1.
Which common mineral fizzes when dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is placed on it?
1.
2.
3.
4.
calcite
feldspar
quartz
talc
2.
The two most abundant elements by mass in Earth’s crust are oxygen and
1.
2.
3.
4.
potassium
hydrogen
nitrogen
silicon
3.
Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks?
4.
1.
3.
2.
4.
Base your answer to the question on the diagram and information below.
The diagram shows a cross section of a portion of Earth's crust that has undergone
geological processes. Overturning of rock layers has not occurred. Point A represents one
location of metamorphic rock.
State the name of the rock, formed by contact metamorphism, located at A.
5.
The diagrams show how plant materials are changed into the three forms of coal by natural
processes.
By which process is anthracite coal formed from bituminous coal?
1.
2.
3.
4.
solidification
metamorphism
deposition
intrusion
6.
Which statement best describes pebbles?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pebbles are rocks that form due to melting and solidification.
Pebbles are rocks that form due to cementation and compaction.
Pebbles are sediments that weather from larger sand grains
Pebbles are sediments that range in size from 0.2 cm to 6.4 cm.
7.
Base your answer on the cross section and data table. The cross section shows a sediment-laden
river flowing into the ocean. The arrows show the direction of river flow. Different zones of
sorted sediments, A, B, C, andD, have been labeled. Sediments have been taken from these zones
and measured. The data table shows the range of sediment sizes in each zone.
The sedimentary rock, siltstone, will most likely form from sediments deposited in zone
1.
2.
3.
4.
8.
A
B
C
D
Bedrock located near Old Forge, New York, would most likely have which characteristics?
1. clastic texture consisting of angular sediments of mostly quartz and feldspar cemented
together
2. crystalline texture composed predominantly of gypsum
3. noncrystalline, glassy texture with a dark color
4. foliated texture with mica and feldspar separated into bands
9.
Base your answer to the question on the block diagram below, which shows rock units that have
not been overturned. Point A is located in the zone of contact metamorphism. A New York State
index fossil is shown in one of the rock units.
Identify the crystal size of the minerals in rhyolite and explain what this size indicates about the
rate of cooling of the magma from which it formed.
10.
Base your answer to the question on the drawings of six sedimentary rocks labeled A through F.
Most of the rocks shown were formed by
1.
2.
3.
4.
volcanic eruptions and crystallization
compaction and/or cementation
heat and pressure
melting and/or solidification
11.
Base your answer to this question on the cross section below. Rock units are labeled 1 through 8.
The line between A and A′ indicates an unconformity.
Which rock most probably formed in the contact metamorphic zone within rock unit 6?
1.
2.
3.
4.
marble
basalt
quartzite
hornfels
12.
Most New York State sandstone bedrock was formed
1.
2.
3.
4.
13.
in Earth’s interior where temperatures exceeded the melting point of quartz
on Earth’s surface from the cooling of molten lava
in a delta from sand grains deposited, buried, and cemented together by minerals
in a desert when heat and metamorphic pressure caused quartz crystals to fuse together
What is the color and type of rock that forms oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges?
1.
2.
3.
4.
light colored and igneous
light colored and sedimentary
dark colored and igneous
dark colored and sedimentary
14.
Base your answer to the question on the photographs and news article below.
FRANCONIA, N.H. — Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday to mourn
the loss of New Hampshire’s well-known symbol — the Old Man of the Mountain granite
profile.
The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its 1,200-foothigh mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell because clouds had obscured
the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the collapse Saturday morning.
The famous mountain’s history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a 40-foottall profile resembling an old man’s face, and it eventually became New Hampshire’s most
recognizable symbol.
--The Buffalo News, May 5, 2003
The rock of the Old Man of the Mountain most likely includes a mineral with a composition of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
NaCl
SiO2
FeS2
PbS
15.
Large crystal grains in an igneous rock indicate that the rock was formed
1.
2.
3.
4.
near the surface
under low pressure
at a low temperature
over a long period of time
16.
Base your answer to the question on the two tables below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. Table 1 shows the composition, hardness, and average density of four minerals often
used as gemstones. Table 2 lists the minerals in Moh’s Scale of Hardness from 1 (softest) to 10
(hardest).
The hardness and density of each gemstone is based primarily on the gemstone’s
1.
2.
3.
4.
internal arrangement of atoms
geologic time of formation
oxygen content
natural abundance
17.
The table shows the physical properties of nine minerals.
Which mineral is commonly found in granite?
1.
2.
3.
4.
quartz
olivine
magnetite
granite
18.
Which of the following minerals is the most resistant to being scratched?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hematite
Calcite
Orthoclase
Garnet
19.
Which material is made mostly of the mineral quartz?
1.
2.
3.
4.
20.
sulfuric acid
pencil lead
plaster of Paris
window glass
The photograph below shows an igneous rock.
What is the origin and rate of formation of this rock?
1.
2.
3.
4.
plutonic with slow cooling
plutonic with rapid cooling
volcanic with slow cooling
volcanic with rapid cooling
21.
The table below shows the hardness of four common materials.
Which statement best describes the hardness of the mineral dolomite?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dolomite can scratch window glass, but cannot be scratched by a fingernail.
Dolomite can scratch window glass, but cannot be scratched by a steel nail.
Dolomite can scratch a copper penny, but cannot be scratched by a fingernail.
Dolomite can scratch a copper penny, but cannot be scratched by a steel nail.
22.
The diagram represents a portion of Earth’s surface. Numbers 1 through 5 indicate layers of
earth material, and letters A through H indicate locations on the surface.
Which event would most likely convert the sediments in layer 5 into rock?
1.
2.
3.
4.
cementation of sediments caused by chemical processes
recrystallization due to heat from the intrusion of layer 3
rapid cooling from the contact with the ocean
heating and drying out due to rising convection currents.
23.
Which rock is only formed by regional metamorphism?
1.
2.
3.
4.
slate
hornfels
dunite
marble
24.
Base your answer to this question on the passage and map below. Point F on the map shows the
location where an unusual mammal fossil was found.
Fossil Jaw of Mammal Found in South America
Paleontologists working in Patagonia have found the tiny fossil jaw that may be the
first evidence of early mammals in South America.
The fossil, which measures less than a quarter-inch long, is believed to be from the
middle or late Jurassic Period. Researchers said it suggests that mammals developed
independently in the Southern Hemisphere.
The fossil, named Asfaltomylos patagonicus, was discovered in a shale formation in
Patagonia. Dinosaurs were the dominant land animal at that time. Mammals were tiny and
hunted insects in the dense tropical vegetation. The now-arid region also has yielded some
remarkable dinosaur fossils from the same period in a vast ancient bone yard covering
hundreds of square miles.
State the name of the dominant sediment particle that was compacted to form the shale in which
this fossil was found.
25.
Which mineral precipitates from oceans and forms rock salt?
1.
2.
3.
4.
quartz
fluorite
halite
olivine
26.
The diagram below shows magnified views of three stages of mineral crystal formation as
molten material gradually cools.
Which rock normally forms when minerals crystallize in these stages?
1.
2.
3.
4.
shale
gneiss
gabbro
breccia
27.
A human fingernail has a hardness of approximately 2.5. Which two minerals are softer than a
human fingernail?
1.
2.
3.
4.
calcite and halite
sulfur and fluorite
graphite and talc
pyrite and magnetite
28.
Which type of surface bedrock is commonly found in New York State between Elmira and
Ithaca?
1.
2.
3.
4.
granite
quartzite
shale
marble
29.
Base your answer to the question on the diagrams below. Diagram 1 is a drawing of a seafloor
environment during the Carboniferous Period. Diagram 2 is a drawing of a Carboniferous
swamp-forest environment. Two organisms are labeled A and B.
In which type of rock would fossils of organisms A and B most likely be found?
1.
2.
3.
4.
felsic igneous
vesicular igneous
clastic sedimentary
nonfoliated metamorphic
30.
Base your answer to the question on the information below.
A student on a field trip in New York State collected a sample of metamorphic bedrock
containing bands of coarse-grained crystals of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, quartz, and
mica.
List two of the chemical elements found in plagioclase feldspar.
31.
Silicate minerals contain the elements silicon and oxygen. Which list contains only silicate
minerals?
1.
2.
3.
4.
graphite, talc, and selenite gypsum
potassium feldspar, quartz, and amphibole
calcite, dolomite, and pyroxene
biotite mica, fluorite, and garnet
32.
Base your answer to the question on the information and diagram below. The diagram represents
a cliff of exposed bedrock that was investigated by an Earth science class.
After the students examined the cliff, they made three correct inferences about the geologic
history of the bedrock.
Inference 1: The shale layer is older than the basaltic intrusion.
Inference 2: The shale layer is older than the sandstone layer.
Inference 3: An unconformity exists directly under the shale layer.
Students compared samples of the granite and basalt. State one observable
characteristic other than crystal size that makes granite different from basalt.
33.
Base your answer to this question on the passage below.
Graywacke
Graywacke is a type of sandstone composed of a great variety of minerals. Unlike a
“clean” sandstone where both the sand-sized grains and cement are composed mostly of
quartz, graywacke is a “dirty” sandstone which can be composed of potassium feldspar,
plagioclase feldspar, calcite, hornblende, and augite, as well as quartz.
Graywacke can be used for paving highways. The hard, massive bedrock is first drilled
and then blasted into large chunks. Stone crushers grind these chunks into pebble-sized
pieces. Truckloads of the graywacke pebbles are then hauled to plants where asphalt for
paving is made.
State one negative environmental impact a graywacke quarry could have on the area where it is
located.
34.
Base your answer to the question on the diagram and table. The diagram represents a felsic
igneous rock. Letters A, B, and C represent three different minerals in the rock sample. The table
describes the physical properties of minerals A, B, and C found in the igneous rock sample.
State two processes responsible for the formation of an igneous rock.
35.
Which physical characteristic best describes the rock phyllite?
1.
2.
3.
4.
glassy texture with gas pockets
clastic texture with angular fragments
bioclastic texture with cemented shell fragments
foliated texture with microscopic mica crystals
36.
Base your answer to the question on the flowchart below, which shows a sequence of geologic
processes at or near Earth’s surface. Box A has been deliberately left blank. The diagrams are not
drawn to scale.
Identify by name one type of rock layer, other than sandstone, shown in the outcrop.
37.
Dolostone is classified as which type of rock?
1.
2.
3.
4.
land-derived sedimentary rock
chemically formed sedimentary rock
foliated metamorphic rock
nonfoliated metamorphic rock
38.
Base your answer on the Rock Classification Flowchart shown below. Letters A, B,
and C represent specific rocks in this classification scheme.
Granite could be placed in the same position in the flowchart above as gabbro.
Describe two differences between granite and gabbro.
39.
The photograph below shows the intergrown crystals of a pegmatite rock.
Which characteristic provides the best evidence that this pegmatite solidified deep underground?
1.
2.
3.
4.
low density
light color
felsic composition
very coarse texture
40.
Base your answer to this question on the data table below, which shows information about the
four largest asteroids found in our solar system.
The surface rocks of Vesta contain significant amounts of the mineral pyroxene. If rocks on
Vesta are similar to rocks on Earth, which two igneous rocks would most likely be found on the
surface of Vesta?
1.
2.
3.
4.
basalt and scoria
dunite and granite
peridotite and pumice
rhyolite and pegmatite
41.
Which element is most abundant in Earth’s lithosphere?
1.
2.
3.
4.
oxygen
silicon
hydrogen
nitrogen
42.
Which of the following minerals has metallic luster, silver color, black streak, and contains iron?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Graphite
Galena
Magnetite
Pyrite
43.
Base your answer to the question on the data table below, which lists some properties of four
minerals that are used as ores of zinc (Zn).
A mineral with a hardness of 5 would scratch
1.
2.
3.
4.
all four zinc minerals in the table
zincite, but not sphalerite, smithsonite, or willemite
zincite and sphalerite, but not smithsonite or willemite
zincite, sphalerite, and smithsonite, but not willemite
44.
The size of the mineral crystals found in an igneous rock is directly related to the
1.
2.
3.
4.
density of the minerals
color of the minerals
cooling time of the molten rock
amount of sediments cemented together
45.
Base your answer on the geologic cross section. The large cone-shaped mountain on Earth’s
surface is a volcano. Letters A, B, and C represent certain rocks.
Rock B is most likely which type of igneous rock?
1.
2.
3.
4.
granite
peridotite
pegmatite
basalt
46.
Wavy bands of light and dark minerals visible in gneiss bedrock probably formed from the
1.
2.
3.
4.
47.
cementing together of individual mineral grains
cooling and crystallization of magma
evaporation of an ancient ocean
heat and pressure during metamorphism
The diagram represents a geologic cross-section.
In which location is a geologist most likely to find rock composed of intergrown crystals?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
48.
The table provides information about four common silicate materials.
Which conclusion is best supported by the information in this table?
1.
2.
3.
4.
49.
The shape of the tetrahedral unit controls the shape of the broken mineral.
The arrangement of the tetrahedral units controls the mineral breakage pattern.
The percent of shared oxygen controls the sixe of the mineral crystal.
The type of atoms present control how much oxygen is shared.
Base your answer to the question on the cross sections below, which show widely separated
outcrops at locations X, Y, and Z.
Which rock layer was formed by the compaction and cementation of particles that were all less
than 0.0004 centimeter in diameter?
1.
2.
3.
4.
red sandstone
green shale
brown siltstone
conglomerate
50.
Base your answer to this question on the chart below, which shows some physical properties of
minerals and the definitions of these properties. The letters A, B, and C indicate parts of the chart
that have been left blank. Letter C represents the name of a mineral.
Which physical property of a mineral is represented by letter A?
51.
The bedrock of the Adirondack Mountains was formed mainly by the
1.
2.
3.
4.
cementation of clastic sediments and precipitates from seawater
compaction and recrystallization of volcanic material
regional metamorphism of sedimentary and igneous rocks
contact metamorphism of unconsolidated gravels
52.
Biotite mica and muscovite mica have different chemical compositions. Compared to the magma
from which biotite mica forms, the magma from which muscovite mica forms is usually
1.
2.
3.
4.
more mafic and less dense
more mafic and more dense
more felsic and less dense
more felsic and more dense
53.
Most rocks that form from fragmental rock particles are classified as
1.
2.
3.
4.
extrusive igneous
intrusive igneous
clastic sedimentary
chemical sedimentary
54.
Base your answer on the diagram, which shows igneous rock that has undergone mainly physical
weathering into sand and mainly chemical weathering into clay.
If the igneous rock is a layer of vesicular andesite, identify three types of mineral grains that
could be found in the sand.
55.
The diagram shows a surface and cross-sectional view of a portion of Earth 15 kilometers from a
mountain range.
Which characteristic of the granite boulder would furnish the greatest amount of information
about the environment in which the granite solidified?
1.
2.
3.
4.
texture
density
hardness
color
56.
Base your answer to the question on the cross sections of three rock outcrops, A, B, and C.
Line XYrepresents a fault. Overturning has not occurred in the rock outcrops.
Which processes were primarily responsible for the formation of most of the rock in outcrop A?
1.
2.
3.
4.
melting and solidification
heating and compression
compaction and cementation
weathering and erosion
57.
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of Earth science.
Howe Caverns
Many scientists believe that the formation of the rocks in which Howe Caverns is now
found began millions of years ago. At that time, an ocean covered the eastern region of
New York State. Hundreds of feet of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) sediments were
deposited in layers along the edge of this ocean. These layers eventually formed the
sedimentary rock limestone, which makes up the walls of today’s Howe Caverns.
Much later, tectonic forces raised this region of New York State above sea level exposing
the rock to weathering and erosion. These tectonic forces cracked the thick limestone,
creating pathways for groundwater to infiltrate and gradually increase the size of the
cracks. Eventually some of the larger cracks provided pathways for the underground
stream, which carved the winding passages of Howe Caverns seen today.
State two processes that caused these sediments to become limestone.
58.
Base your answer to this question on the diagram below, which shows the results of three
different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.
The luster of this mineral could be determined by
1. using an electronic balance
2. using a graduated cylinder
3. observing how light reflects from the surface of the mineral
4. observing what happens when acid is placed on the mineral
59.
Which mineral can be found in all samples of rhyolite and andesite?
1.
2.
3.
4.
pyroxene
quartz
biotite
potassium feldspar
60.
During the intrusion of the Palisades Sill, contact metamorphism changed sandstone and shale
into
1.
2.
3.
4.
diorite
marble
limestone
hornfels
61.
Base your answer to the question on the data table below, which shows some characteristics of
four rock samples, numbered 1 through 4. Some information has been left blank.
What is the rock name of sample 2?
62.
Base your answer to this question on the passage below.
Earth’s Early Atmosphere
Early in Earth’s history, the molten outer layers of Earth released gases to form an early
atmosphere. Cooling and solidification of that molten surface formed the early lithosphere
approximately 4.4 billion years ago. Around 3.3 billion years ago, photosynthetic
organisms appeared on Earth and removed large amounts of carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere, which allowed Earth to cool even faster. In addition, they introduced oxygen
into Earth’s atmosphere, as a by-product of photosynthesis. Much of the first oxygen that
was produced reacted with natural Earth elements, such as iron, in the lithosphere and
produced new varieties of rocks and minerals. Eventually, photosynthetic organisms
produced enough oxygen so that it began to accumulate in Earth’s atmosphere. About 450
million years ago, there was enough oxygen in the atmosphere to allow for the
development of an ozone layer 30 to 50 kilometers above Earth’s surface. This layer was
thick enough to protect organisms developing on land from the ultraviolet radiation from
the Sun.
State one reason why the first rocks on Earth were most likely igneous in origin.
63.
Which characteristic is most common in sedimentary rocks?
1.
2.
3.
4.
foliation
layering
intergrown crystals
glassy texture
64.
Which minerals are found in the igneous rocks gabbro and basalt?
1.
2.
3.
4.
olivine and quartz
olivine and pyroxene
pyroxine and orthoclase
orthoclase and quartz
65.
A geologist was asked to identify two rocks composed of calcite. One rock appeared to be
sedimentary, but the other showed evidence of having undergone metamorphism. Based on this
information, the two rocks could be
1.
2.
3.
4.
quartz and limestone
gypsum and marble
limestone and marble
quartzite and gypsum
66.
Most rock gypsum is formed by the
1.
2.
3.
4.
heating of previously existing foliated bedrock
cooling and solidification of lava
compaction and cementation of shells and skeletal remains
chemical precipitation of minerals from seawater
67.
A student classified the rock below as sedimentary.
Which observation about the rock best supports this classification?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The rock is composed of several minerals.
The rock has a vesicular texture.
The rock contains fragments of other rocks.
The rock shows distorted and stretched pebbles.
68.
Analysis of a granite pebble would probably show that the pebble consists mostly of the
1.
2.
3.
4.
minerals quartz and feldspar
minerals calcite and gypsum
elements iron and magnesium
elements carbon and hydrogen
69.
The diagram represents a conglomerate rock. Some of the rock particles are labeled.
Which conclusion is best made about the rock particles?
1.
2.
3.
4.
They are the same age.
They originated from a larger mass of igneous rock.
They all contain the same minerals.
They have different origins.
70.
The table below shows some observed physical properties of a mineral.
Based on these observations, the elements that make up this mineral’s composition are
1.
2.
3.
4.
71.
sulfur and lead
sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen
oxygen, silicon, hydrogen, and magnesium
oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron
The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks when hit with a rock
hammer.
This mineral breaks in smooth, flat surfaces because it
1.
2.
3.
4.
is very hard
is very dense
contains large amounts of iron
has a regular arrangement of atoms
72.
Which rock most likely formed as a result of biologic processes?
1.
2.
3.
4.
granite
basalt
sandstone
limestone
73.
The diagrams represent five different rock samples.
If sample E were metamorphosed, it would most likely become
1.
2.
3.
4.
slate
marble
anthracite coal
metaconglomerate
74.
Which rock sample is most likely a foliated metamorphic rock?
1.
3.
2.
4.
75.
The graph below shows the hardness of four minerals.
Which mineral is hard enough to scratch calcite but is not hard enough to scratch amphibole?
1.
2.
3.
4.
muscovite mica
fluorite
olivine
graphite
76.
Base your answer to the question on the diagram below, which represents a rock composed of
cemented pebbles and sand.
Which change would most likely occur if this rock became buried deep within Earth’s crust and
was subjected to intense heat and pressure, but did not melt?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The density of the pebbles and sand would decrease.
The rock would become a plutonic rock composed mostly of quartz.
The rock would become more felsic with a higher concentration of magnesium.
The pebbles would become distorted and the sand would be recrystallized.
77.
Base your answer on the maps, which show changes in the distribution of land and water in the
Mediterranean Sea region that scientists believe took place over a period of 6 million years.
Which type of rock was precipitated from seawater as the Mediterranean Sea evaporated
between 8 million years ago and 5.5 million years ago?
1.
2.
3.
4.
rock salt
basalt
sandstone
metaconglomerate
78.
Which home-building material is made mostly from the mineral gypsum?
1.
2.
3.
4.
plastic pipes
window glass
drywall panels
iron nails
79.
The sequence of diagrams shows how coal is formed.
Describe the two processes involved in the formation of coal.
80.
The rounded pebbles of the rock in the diagram have been cemented together to form
1.
2.
3.
4.
granite, an igneous rock
conglomerate, a sedimentary rock
siltstone, a sedimentary rock
gneiss, a metamorphic rock
81.
Base your answer to this question on the passage below.
Asbestos
Asbestos is a general name given to the fibrous varieties of six naturally occurring
minerals used in commercial products. Most asbestos minerals are no longer mined due to
the discovery during the 1970s that long-term exposure to high concentrations of their
long, stiff fibers leads to health problems. Workers who produce or handle asbestos
products are most at risk, since inhaling high concentrations of airborne fibers allows the
asbestos particles to become trapped in the workers’ lungs. Chrysotile is a variety of
asbestos that is still mined because it has short, soft, flexible fibers that do not pose the
same health threat.
State one reason for the decline in global asbestos use after 1980.
82.
Base your answer to the question on the passage and cross section below, which explain how
some precious gemstones form. The cross section shows a portion of the ancient Tethys Sea,
once located between the Indian-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
Precious Gemstones
Some precious gemstones are a form of the mineral corundum, which has a hardness of
9. Corundum is a rare mineral made up of closely packed aluminum and oxygen atoms,
and its formula is Al2O3. If small amounts of chromium replace some of the aluminum
atoms in corundum, a bright-red gemstone called a ruby is produced. If traces of titanium
and iron replace some aluminum atoms, deep-blue sapphires can be produced.
Most of the world’s ruby deposits are found in metamorphic rock that is located along
the southern slope of the Himalayas, where plate tectonics played a part in ruby formation.
Around 50 million years ago, the Tethys Sea was located between what is now India and
Eurasia. Much of the Tethys Sea bottom was composed of limestone that contained the
elements needed to make these precious gemstones. The Tethys Sea closed up as the
Indian-Australian Plate pushed under the Eurasian Plate, creating the Himalayan
Mountains. The limestone rock lining the seafloor underwent metamorphism as it was
pushed deep into Earth by the Indian-Australian Plate. For the next 40 to 45 million years,
as the Himalayas rose, rubies, sapphires, and other gemstones continued to form.
Which element replaces some of the aluminum atoms, causing the bright-red color of a ruby?
83.
Which texture best describes an igneous rock that formed deep underground?
1.
2.
3.
4.
glassy
vesicular
fine grained
coarse grained
84.
Base your answer to the question on the two tables below and on your knowledge of Earth
science. Table 1 shows the composition, hardness, and average density of four minerals often
used as gemstones. Table 2 lists the minerals in Moh’s Scale of Hardness from 1 (softest) to 10
(hardest).
Which gemstone minerals contain the two most abundant elements by mass in Earth’s crust?
1. emerald and spinel
2. emerald and zircon
3. sapphire and spinel
4. sapphire and zircon
85.
Which property is most useful in mineral identification?
1.
2.
3.
4.
hardness
color
size
texture
86.
Base your answer to the question on the map below, which shows areas where certain minerals
were mined in significant amounts during 1989.
The mineral wollastonite has a hardness of 4.5 to 5. Which New York State mineral could easily
scratch wollastonite?
1.
2.
3.
4.
garnet
halite
talc
gypsum
87.
The diagram below shows a rock with deformed structure and intergrown crystals.
The rock was probably formed by
1.
2.
3.
4.
sediments that were deposited on the ocean floor
heat and pressure that changed a preexisting rock
volcanic lava that cooled on Earth’s surface
a meteor impact on Earth’s surface
88.
The geologic cross section below shows several rock units of Earth’s crust. Some rock units are
labeled Athrough E.
Which two rock units formed from sediments deposited in horizontal layers?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A and B
B and C
C and D
D and E
89.
Base your answer to the question on the drawings of six sedimentary rocks labeled A through F.
Which table shows the rocks correctly classified by texture?
1.
2.
3.
4.
90.
Which diagram best represents the model of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?
1.
2.
3.
4.
91.
The best evidence for determining the cooling rate of an igneous rock during its solidification is
provided by
1.
2.
3.
4.
index fossils
faults in the rock
the crystal size of its minerals
the disintegration of radioactive substances
92.
The diagrams below represent four rock samples. Which rock was formed by rapid cooling in a
volcanic lava flow? [The diagrams are not to scale.]
1.
3.
2.
4.
93.
An igneous rock contains large mineral crystals. The best conclusion to make about this rock is
that it
1.
2.
3.
4.
contains plagioclase and pyroxene
is felsic and has a low density
once contained small crystal which eroded
cooled slowly as it formed
94.
Which two kinds of adjoining bedrock would most likely have a zone of contact metamorphism
between them?
1.
2.
3.
4.
shale and conglomerate
shale and sandstone
limestone and sandstone
limestone and granite
95.
Base your answer to this question on the map below, which shows the generalized surface
bedrock geology of Iceland, an island located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Points A, B, C,
and D are locations on surface bedrock which is igneous in origin. Glaciers cover some surface
bedrock.
Identify one fine-grained, highly mafic, volcanic rock likely found as surface bedrock in
Iceland.
96.
Base your answer to the question on the photograph below. The photograph shows several
broken samples of the same colorless mineral.
Which mineral is most likely shown in the photograph?
1.
2.
3.
4.
quartz
calcite
galena
halite
97.
Large crystal grains in an igneous rock are an indication that the crystals formed
1.
2.
3.
4.
over a long period of time
under low pressure
near the surface of the Earth
at a low temperature
98.
Which relative concentrations of elements are found in felsic rock?
1.
2.
3.
4.
99.
a high concentration of aluminum and a low concentration of iron
a high concentration of iron and a low concentration of aluminum
a high concentration of magnesium and a low concentration of iron
a high concentration of magnesium and a low concentrate of aluminum
The diagram represents five rock samples.
The basalt was most likely formed by
1.
2.
3.
4.
heat and pressure
melting and solidification
compaction and cementation
erosion and deposition
100.
Base your answer to the question on the block diagram below, which shows bedrock
units A through F and boundary XX’.
The rock that formed in the contact metamorphic zone between rock unit E and rock unit D is
1.
2.
3.
4.
hornfels
marble
schist
anthracite coal
1. 1
51. 3
2. 4
52. 3
3. 2
53. 3
4. Constructed Response
54. Constructed Response
5. 2
55. 1
6. 4
56. 3
7. 3
57. Constructed Response
8. 4
58. 3
9. Constructed Response
59. 3
10. 2
60. 4
11. 4
61. Constructed Response
12. 3
62. Constructed Response
13. 3
63. 2
14. 2
64. 2
15. 4
65. 3
16. 1
66. 4
17. 1
67. 3
18. 4
68. 1
19. 4
69. 4
20. 4
70. 3
21. 3
71. 4
22. 1
72. 4
23. 1
73. 4
24. Constructed Response
74. 1
25. 3
75. 2
26. 3
76. 4
27. 3
77. 1
28. 3
78. 3
29. 3
79. Constructed Response
30. Constructed Response
31. 2
80. 2
81. Constructed Response
32. Constructed Response
82. Constructed Response
33. Constructed Response
83. 4
34. Constructed Response
84. 2
35. 4
85. 1
36. Constructed Response
86. 1
37. 2
87. 2
38. Constructed Response
88. 1
39. 4
89. 1
40. 1
90. 1
41. 1
91. 3
42. 3
92. 3
43. 4
93. 4
44. 3
94. 4
45. 4
95. Constructed Response
46. 4
96. 4
47. 2
97. 1
48. 2
98. 1
49. 2
99. 2
50. Constructed Response
100. 1