Mitigation Measures Recommended to Reduce Immediate Threats in Protection of Civilian
Areas
This matrix summarizes major infrastructure and site-planning concerns that require immediate attention and mitigation measures to reduce the risks of major
threats. The matrix does not summarize all Sphere or UNHCR standards in Camp Management, nor does it refer to all the necessary actions of humanitarian
actors to address the health and protection risks of IDPs seeking security in the PoCs. Further, this document does not address ‘Security’ needs in the PoC – it is
merely to support strategic decisions in risk management at the UNMISS and PoC levels to ensure that serious threats to the lives of IDPs, Humanitarian actors,
and UNMISS forces have been integrated into decision-making.
Threat
A. Fire and firerelated deaths and
injuries including
suffocation,
trampling, and 3rd
degree burns
B. Disease: cholera,
diarrhea,
meningitis, acute
respiratory
infections,
tuberculosis,
typhoid, worms,
scabies – Risk of
outbreak rising
during rainy season
Risk Factors in PoCs
Current PoC Situation
Minimum Relevant
Standard
Immediate Mitigation
Measures
2-9 m2 per person in most
congested PoCs (Tomping,
Bor, Malakal)
Range: 0-0.5m distance
between shelters in most
congested PoCs
Less than 10% of the total
space for pathways and
road access
30m2 per resident in the
PoC (UNHCR minimum
for transit centres)
Distance of 2x the height
of the shelter between
each shelter/plot
20-25% of PoC space for
pathways and road access
Lack of designated cooking areas
Cooking around shelters
Charcoal/wood burning
Congested PoCs and shelter
spaces
Congested household shelter
spaces
Same as above
Designated communal
cooking areas in each
block of shelters
Same as above
Minimum 20 m2 assuming proper
disaster risk management
planning
Minimum 2m between shelter
structures (instead of 4m
standard)
Map ‘shelter blocks’ (max 50 HH)
and create 3m access road
divisions for evacuation, drainage
and emergency access in fire
Assign designated communal
cooking areas with sand buckets
and cooking area rules
Same as above
Severe congestion in PoCs
Congested shelter and
inadequate site planning –
shelters too close together
Lack of access roads to serve as
fire breaks and designated
evacuation routes
Inadequate drainage systems
Pit latrines – likelihood of mixing
black water and rainwater –
spreading into PoC residential
area
Approximately 75%
households not meeting
minimum standards for
shelter coverage area
IDPs in drain areas and
congestion limiting
drainage capabilities
Open pit latrines with most
PoCs aiming for 20-50
persons per latrine
3.5m2 shelter area per
person in household
Adequate to keep water
running out of site to
prevent build up and
flooding
20 persons per latrine
2m2 covered area per person per
household assuming
systematically externalized space
for cooking and bathing
WASH sector actors with military
engineers to assess based on site
topography within space
capabilities
Sealed pit latrines with frequent
dislodging – high resource
consumption and needs
redundancy for break-downs
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Threat
Risk Factors in PoCs
Lack of systematic chlorination of
all water in PoCs (drinking,
cleaning, bathing)
C. Protection Threats
including physical
harm, crowd
control, genderbased violence,
child abuse and
exploitation
Solid waste build-up in the PoC or
close-by attracting rodent and
other disease vectors
Insufficient facilities, open spaces
and protected in-site zones for
specific persons and needs
Insufficient lighting around public
facilities
Current PoC Situation
Some PoCs now
chlorinating water
(Malakal, Bor now
chlorinating)
Trucking out via tractors
and/or lorries
Limited space for health,
education, WASH,
distribution and child
friendly spaces
No lighting for most public
latrines, etc.
Minimum Relevant
Standard
Immediate Mitigation
Measures
15 litres per person per
day of chlorinated water
Install source chlorination water
systems to assure only
chlorinated water in PoCs
Up to 10 litres of solid
waste per household per
day for removal
15-20% of the site
dedicated to open spaces
and public facilities
(UNHCR standards)
Lighting around latrines,
cooking and bathing
areas, and on pathways
to create safe walking
areas
Assure tractors and back-up
vehicles for removal and dump
sufficient distance from PoC
Designate adequate space and
rapidly install facilities or
infrastructure to ensure proper
crowd control
Install solar or electric lighting for
key points, including flood
lighting of public facilities and
open spaces
Other measures necessary to mitigate major disasters in the PoCs – these activities should be managed by humanitarian actors (site management agency) in
coordination with UNMISS. Although UNMISS will not manage the IDP committees, this will require support, dialogue and training as needed.
1. Fire brigades and evacuation committees
a. IDP committees set-up and trained with drilling and simulation exercises for fire fighting
b. Evacuation route planned and evacuation points identified with signs
c. Simulation of evacuation drills including keeping evacuation roads clear for fire-fighting personnel
d. Regular identification of fire risk in the PoC and promotion to decrease these risks
2. WASH committees with TORs including:
a. Hygiene Promotion;
b. Control of Drainage areas – prevent families/IDPs from setting up shelter in drainage; clear drainage of refuse build-up;
c. Control of Latrine and Water systems – verify and red flag systems that need attention before they overflow/break-down; recommend suitable
locations to set up latrines that can be accessible or designed for people with disabilities (if not set up yet)
3. Protection committees:
a. Regular follow-up with specific needs groups (e.g. pregnant and lactating women, children, elderly, etc.)
b. Regular identification of protection risks and needs to improve conditions
c. Case referral system in place and monitored for functionality by protection cluster partners
d. Committee to directly address the question of combatants (even if unarmed) and ethnic/political tensions within PoCs
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