allen, M. L. et al. In vitro study of heat production during power reduction of equine mandibular teeth. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 224, 1128–1132 (2004). 3. Anthony, J., Waldner, C., Grier, C. & Laycock, A. R. A Survey of Equine Oral Pathology. J. Vet. Dent. 27, 12 – 15 (2010). 4. Arencibia, A. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and cross sectional anatomy of the normal equine sinuses and nasal passages. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 41, 313–319 (2000). 5. Baker, G. J. Some aspects of equine dental disease. Equine Vet. J. 2, 105 – 110 (1970). 6. Barakzai, S. Z. & Dixon, P. M. A study of open-mouthed oblique radiographic projections for evaluating lesions of the erupted ( clinical ) crown. Equine Vet. Educ. 15, 143–148 (2003). 7. Barakzai, S. Z. & Dixon, P. M. Case Report Sliding mucoperiosteal hard palate flap for treatment of a persistent oronasal fistula Case details. Equine Vet. Educ. 17, 287–291 (2005). 8. Barakzai, S. Z. & Dixon, P. M. Effect of sinus trephination on scintigraphy of the equine skull. Vet. Rec. 152, 629 – 630 (2003). 9. Barakzai, S. Use of Scintigraphy for the Diagnosis of Apical Infection of Equine Cheek Teeth. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 4, 175–180 (2005). 10. Barakzai, S. How to Radiograph the Erupted (Clinical) Crown of Equine Cheek Teeth. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 4, 171–174 (2005). 11. Barakzai, S. Z., Kane-Smyth, J., Lowles, J. & Townsend, N. Trephination of the equine rostral maxillary sinus: efficacy and safety of two trephine sites. Vet. Surg. 37, 278–282 (2008). 12. Barakzai, S., Tremaine, H. & Dixon, P. Use of scintigraphy for diagnosis of equine paranasal sinus disorders. Vet. Surg. 35, 94–101 (2006). 13. Baratt, R. Advances in equine dental radiology. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 367–95, vi (2013). 14. Bardell, D., Iff, I. & Mosing, M. A cadaver study comparing two approaches to perform a maxillary nerve block in the horse. Equine Vet. J. 42, 721–5 (2010). 15. Beard, W. L. & Hardy, J. Diagnosis of conditions of the paranasal sinuses in the horse. Equine Vet. Educ. 13, 265–273 (2001). 16. Bell, C., Tatarniuk, D. & Carmalt, J. Endoscope-Guided Balloon Sinuplasty of the Equine Nasomaxillary Opening. Vet. Surg. 38, 791–797 (2009). 17. Bettiol, N. & Dixon, P. M. An anatomical study to evaluate the risk of pulpar exposure during mechanical widening of equine cheek teeth diastemata and “bit seating”. Equine Vet. J. 43, 163–169 (2011). 18. Bonin, S. J., Clayton, H. M., Lanovaz, J. L. & Johnston, T. Comparison of mandibular motion in horses chewing hay and pellets. Equine Vet. J. 39, 258–262 (2007). 19. Bonin, S. J., Clayton, H. M., Lanovaz, J. L. & Johnson, T. J. Kinematics of the equine temporomandibular joint. Am. J. Vet. Res. 67, 423–428 (2006). 20. Boutros, C. P. & Koenig, J. B. A combined frontal and maxillary sinus approach for repulsion of the third maxillary molar in a horse. Can. Vet. J. 42, 286 – 288 (2001). 21. Brigham, E. J. & Duncanson, G. R. Case study of 100 horses presented to an equine dental technician in the UK. Equine Vet. Educ. 12, 63–67 (2000). 22. Brigham, E. J. & Duncanson, G. R. An equine postmortem dental study: 50 cases. Equine Vet. Educ. 12, 59–62 (2000). 23. Brink, P. Levator labii superioris muscle transposition to treat oromaxillary sinus fistula in three horses. Vet. Surg. 35, 596–600 (2006). 24. Brinkschulte, M. et al. The sinonasal communication in the horse: examinations using computerized three-dimensional reformatted renderings of computed-tomography datasets. BMC Vet. Res. 10, 72 (2014). 25. Brinkschulte, M. et al. Using semi-automated segmentation of computed tomography datasets for threedimensional visualization and volume measurements of equine paranasal sinuses. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 54, 582–590 (2013). 26. Brosnahan, M. M. & Paradis, M. R. Assessment of clinical characteristics, management practices, and activities of geriatric horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 223, 99–103 (2003). 27. Brounts, S. H. et al. Surgical management of compound odontoma in two horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 225, 1423–7, 1393 (2004). 28. Brown, S. L., Arkins, S., Shaw, D. J. & Dixon, P. M. Occlusal angles of cheek teeth in normal horses and horses with dental disease. Vet. Rec. 162, 807 – 810 (2008). 29. Burden, F., Toit, N. D. & Thiemann, a. Nutrition and dental care of donkeys. In Pract. 35, 405–410 (2013). 30. Burnett, K. M. Equine Dentistry: Safety Considerations for Practitioners. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 4, 120 – 123 (2005). 31. Caldwell, F. J. & Easley, K. J. Self-inflicted lingual trauma secondary to inferior alveolar nerve block in 3 horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 24, 119–123 (2012). 32. Capik, I., Ledecky, V. & Mihaly, M. Displacement of maxillary premolar teeth in a filly. J. Vet. Dent. 20, 143 – 145 (2003). 33. Carmalt, J. L. Understanding the equine diastema. Equine Vet. Educ. 15, 34–35 (2010). 34. Carmalt, J. L. & Wilson, D. G. Treatment of a valve diastema in two horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 16, 188– 193 (2004). 35. Carmalt, J. L. Observations of the cheek tooth occlusal angle in the horse. J. Vet. Dent. 21, 70 – 75 (2004). 36. Carmalt, J. L. & Allen, A. The relationship between cheek tooth occlusal morphology, apparent digestibility, and ingesta particle size reduction in horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 233, 452–455 (2008). 37. Carmalt, J. L. & Allen, A. L. Effect of rostrocaudal mobility of the mandible on feed digestibility and fecal particle size in horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 229, 1275–1278 (2006). 38. Carmalt, J. L., Cymbaluk, N. F. & Townsend, H. G. G. Effect of premolar and molar occlusal angle on feed digestibility, water balance, and fecal particle size in horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 227, 110–113 (2005). 39. Carmalt, J. L., Townsend, H. G. G. & Allen, A. L. Effect of dental floating on the rostrocaudal mobility of the mandible of horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 223, 666–9 (2003). 40. Carmalt, J. L., Townsend, H. G. G., Janzen, E. D. & Cymbaluk, N. E. Effect of dental floating on weight gain, body condition score, feed digestibility, and fecal particle size in pregnant mares. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 225, 1889–1893 (2004). 41. Casey, M. B. & Tremaine, W. H. The prevalence of secondary dentinal lesions in cheek teeth from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis compared to controls. Equine Vet. J. 42, 30–36 (2010). 42. Casey, M. B. & Tremaine, W. H. Dental diastemata and periodontal disease secondary to axially rotated maxillary cheek teeth in three horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 22, 439–444 (2010). 43. Casey, M. A new understanding of oral and dental pathology of the equine cheek teeth. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 301–24, v (2013). 44. Cleary, O. B., Easley, J. T., Henriksen, M. D. L. & Brooks, D. E. Purulent dacryocystitis (nasolacrimal duct drainage) secondary to periapical tooth root infection in a donkey. Equine Vet. Educ. 23, 553–558 (2011). 45. Collins, N. M. & Dixon, P. M. Diagnosis and Management of Equine Diastemata. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 4, 148–154 (2005). 46. Cook, W. R. Damage by the bit to the equine interdental space and second lower premolar. Equine Vet. Educ. 23, 355–360 (2011). 47. Coomer, R. P. C., Fowke, G. S. & McKane, S. Repulsion of maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth in standing horses. Vet. Surg. 40, 590–595 (2011). 48. Cordes, V. et al. Finite element analysis in 3-D models of equine cheek teeth. Vet. J. 193, 391–396 (2012). 49. Cordes, V., Lüpke, M., Gardemin, M., Seifert, H. & Staszyk, C. Periodontal biomechanics: finite element simulations of closing stroke and power stroke in equine cheek teeth. BMC Vet. Res. 8, 60 (2012). 50. Cox, A., Dixon, P. & Smith, S. Histopathological lesions associated with equine periodontal disease. Vet. J. 194, 386–391 (2012). 51. Dacre, I. T., Kempson, S. & Dixon, P. M. Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 1. Normal endodontic anatomy and dentinal structure of equine cheek teeth. Vet. J. 178, 311–320 (2008). 52. Dacre, I. T., Kempson, S. & Dixon, P. M. Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 4. Aetiopathological findings in 41 apically infected mandibular cheek teeth. Vet. J. 178, 341–351 (2008). 53. Dacre, I. T., Shaw, D. J. & Dixon, P. M. Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 3. Quantitative measurements of dentine in apically infected cheek teeth. Vet. J. 178, 333–340 (2008). 54. Dacre, I., Kempson, S. & Dixon, P. M. Equine idiopathic cheek teeth fractures. Part 1: Pathological studies on 35 fractured cheek teeth. Equine Vet. J. 39, 310–318 (2007). 55. Dacre, I., Kempson, S. & Dixon, P. M. Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 5. Aetiopathological findings in 57 apically infected maxillary cheek teeth and histological and ultrastructural findings. Vet. J. 178, 352–363 (2008). 56. Dacre, K. J. P., Dacre, I. T. & Dixon, P. M. Motorised equine dental equipment. Equine Vet. Educ. 14, 263–266 (2002). 57. De Zani, D. et al. Topographic comparative study of paranasal sinuses in adult horses by computed tomography, sinuscopy, and sectional anatomy. Vet. Res. Commun. 34 Suppl 1, S13–16 (2010). 58. Delaunois-Vanderperren, H. Congenital odontogenic keratocyst in a filly. Equine Vet. Educ. 25, 179– 183 (2013). 59. Dixon, P. M. et al. Survey of the provision of prophylactic dental care for horses in Great Britain and Ireland between 1999 and 2002. Vet. Rec. 155, 693 – 698 (2004). 60. Dixon, P. M., Barakzai, S., Collins, N. & Yates, J. Treatment of equine cheek teeth by mechanical widening of diastemata in 60 horses (2000-2006). Equine Vet. J. 40, 22–28 (2008). 61. Dixon, P. M. et al. A long-term study on the clinical effects of mechanical widening of cheek teeth diastemata for treatment of periodontitis in 202 horses (2008-2011). Equine Vet. J. 46, 76–80 (2014). 62. Dixon, P. M. & Dacre, I. A review of equine dental disorders. Vet. J. 169, 165–87 (2005). 63. Dixon, P. M., Dacre, I., Dacre, K., Tremaine, W. H. & Barakzai, S. Standing oral extraction of cheek teeth in 100 horses. Equine Vet. J. 37, 105–112 (2005). 64. Dixon, P. M. et al. Historical and clinical features of 200 cases of equine sinus disease. Vet. Rec. 169, 439 (2011). 65. Dixon, P. M. et al. Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments. Equine Vet. J. 44, 267–271 (2012). 66. Dixon, P. M. et al. Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments. Equine Vet. J. 44, 267–271 (2012). 67. Dixon, P. M. et al. Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): treatments and long-term results of treatments. Equine Vet. J. 44, 272–276 (2012). 68. Dixon, P. M. et al. Equine dental disease Part 4 : a long-term study of 400 cases : apical infections of cheek teeth. Equine Vet. J. 32, 182–194 (2000). 69. Dixon, P. M. Removal of equine dental overgrowhts. Equine Vet. Educ. 12, 68–81 (2000). 70. Dixon, P. M., Barakzai, S. Z., Collins, N. M. & Yates, J. Equine idiopathic cheek teeth fractures: Part 3: A hospital-based survey of 68 referred horses (1999-2005). Equine Vet. J. 39, 327–332 (2007). 71. Dixon, P. M. & O’Leary, J. M. A review of equine paranasal sinusitis: Medical and surgical treatments. Equine Vet. Educ. 24, 143–158 (2012). 72. Dixon, P. M. et al. Equine dental disease Part 1: A long-term study of 400 cases: disorders of incisors, canine and first premolar teeth. Equine Vet. J. 31, 369 – 377 (1999). 73. Dixon, P. M. et al. Equine dental disease Part 3: a long-term study of 400 cases: disorders of wear, traumatic damage and idiopathic fractures, tumours and miscellaneous disorders of the cheek teeth. Equine Vet. J. 32, 9 –18 (2000). 74. Dixon, P. M., Easley, J. & Ekmann, A. Supernumerary Teeth in the Horse. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 4, 155–161 (2005). 75. Dixon, P. M., du Toit, N. & Staszyk, C. A fresh look at the anatomy and physiology of equine mastication. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 257–72, v (2013). 76. Dixon, P. M., Hawkes, C. & Townsend, N. Complications of equine oral surgery. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 24, 499–514, vii (2008). 77. Du Toit, N., Burden, F. a, Baedt, L. G., Shaw, D. J. & Dixon, P. M. Dimensions of diastemata and associated periodontal food pockets in donkey cheek teeth. J. Vet. Dent. 26, 10–14 (2009). 78. du Toit, N., Burden, F. a & Dixon, P. M. Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 2: epidemiological studies on the potential relationships between different dental disorders, and between dental disease and systemic disorders. Equine Vet. J. 41, 395–400 (2009). 79. du Toit, N., Burden, F. a & Dixon, P. M. Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 2: epidemiological studies on the potential relationships between different dental disorders, and between dental disease and systemic disorders. Equine Vet. J. 41, 395–400 (2009). 80. Du Toit, N., Gallagher, J., Burden, F. a & Dixon, P. M. Post mortem survey of dental disorders in 349 donkeys from an aged population (2005-2006). Part 1: prevalence of specific dental disorders. Equine Vet. J. 40, 204–208 (2008). 81. Du Toit, N., Gallagher, J., Burden, F. a & Dixon, P. M. Post mortem survey of dental disorders in 349 donkeys from an aged population (2005-2006). Part 1: prevalence of specific dental disorders. Equine Vet. J. 40, 204–208 (2008). 82. du Toit, N. Aetiology and diagnosis of periapical dental disease in equids. Equine Vet. Educ. 23, 559– 561 (2011). 83. du Toit, N. & Dixon, P. M. Common dental disorders in the donkey. Equine Vet. Educ. 24, 45–51 (2012). 84. Du Toit, N., Kempson, S. a. & Dixon, P. M. Donkey dental anatomy. Part 2: Histological and scanning electron microscopic examinations. Vet. J. 176, 345–353 (2008). 85. Du Toit, N., Kempson, S. a. & Dixon, P. M. Donkey dental anatomy. Part 1: Gross and computed axial tomography examinations. Vet. J. 176, 338–344 (2008). 86. du Toit, N. The problem with equine cheek teeth diastemata. Vet. Rec. 171, 42–43 (2012). 87. du Toit, N. The problem with equine cheek teeth diastemata. Vet. Rec. 171, 42–43 (2012). 88. du Toit, N., Burden, F. a. & Dixon, P. M. Clinical dental findings in 203 working donkeys in Mexico. Vet. J. 178, 380–386 (2008). 89. du Toit, N. & Rucker, B. a. The gold standard of dental care: the geriatric horse. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 521–527, viii (2013). 90. Duncanson, G. R. A case study of 125 horses presented to a general practitioner in the UK for cheek tooth removal. Equine Vet. Educ. 16, 166–168 (2004). 91. Earley, E. & Rawlinson, J. T. A new understanding of oral and dental disorders of the equine incisor and canine teeth. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 273–300, v (2013). 92. Easley, J. T. & Freeman, D. E. New ways to diagnose and treat equine dental-related sinus disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 467–85, vii (2013). 93. Easley, J. T. & Freeman, D. E. A single caudally based frontonasal bone flap for treatment of bilateral mucocele in the paranasal sinuses of an American miniature horse. Vet. Surg. 42, 427–432 (2013). 94. El-Gendy, S. A. & Alsafy, M. A. M. Nasal and Paranasal Sinuses of the Donkey : Gross anatomy and Computed Tomography. J. Vet. Anat. 3, 25–41 (2010). 95. Engelke, E. & Gasse, H. An anatomical study of the rostral part of the equine oral cavity with respect to position and size of a snaffle bit. Equine Vet. Educ. 15, 158–163 (2003). 96. Erridge, M. E., Cox, A. & Dixon, P. M. A histological study of peripheral dental caries of equine cheek teeth. J. Vet. Dent. 29, 150 – 156 (2012). 97. Evans, R. & Lowder, M. Examination of the depth of the equine hard palate. J. Vet. Dent. 29, 228 – 230– (2012). 98. Feichtenhofer, P., Simhofer, H., Hof, K. & Kneissl, S. A Complementary Radiographic Projection of the Equine Maxillary Sinus. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 33, 565–569 (2013). 99. Finnegan, C. M., Townsend, N. B., Barnett, T. P. & Barakzai, S. Z. Radiographic identification of the equine ventral conchal bulla. Vet. Rec. 169, 683 – 687 (2011). 100. Fitzgibbon, C. M., Du Toit, N. & Dixon, P. M. Anatomical studies of maxillary cheek teeth infundibula in clinically normal horses. Equine Vet. J. 42, 37–43 (2010). 101. Foster, D. L. The gold standard of dental care for the adult performance horse. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 505–19, viii (2013). 102. Freeman, D. E. Sinus disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 19, 209–243 (2003). 103. Galloway, S. S. & Easley, J. Incorporating oral photography and endoscopy into the equine dental examination. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 345–66, vi (2013). 104. Gasse, H., Westenberger, E. & Staszyk, C. The endodontic system of equine cheek teeth : a reexamination of pulp horns and root canals in view of age-related physiological differences. Pferdeheilkunde 20, 1–5 (2004). 105. Gerard, M. P., Wotman, K. L. & Komáromy, A. M. Infections of the head and ocular structures in the horse. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 22, 591–631, x–xi (2006). 106. Gere, I. & Dixon, P. M. Post mortem survey of peripheral dental caries in 510 Swedish horses. Equine Vet. J. 42, 310–315 (2010). 107. Gerlach, K., Ludewig, E., Brehm, W., Gerhards, H. & Delling, U. Magnetic resonance imaging of pulp in normal and diseased equine cheek teeth. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 54, 48–53 (2012). 108. Graham, B. P. Dental care in the older horse. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 18, 509–522 (2002). 109. Greene, S. K. Equine dental advances. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 17, 319 – 334 (2001). 110. Griffin, C. The gold standard of dental care: the juvenile horse. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 487–504, vii–viii (2013). 111. Hart, S. K. & Sullins, K. E. Evaluation of a novel post operative treatment for sinonasal disease in the horse (1996-2007). Equine Vet. J. 43, 24–29 (2011). 112. Häussler, S., Lüpke, M., Seifert, H. & Staszyk, C. A reliable measuring method for heat transfer in equine cheek teeth. Wien. Tierarztl. Monatsschr. 100, 171–180 (2013). 113. Hawkes, C. S., Easley, J., Barakzai, S. Z. & Dixon, P. M. Treatment of oromaxillary fistulae in nine standing horses (2002-2006). Equine Vet. J. 40, 546–551 (2008). 114. Henninger, W. et al. CT features of alveolitis and sinusitis in horses. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 44, 269– 276 (2000). 115. Huggons, N. a., Bell, R. J. W. & Puchalski, S. M. Radiography and Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Nonneoplastic Equine Mandibular Disease. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 52, 53 – 60 (2011). 116. Huthmann, S., Gasse, H., Jacob, H.-G., Rohn, K. & Staszyk, C. Biomechanical evaluation of equine masticatory action: position and curvature of equine cheek teeth and age-related changes. Anat. Rec. 291, 565–570 (2008). 117. Huthmann, S., Staszyk, C., Jacob, H.-G., Rohn, K. & Gasse, H. Measurement of the curve of Spee in horses. J. Vet. Dent. 26, 216 – 218 (2009). 118. Huthmann, S., Staszyk, C., Jacob, H.-G., Rohn, K. & Gasse, H. Biomechanical evaluation of the equine masticatory action: calculation of the masticatory forces occurring on the cheek tooth battery. J. Biomech. 42, 67–70 (2009). 119. Ireland, J. L. et al. Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases. Equine Vet. J. 44, 101–106 (2012). 120. Ireland, J. L. et al. Comparison of owner-reported health problems with veterinary assessment of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet. J. 44, 94–100 (2012). 121. Ireland, J. L., McGowan, C. M., Clegg, P. D., Chandler, K. J. & Pinchbeck, G. L. A survey of health care and disease in geriatric horses aged 30 years or older. Vet. J. 192, 57–64 (2012). 122. Jarvis, N. G. Nutrition of the aged horse. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 25, 155–166, viii (2009). 123. Johnson, P. J., LaCarrubba, a. M., Messer, N. T. & Turnquist, S. E. Ulcerative glossitis and gingivitis associated with foxtail grass awn irritation in two horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 24, 182–186 (2012). 124. Johnson, T. J. Surgical Removal of Mandibular Periostitis ( Bone Spurs ) Caused by Bit Damage. in Proc. AAEP 48, 458–462 (2002). 125. Kempson, S. a., Davidson, M. E. B. & Dacre, I. T. The effect of three types of rasps on the occlusal surface of equine cheek teeth: a scanning electron microscopic study. J. Vet. Dent. 20, 19 – 27 (2003). 126. Kilic, S., Dixon, P. M. & Kempson, S. a. A light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of calcified dental tissues on horses: 4. Cement and the amelocemental junction. Equine Vet. J. 29, 213–9 (1997). 127. Kilic, S., Dixon, P. M. & Kempson, S. a. A light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of calcified dental tissues of horses: 1. The occlusal surface and enamel thickness. Equine Vet. J. 29, 190–7 (1997). 128. Kilic, S., Dixon, P. M. & Kempson, S. a. A light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of calcified dental tissues of horses: 2. Ultrastructural enamel findings. Equine Vet. J. 29, 198–205 (1997). 129. Kilic, S., Dixon, P. M. & Kempson, S. a. A light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of calcified dental tissues of horses: 3. Dentine. Equine Vet. J. 29, 206–12 (1997). 130. Kirkland, K. D., Baker, G. J., Marretta, S. M., Eurell, J. A. C. & Losonsky, J. M. Effects of aging on the endodontic system, reserve crown,, and roots of equine mandibular cheek teeth. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57, 31 – 38 (1996). 131. Klugh, D. O. Intraoral Radiology in Equine Dental Disease. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 4, 162–170 (2005). 132. Klugh, D. O. Acrylic bite plane for treatment of malocclusion in a young horse. J. Vet. Dent. 21, 84 – 87 (2004). 133. Klugh, D. O. Equine Periodontal Disease. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 4, 135–147 (2005). 134. Kopke, S., Angrisani, N. & Staszyk, C. The dental cavities of equine cheek teeth: three-dimensional reconstructions based on high resolution micro-computed tomography. BMC Vet. Res. 8, 173 (2012). 135. Kreutzer, R. et al. Dental benign cementomas in three horses. Vet. Pathol. 44, 533–6 (2007). 136. Lane, J. G., Gibbs, C., Meynink, S. E. & Steele, F. C. Radiographic examination of the facial, nasal and paranasal sinus regions of the horse: I. indications and procedures in 235 cases. Equine Vet. J. 19, 466– 473 (1987). 137. Linkous, M. B. Performance Dentistry and Equilibration. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 4, 124–134 (2005). 138. Lundström, T. S., Dahlén, G. G. & Wattle, O. S. Caries in the infundibulum of the second upper premolar tooth in the horse. Acta Vet. Scand. 49, 10 (2007). 139. Lüpke, M., Gardemin, M., Kopke, S., Seifert, H. & Staszyk, C. Finite element analysis of the equine periodontal ligament under masticatory loading. Wien. Tierarztl. Monatsschr. 97, 101–106 (2010). 140. Magne, D., Guicheux, J., Weiss, P., Pilet, P. & Daculsi, G. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopic investigation of the organic and mineral constituents of peritubular dentin: a horse study. Calcif. Tissue Int. 71, 179–85 (2002). 141. Marshall, R., Shaw, D. J. & Dixon, P. M. A study of sub-occlusal secondary dentine thickness in overgrown equine cheek teeth. Vet. J. 193, 53–7 (2012). 142. Masey O’Neill, H. V, Keen, J. & Dumbell, L. A comparison of the occurrence of common dental abnormalities in stabled and free-grazing horses. Animal 4, 1697–701 (2010). 143. Masset, A., Staszyk, C. & Gasse, H. The blood vessel system in the periodontal ligament of the equine cheek teeth--part I: The spatial arrangement in layers. Ann. Anat. 188, 529–533 (2006). 144. Masset, A., Staszyk, C. & Gasse, H. The blood vessel system in the periodontal ligament of the equine cheek teeth--part II: The micro-architecture and its functional implications in a constantly remodelling system. Ann. Anat. 188, 535–539 (2006). 145. McCann, J. L., Dixon, P. M. & Mayhew, I. G. Clinical anatomy of the equine sphenopalatine sinus. Equine Vet. J. 36, 466–472 (2004). 146. Mendez-Angulo, J. L., Tatarniuk, D. M., Ruiz, I. & Ernst, N. Extensive Rostral Mandibulectomy for Treatment of Ameloblastoma in a Horse. Vet. Surg. 43, 222–226 (2014). 147. Mensing, N. et al. Isolation and characterization of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from the gingiva and the periodontal ligament of the horse. BMC Vet. Res. 7, 42 (2011). 148. Menzies, R. Oral examination and charting: setting the basis for evidence-based medicine in the oral examination of equids. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 325–43, v–vi (2013). 149. Minghella, E. & Auckburally, a. A preventive multimodal analgesic strategy for bilateral rostral mandibulectomy in a horse. Equine Vet. Educ. 26, 66–71 (2014). 150. Mira, M. C. De, Ragle, C. A., Gablehouse, K. B. & Tucker, R. L. Endoscopic removal of a molariform supernumerary intranasal tooth (heterotopic polydontia) in a horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 231, 1374 – 1377 (2007). 151. Mitchell, S. R., Kempson, S. a. & Dixon, P. M. Structure of peripheral cementum of normal cheek teeth. J. Vet. Dent. 20, 199 – 208 (2003). 152. Morello, S. L. & Parente, E. J. Laser vaporization of the dorsal turbinate as an alternative method of accessing and evaluating the paranasal sinuses. Vet. Surg. 39, 891–899 (2010). 153. Morrow, K. L., Park, R. D., Spurgeon, T. L., Stashak, T. S. & Arceneaux, B. Computed tomographic imaging of the equine head. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 41, 491–497 (2000). 154. Muylle, S., Simoens, P. & Lauwers. Tubular Contents of Equine Dentin : A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. J. Vet. Med. Ser. A 47, 321–330 (2000). 155. Muylle, S., Simoens, P. & Lauwers, H. The distribution of intratubular dentine in equine incisors: a scanning electron microscopic study. Equine Vet. J. 33, 65–9 (2001). 156. Muylle, S., Simoens, P. & Lauwers, H. The dentinal structure of equine incisors: a light and scanning electron-microscopic study. Cells. Tissues. Organs 167, 273–84 (2000). 157. O’Leary, J. M., Barnett, T. P., Parkin, T. D. H., Dixon, P. M. & Barakzai, S. Z. Pulpar temperature changes during mechanical reduction of equine cheek teeth: comparison of different motorised dental instruments, duration of treatments and use of water cooling. Equine Vet. J. 45, 355–360 (2013). 158. O’Leary, J. M. & Dixon, P. M. A review of equine paranasal sinusitis. Aetiopathogenesis, clinical signs and ancillary diagnostic techniques. Equine Vet. Educ. 23, 148–159 (2011). 159. O’Neill, H. D., Boussauw, B., Bladon, B. M. & Fraser, B. S. Extraction of cheek teeth using a lateral buccotomy approach in 114 horses (1999-2009). Equine Vet. J. 43, 348–353 (2011). 160. O’Neill, H. D., Garcia-Pereira, F. L. & Mohankumar, P. S. Ultrasound-guided injection of the maxillary nerve in the horse. Equine Vet. J. 46, 180–4 (2014). 161. Pearson, E. G., Snyder, S. P. & Saulez, M. N. Masseter myodegeneration as a cause of trismus or dysphagia in adult horses. Vet. Rec. 156, 642 – 646 (2005). 162. Perkins, J. D., Bennett, C., Windley, Z. & Schumacher, J. Comparison of sinoscopic techniques for examining the rostral maxillary and ventral conchal sinuses of horses. Vet. Surg. 38, 607–612 (2009). 163. Perkins, J. D., Windley, Z., Dixon, P. M., Smith, M. & Barakzai, S. Z. Sinoscopic treatment of rostral maxillary and ventral conchal sinusitis in 60 horses. Vet. Surg. 38, 613–619 (2009). 164. Prichard, M. A., Hackett, R. P. & Erb, H. N. Long-term outcome of tooth repulsion in horses: a retrospective study of 61 cases. Vet. Surg. 21, 145 – 149 (1992). 165. Probst, A., Henninger, W. & Willmann, M. Communications of Normal Nasal and Paranasal Cavities in Computed Tomography of Horses. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 46, 44–48 (2005). 166. Quinn, G. C., Kidd, J. a & Lane, J. G. Modified frontonasal sinus flap surgery in standing horses: surgical findings and outcomes of 60 cases. Equine Vet. J. 37, 138–142 (2005). 167. Quinn, G. C., Tremaine, W. H. & Lane, J. G. Supernumerary cheek teeth (n = 24): clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and outcome in 15 horses. Equine Vet. J. 37, 505–509 (2005). 168. Ralston, S. L., Foster, D. L., Divers, T. & Hintz, H. F. Effect of dental correction on feed digestibility in horses. Equine Vet. J. 33, 390–3 (2001). 169. Ramzan, P. H. L., Dixon, P. M., Kempson, S. A. & Rossdale, P. D. Dental dysplasia and oligodontia in a Thoroughbred colt. Equine Vet. J. 33, 99–104 (2001). 170. Ramzan, P. H. L. & Palmer, L. The incidence and distribution of peripheral caries in the cheek teeth of horses and its association with diastemata and gingival recession. Vet. J. 190, 90–93 (2011). 171. Ramzan, P. H. L. & Palmer, L. Occlusal fissures of the equine cheek tooth: prevalence, location and association with disease in 91 horses referred for dental investigation. Equine Vet. J. 42, 124–128 (2010). 172. Ramzan, P. H. L. & Payne, R. J. Periapical dental infection with nasolacrimal involvement in a horse. Vet. Rec. 156, 184 – 185 (2005). 173. Ramzan, P. H. L. Cheek tooth malocclusions and periodontal disease. Equine Vet. Educ. 22, 445–450 (2010). 174. Ramzan, P. H. L. The need for chemical restraint while performing routine dental procedures using a full-mouth speculum : a retrospective study of 581 examinations. Equine Vet. Educ. 14, 30–32 (2002). 175. Ramzan, P. H. L. Oral endoscopy as an aid to diagnosis of equine cheek tooth infections in the absence of gross oral pathological changes: 17 cases. Equine Vet. J. 41, 101–106 (2009). 176. Ramzan, P. H. L., Palmer, L., Barquero, N. & Newton, J. R. Chronology and sequence of emergence of permanent premolar teeth in the horse: Study of deciduous premolar “cap” removal in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet. J. 41, 107–111 (2009). 177. Ramzan, P. H. L., Dallas, R. S. & Palmer, L. Extraction of fractured cheek teeth under oral endoscopic guidance in standing horses. Vet. Surg. 40, 586–589 (2011). 178. Rawlinson, J. T. & Earley, E. Advances in the treatment of diseased equine incisor and canine teeth. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 411–440, vi–vii (2013). 179. Robert, M. P., Gangl, M. C. & Lepage, O. M. A case of facial deformity due to bilateral developmental maxillary cheek teeth displacement in an adult horse. Can. Vet. J. 51, 1152 – 1156 (2010). 180. Rodrigues, J. B., Dixon, P. M., Bastos, E., San Roman, F. & Viegas, C. A clinical survey on the prevalence and types of cheek teeth disorders present in 400 Zamorano-Leonés and 400 Mirandês donkeys (Equus asinus). Vet. Rec. 173, 581 (2013). 181. Rodrigues, J. B., Sanroman-Llorens, F., Bastos, E., San Roman, F. & Viegas, C. a. Polyodontia in donkeys. Equine Vet. Educ. 25, 363–367 (2013). 182. Rodrigues, J. B. et al. A Clinical Survey Evaluating the Prevalence of Incisor Disorders in ZamoranoLeones and Mirandes Donkeys (Equus asinus). J. Equine Vet. Sci. 33, 710–718 (2013). 183. Ruggles, a J., Ross, M. W. & Freeman, D. E. Endoscopic examination and treatment of paranasal sinus disease in 16 horses. Vet. Surg. 22, 508–514 (1993). 184. Ruggles, A. J., Ross, M. W. & Freeman, D. E. Endoscopic examination of normal paranasal sinuses in horses. Vet. Surg. 20, 418 – 423 (1991). 185. Schumacher, J. I. M., Dutton, D. M., Murphy, D. J., Hague, B. A. & Taylor, T. E. X. S. Paranasal Sinus Surgery Through a Frontonasal Flap in sedated, standing horses. Vet. Surg. 29, 173–177 (2000). 186. Schumacher, J. & Perkins, J. Surgery of the Paranasal Sinuses Performed with the Horse Standing. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 4, 188–194 (2005). 187. Selberg, K. & Easley, J. T. Advanced imaging in equine dental disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 397–409, vi (2013). 188. Shaw, D. J., Dacre, I. T. & Dixon, P. M. Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in the horse: 2. Quantitative measurements in normal equine dentine. Vet. J. 178, 321–332 (2008). 189. Siciliano, P. D. Nutrition and feeding of the geriatric horse. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 18, 491– 508 (2002). 190. Simhofer, H., Griss, R. & Zetner, K. The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses. Vet. J. 178, 396–404 (2008). 191. Simhofer, H., Niederl, M., Anen, C., Rijkenhuizen, A. & Peham, C. Kinematic analysis of equine masticatory movements: comparison before and after routine dental treatment. Vet. J. 190, 49–54 (2011). 192. Simhofer, H., Stoian, C. & Zetner, K. A long-term study of apicoectomy and endodontic treatment of apically infected cheek teeth in 12 horses. Vet. J. 178, 411–418 (2008). 193. Staszyk, C. & Gasse, H. Oxytalan fibres in the periodontal ligament of equine molar cheek teeth. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 33, 17–22 (2004). 194. Staszyk, C. & Gasse, H. Primary culture of fibroblasts and cementoblasts of the equine periodontium. Res. Vet. Sci. 82, 150–157 (2007). 195. Staszyk, C. & Bienert-Zeit, A. The equine periodontium: the (re)model tissue. Vet. J. 194, 280–281 (2012). 196. Staszyk, C., Bienert, A., Bäumer, W., Feige, K. & Gasse, H. Simulation of local anaesthetic nerve block of the infraorbital nerve within the pterygopalatine fossa: anatomical landmarks defined by computed tomography. Res. Vet. Sci. 85, 399–406 (2008). 197. Staszyk, C., Bienert, A., Kreutzer, R., Wohlsein, P. & Simhofer, H. Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis. Vet. J. 178, 372–379 (2008). 198. Staszyk, C. & Gasse, H. Distinct fibro-vascular arrangements in the periodontal ligament of the horse. Arch. Oral Biol. 50, 439–447 (2005). 199. Staszyk, C. & Gasse, H. A simple fluorescence labeling method to visualize the three-dimensional arrangement of collagen fibers in the equine periodontal ligament. Ann. Anat. 186, 149–152 (2004). 200. Staszyk, C., Lehmann, F., Bienert, A., Ludwig, K. & Gasse, H. Measurement of masticatory forces in the horse. Pferdeheilkunde 22, 12–16 (2006). 201. Staszyk, C., Wulff, W., Jacob, H.-G. & Gasse, H. Collagen fiber architecture of the periodontal ligament in equine cheek teeth. J. Vet. Dent. 23, 143–147 (2006). 202. Steenkamp, G., Olivier-Carstens, A., van Heerden, W. F. P., Crossley, D. a & Boy, S. C. In vitro comparison of three materials as apical sealants of equine premolar and molar teeth. Equine Vet. J. 37, 133–136 (2005). 203. Steinbach, T. J., Reischauer, a, Kunkemöller, I. & Mense, M. G. An oral choristoma in a foal resembling hairy polyp in humans. Vet. Pathol. 41, 698–700 (2004). 204. Swerczek, T. W., Lieto, L. D. & Cothran, E. G. Developmental defects of enamel in American Saddlebred foals with epitheliogenesis imperfecta. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 24, 386–390 (2004). 205. Sykora, S. et al. Isolation of Treponema and Tannerella spp. from equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis related periodontal disease. Equine Vet. J. 46, 358–363 (2014). 206. Tatarniuk, D. M., Bell, C. & Carmalt, J. L. A description of the relationship between the nasomaxillary aperture and the paranasal sinus system of horses. Vet. J. 186, 216–220 (2010). 207. Taylor, L. & Dixon, P. M. Equine idiopathic cheek teeth fractures: Part 2: A practice-based survey of 147 affected horses in Britain and Ireland. Equine Vet. J. 39, 322–326 (2007). 208. Tell, A., Egenvall, A., Lundström, T. & Wattle, O. The prevalence of oral ulceration in Swedish horses when ridden with bit and bridle and when unridden. Vet. J. 178, 405–10 (2008). 209. Tessier, C. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging features of sinonasal disorders in horses. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 54, 54–60 (2013). 210. Toit, N. Du, Bezensek, B. & Dixon, P. M. Comparison of the microhardness of enamel , primary and regular secondary dentine of the incisors of donkeys and horses. Vet. Rec. 162, 272 – 275 (1999). 211. Toit, N. Du, Burden, F. a., Kempson, S. a. & Dixon, P. M. Pathological investigation of caries and occlusal pulpar exposure in donkey cheek teeth using computerised axial tomography with histological and ultrastructural examinations. Vet. J. 178, 387–395 (2008). 212. Townsend, N. B., Hawkes, C. S., Rex, R., Boden, L. a & Barakzai, S. Z. Investigation of the sensitivity and specificity of radiological signs for diagnosis of periapical infection of equine cheek teeth. Equine Vet. J. 43, 170–8 (2011). 213. Townsend, N. B., Dixon, P. M. & Barakzai, S. Z. Evaluation of the long-term oral consequences of equine exodontia in 50 horses. Vet. J. 178, 419–424 (2008). 214. Tremaine, H. A modern approach to equine dentistry 3. Imaging. In Pract. 34, 114–127 (2012). 215. Tremaine, H. & Casey, M. A modern approach to equine dentistry 1. Oral examination. In Pract. 34, 2– 10 (2012). 216. Tremaine, H. & Pearce, C. A modern approach to equine dentistry 4. Routine treatments. In Pract. 34, 330–347 (2012). 217. Tremaine, H. Advances in the treatment of diseased equine cheek teeth. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 29, 441–65, vii (2013). 218. Tremaine, W. H. & Dixon, P. M. A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 1: details of horses, historical, clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings. Equine Vet. J. 33, 274–282 (2001). 219. Tremaine, W. H. & Dixon, P. M. A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 2: treatments and results of treatments. Equine Vet. J. 33, 283–289 (2001). 220. Tremaine, W. H. & McCluskie, L. K. Removal of 11 incompletely erupted, impacted cheek teeth in 10 horses using a dental alveolar transcortical osteotomy and buccotomy approach. Vet. Surg. 39, 884–890 (2010). 221. Tremaine, W. H. Local analgesic techniques for the equine head. Equine Vet. Educ. 19, 495–503 (2007). 222. Tremaine, W. H. Dental Endoscopy in the Horse. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 4, 181–187 (2005). 223. van den Enden, M. S. D. & Dixon, P. M. Prevalence of occlusal pulpar exposure in 110 equine cheek teeth with apical infections and idiopathic fractures. Vet. J. 178, 364–371 (2008). 224. Veraa, S., Voorhout, G. & Klein, W. R. Computed tomography of the upper cheek teeth in horses with infundibular changes and apical infection. Equine Vet. J. 41, 872–876 (2009). 225. Walker, H. et al. Prevalence and some clinical characteristics of equine cheek teeth diastemata in 471 horses examined in a UK first-opinion equine practice (2008 to 2009). Vet. Rec. 171, 44 (2012). 226. Warhonowicz, M., Staszyk, C. & Gasse, H. Immunohistochemical detection of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in the periodontal ligament of equine cheek teeth. Tissue Cell 39, 369–376 (2007). 227. Warhonowicz, M., Staszyk, C., Rohn, K. & Gasse, H. The equine periodontium as a continuously remodeling system: morphometrical analysis of cell proliferation. Arch. Oral Biol. 51, 1141–1149 (2006). 228. Weller, R. et al. Comparison of radiography and scintigraphy in the diagnosis of dental disorders in the horse. Equine Vet. J. 33, 49–58 (2001). 229. White, C. & Dixon, P. M. A study of the thickness of cheek teeth subocclusal secondary dentine in horses of different ages. Equine Vet. J. 42, 119–23 (2010). 230. Widmer, A. et al. Bilateral iatrogenic maxillary fracture after dental treatment in two aged horses. J. Vet. Dent. 27, 160 – 162 (2010). 231. Williams, J., Parrot, R. & Da Mata, F. Effect of manual and motorized dental rasping instruments on Thoroughbred’s heart rate and behavior. J. Vet. Behav. Clin. Appl. Res. 7, 149–156 (2012). 232. Wilson, G. J. Commissurotomy for oral access and tooth extraction in a dwarf miniature pony. J. Vet. Dent. 29, 250 – 252 (2012). 233. Wilson, G. J. & Walsh, L. J. Temperature changes in dental pulp associated with use. Aust. Vet. J. 83, 75–77 (2005). 234. Windley, Z., Weller, R., Tremaine, W. H. & Perkins, J. D. Two- and three-dimensional computed tomographic anatomy of the enamel, infundibulae and pulp of 126 equine cheek teeth. Part 1: Findings in teeth without macroscopic occlusal or computed tomographic lesions. Equine Vet. J. 41, 433–440 (2009). 235. Windley, Z., Weller, R., Tremaine, W. H. & Perkins, J. D. Two- and three-dimensional computed tomographic anatomy of the enamel, infundibulae and pulp of 126 equine cheek teeth. Part 2: Findings in teeth with macroscopic occlusal or computed tomographic lesions. Equine Vet. J. 41, 441–447 (2009).