Remember, Science is a lot of new vocabulary. If you can define the term, you pretty much know what it is. Consider
making flash cards for these terms to quiz yourselves.
Biology Segment 1, Module 3
3.01 The Cell cycle and Mitosis
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 describe the stages of the cell cycle
 explain the process of mitosis and its role in the formation of new cells
 describe the structure of a chromosome
 follow chromosomes through the processes of mitosis and cytokinesis
The cell spends 90% of its time in Interphase, doing its ”job”.
The cell spends 10% of its time dividing.
IPMAT- This acronym can help you remember the phases of mitosis.
Remember our finger version of mitosis from Lab Day?
What controls the timing of cell division (answer from the module)?
Prokaryotes – Do not have a true nucleus. They have a mess of DNA. Bacteria
are prokaryotes.
“Eukes have Nukes” – Most cells have a true nucleus and are eukaryotes.
Define (Use your glossary icon at the top of the Module bar):
Nucleosomes
Chromatin
How many chromosomes do humans have (except reproductive cells)?
How many chromosomes will the daughter cell have?
In the stages of mitosis listed below, describe the changes occurring with the listed parts:
Prophase
Duplicated chromatin:
Centromeres:
Nuclear membrane:
Nucleolus:
Spindle fibers:
Centrioles:
Metaphase (“Middle”)
Sister chromatids:
Spindle fibers:
Anaphase (“A on its side”)
Centromeres:
Chromosomes along spindle finbers:
FLVS.net
Telophase
Chromosomes:
Nuclear membrane:
Spindle fibers:
Nucleolus:
Define:
Cytokinesis
Cell plate
Describe a difference of cytokinesis in animals and plants.
How does cancer involve cell division?
Define:
Mutation
List potential causes of cancer
1. miscopying of DNA from S phase
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cancer: Nova online link
DNA mutation > cell replication > development of tumor > breakthrough epithelial tissue basement membrane (tumor is
no longer contained) > blood vessels form to feed tumor > invasion and dispersal (metastasis) > tumors develop in other
areas of the body.
Define:
Stem cells
Differentiation
Name the 3 types of stem cells
1.
2.
3.
(Cord blood from the placenta can be harvested at birth and is rich in stem cells. Google cord blood banking if you’d like
to know more).
Name potential uses of stem cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. (many diseases)
Lesson 3.02 Meiosis
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 differentiate between body cells and gametes
 compare autosomes and sex chromosomes
 compare the two cycles of division in meiosis
 describe how haploid cells develop into gametes
 explain how crossing over during meiosis increases genetic diversity
 compare mitosis and meiosis
“OH MY-OSIS! It’s reproduction!”
Define:
Asexual reproduction
Name 3 types of asexual reproduction and an example of an organism that reproduces this way:
1.
2.
3.
Name 2 advantages of this method of reproduction
1.
2.
Name a disadvantage
1.
Define
Sexual reproduction
Alleles
Comparison Table
Type of reproduction
Number of parents
Genetic Diversity
Characteristics
Asexual reproduction
Define:
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
Homologous
Gametes
Fertilization
Zygote
How many chromosomes do human cells have (total)?
How many pairs or sets do human cells have?
Sexual reproduction
Define:
Sex chromosomes
Autosomes
Genetic diversity
Please watch “Crash Course video on Meiosis”. It is hysterical, and so very helpful!
Stages of Meiosis:
Interphase
Prophase I
Metaphase I * 4 chromosomes line up in 2 sets of 2, *crossing over, * Chromosome arrangement
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis
2 cells
Interphase II * This time, DNA does not replicate
Prophase II
Metaphase II * Chromosome arrangement, AKA Law of Independent Assortment – next lesson
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis 4 cells
How many combinations in chromosomes are possible in human fertilization (assuming 1 crossover)?
How many crossovers typically occur during one fertilization event?
Let’s compare mitosis and meiosis. (FLVS)
Event
Mitosis
Meiosis
DNA replication,
forming sister
chromatids.
Occurs during interphase before
nuclear division begins.
Occurs during interphase before nuclear
division begins.
Number of division
cycles
One, consisting of prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and
cytokinesis.
Two, each consisting of consisting of prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and
cytokinesis.
Total number of
daughter cells
Two diploid cells, genetically identical
to the parent cell.
Four haploid cells, containing half as many
chromosomes as the original parent cell.
Importance
Production of diploid body cells for
growth and repair.
Production of haploid gamete cells for sexual
reproduction.
Lesson 3.03 Mendel
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 describe the patterns of inheritance that Mendel’s data revealed
 summarize Mendel's law of segregation
 explain how there can be many variations of one gene
Define:
Polydactyl
Genetics
Cross pollination
Hybrids
Hybridization
Monohybrid cross
P generation
F 1 generation
F 2 generation
Dominant trait (Capital letter)
Recessive trait (Lower case letter)
Principle of Dominance
Law of Segregation
What were the 4 conclusions Mendel about heredity and inheritance.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.04 Heredity Patterns
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 describe how genes influence the development of traits
 describe patterns of inheritance
 describe monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
 explain how heredity can be illustrated mathematically
Define:
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Genotype
Phenotype
Punnett Square
Test Cross
Monohybrid cross (1 trait, or alleles)
Dihybrid cross (2 traits, or alleles)
We will cover this at Lab Day
FLVS.net
Important things to keep in mind:
In the case of a dihybrid cross with 16 total squares, each box represents a 1 in 16 chance, or 6.25%.
When more than one box contains the same genotype or phenotype, their percentages can be added together to
determine the probability of an offspring having that genotype of phenotype.
Genotype: 1 RRYY: 2 RRYy: 2 RrYY: 4RrYy: 1 RRyy: 2 Rryy: 1 rrYY: 2 rrYy: 1 rryy
or: 6.25% RRYY: 12.5% RRYy: 12.5% RrYY: 25% RrYy: 6.25% RRyy: 12.5% Rryy: 6.25% rrYY: 12.5% rrYy: 6.25% rryy
Phenotype: 9 round yellow: 3 round green: 3 wrinkled yellow: 1 wrinkled green
or: 56.25% round yellow: 18.75% round green: 18.75% wrinkled yellow: 6.25% wrinkled green
The majority of genes have more than 2 _____________________________.
Many important traits are controlled by more than one ______________________________.
What are the “sex” genes (they are letters) ____ ____ = female, ____ ____ = male
Multiple alleles, i.e. blood type. Type A, Type B, Type O
IA and IB are co-dominant. iO is recessive.
Polygenetic traits: Controlled by more than one gene, i.e. tongue rolling, height
Pedigree Chart:
A
C
B
Square =
Circle =
Shaded =
Line A =
Line B =
Line C =
Lesson 3.05 DNA Replication
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 describe the structure of DNA
 summarize the process of DNA replication
 describe the relationship between RNA and DNA
 explain the processes of transcription and translation
Name the accomplishments:
1865, Mendel
1903 Sutton
1911 Morgan
1928 Griffith
1944 Avery, Macleod, McCarty
1949 Chargraff
1952 Franklin
1953 Watson and Crick
2003 Venter and Collins
Define:
Nucleotides
Nitrogenous Base
Hydrogen bonding
Base pairing A-T, C-G
Complimentary
Replication
DNA replication: 1. Break H bonds, DNA polymerase joins nucleotides on complimentary strands, DNA polymerase
proofreads.
tRNA-O
The overall story:
rRNA
DNA
Nucleus
mRNA
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo
o
Ribosome
Protein (amino acid chain)
--------------------------------------- Cytoplasm -----------------------------------------------
--------------- transcription ----------------
--------------translation---------------------------
“Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids made up of nucleotides, but there are three important differences between DNA
and RNA:
1. RNA is single-stranded, and DNA is double-stranded.
2. The sugar in RNA’s nucleotides is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
3. RNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil instead of the thymine in DNA.” FLVS
Define:
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
DNA replication (like in mitosis)
DNA helicase (unzips the DNA helix)
DNA polymerase
Transcription
RNA polymerase
Translation
RNA codon (also start codon, stop codon)
Transfer RNA + anticodon
DNA- ATGC’s
RNA- AUGC’s
How many amino acids are there is all organisms?
Lesson 3.06 Introduction to Mutations
Objectives:
 Distinguish between different types of mutations
 Explain why mutations may or may not affect phenotype
 Identify internal and external factors that regulate cell division
 Explain cancer in terms of the cell cycle
Define:
Mutation
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion (a new one for me)
Translocation (actually responsible for acute leukemia)
Point mutations
Base pair substitution
Insertion
Deletion
Frame shift
Germ line mutation- a mutation that offspring inherit.
Gene expression
Mutagens
Nondisjunction
Polyploidy – Multiple copies of chromosomes in the nucleus. Normal is 2N. Polyploidy can have 4N
Cancer- “We now know that cancers can be caused by mutations in the genes that regulate growth and division in a cell.
Viral infections, exposure to smoking and chewing tobacco, radiation, and other defective genes can all be the source of
these mutations. Many cancer cells have a defect in a gene called p53, which is responsible for delaying the cell cycle
until all chromosomes are replicated. Mutations or damage to this gene make cells unable to respond to the signals that
normally control their growth and division.” FLVS
3.07 Biotechnology
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 explain how technology helps to compare and study genes and proteins
 describe what a DNA fingerprint represents
 describe the impact that DNA fingerprinting has on an individual and society
 describe the impact biotechnology makes on individuals, society, and the environment
Steps of Biotech:
1. Sequence the gene you want to insert (Target gene)
2. Cut the Target gene DNA before and after the gene with a restriction enzyme (it makes sticky ends)
3. Cut the receiving DNA with a the same restriction enzyme (it makes the same sticky ends)
4. DNA pieces combine with the enzyme DNA ligase
5. Now you have a recombinant gene
Page 2 of 3 shows a diagram of a DNA fragments on a gel being probed. You would do this if you were looking for a
specific piece of DNA from an unknown sample. (For example, I would like to know if my patient has the BRAC 1 or BRAC
2 gene. I will probe her DNA for it).
Define
Genetic engineers
DNA ligase
Recombinant DNA
Transgenic
Cloning
DNA fingerprinting
Gel electrophoresis
Forensic science
Which moves faster through a gel, a short piece or long piece of DNA?
Which charge does DNA move to, positive or negative?
3.08 Health and Genetics
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 explain how heredity and family history impact health
 explain how individual and public health are affected by environmental and genetic factors
Genetic factors – alleles passed from parents to child
Infectious disease – from pathogens (virus, bacteria, protists, fungi, parasites)
Names some ways that humans can be exposed to infectious pathogens
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name the different drug groups (from the table)