Study Guide for End of 3rd marking Period Test
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. At the beginning of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln favored
a. postponing military action as long as possible.
b. making the Civil War about ending slavery.
c. long-term enlistments for Union soldiers.
d. quick military action to show the folly of secession.
e. seizing control of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
____
2. After the Peninsula Campaign, Union strategy included all of the following except
a. cutting the Confederacy in half by seizing the Mississippi River.
b. marching through Georgia and then the Carolinas.
c. blockading the Confederacy's coastline.
d. liberating the slaves to undermine the southern economy.
e. striking deep into the Confederacy via the Appalachian Mountain chain.
____
3. Britain did not protest too loudly against the Union naval blockade of the Confederacy because
a. Britain might want to use a similar blockade in a future war.
b. the British government clearly supported the Union.
c. it would have been useless to try to run the blockade.
d. profits were not high enough to justify the risk.
e. the blockade did not cut off cotton shipments.
____
4. The most serious Confederate threat to the Union blockade came from
a. British navy vessels on loan to the South.
b. swift blockade-running steamers.
c. the threat of mutiny from pro-southern sailors.
d. the Confederate cruiser Alabama.
e. the ironclad Merrimack (renamed the Virginia).
____
5. In the 1864 election, Abraham Lincoln's running mate was
a. Salmon P. Chase.
b. Wendell Phillips.
c. William Tecumseh Sherman.
d. Stephen A. Douglas.
e. Andrew Johnson.
____
6. General Ulysses S. Grant's basic strategy in the Civil War involved
a. using long-range artillery assaults.
b. striking tactically from the flanks.
c. assailing the enemy's armies simultaneously and directly.
d. destroying the enemy's economy and undermining civilian morale.
e. surrounding enemy armies for a long siege.
____
7. At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners
a. reluctantly supported the federal government.
b. were ready to plan a future uprising against the United States.
c. declared themselves citizens of their states but not of the United States.
d. asked for pardons so that they could once again hold political office and vote.
e. still believed that their view of secession was correct and their cause was just.
____
8. In 1865, Southern
a. whites quickly admitted they had been wrong in trying to secede and win Southern
independence.
b. whites rapidly turned their slaves into paid employees.
c. blacks uniformly turned in anger and revenge against their former masters.
d. blacks often began traveling to test their freedom, search for family members, and seek
economic opportunity.
e. blacks looked to the federal government for help.
____
9. The main purpose of the Black Codes was to
a. guarantee freedom for the blacks.
b. ensure a stable and subservient labor supply.
c. prevent interracial sex and marriage.
d. prevent blacks from becoming sharecroppers.
e. create a system of justice for ex-slaves.
____ 10. The Black Codes provided for all of the following except
a. a ban on jury service by blacks.
b. a restriction against black migration from the South.
c. a bar on blacks from renting land.
d. punishment of blacks for idleness.
e. fines for blacks who jumped labor contracts.
____ 11. The incident that caused the clash between Congress and President Johnson to explode into the open was
a. passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.
b. the creation of the sharecropping system.
c. the attempt to pass the Fourteenth Amendment.
d. the South's regaining control of the Senate.
e. Johnson's veto of the bill to extend the Freedmen's Bureau.
____ 12. The first and only ex-Confederate state to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866 and thus be immediately
readmitted to the Union under congressional Reconstruction was
a. Virginia.
b. Arkansas.
c. Louisiana.
d. Tennessee.
e. West Virginia.
____ 13. The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed
a. citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves.
b. land for former slaves.
c. voting rights for former Confederates who had previously served in the U.S. Army.
d. freed slaves the right to vote.
e. education to former slaves.
____ 14. Johnson's veto of the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 prompted Congress to seek passage of
a. the Thirteenth Amendment.
b. an extension of the Freedmen's Bureau.
c. an act to overturn the Black Codes.
d. the Fourteenth Amendment.
e. articles of impeachment against Johnson.
____ 15. Radical congressional Reconstruction of the South finally ended when
a. the South accepted the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.
b. the last federal troops were removed in 1877.
c. President Johnson was not reelected in 1868.
d. the Supreme Court ruled in Ex parte Milligan that military tribunals could not try
civilians.
e. blacks showed they could defend their rights without federal intervention.
____ 16. Blacks in the South relied on the Union League to
a. help them escape to the North during the Civil War.
b. provide them with relief payments until the Freedmen's Bureau was established.
c. educate them on their civic duties.
d. gain admittance to the Union Army.
e. protect them from the Ku Klux Klan.
____ 17. Despite opposition and ridicule, Secretary of State Seward was able to persuade Congress to purchase Alaska
partly because
a. it was suspected that there were large oil deposits there.
b. it would provide a strategic barrier against Japanese expansion.
c. Russia had been the European power most friendly to the Union during the Civil War.
d. Alaskan gold could help stabilize the American financial system.
e. there was fear that the new Dominion of Canada would seize the Russian colony.
____ 18. In 1867, Secretary of State Seward achieved the Johnson administration's greatest success in foreign relations
when he
a. commissioned the building of an all-new ironclad navy.
b. recognized the independent republic of Hawaii.
c. purchased Alaska from Russia.
d. acquired the former Dominican Republic as an American territory.
e. established friendly relations with the newly independent Dominion of Canada.
____ 19. Johnson was narrowly acquitted on the impeachment charges because
a. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton aided Johnson's defense by spying on congressional
prosecutors.
b. radical Republicans recognized that Johnson's successor would be worse.
c. many people favored destabilizing the federal government.
d. it was finally recognized that the charges were dubious and political.
e. Johnson promised to stop obstructing Republican policies.
____ 20. In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant
a. transformed his personal popularity into a large majority in the popular vote.
b. owed his victory to the votes of former slaves.
c. gained his victory by winning the votes of the majority of whites.
d. demonstrated his political skill.
e. All of these
____ 21. In an attempt to avoid prosecution for their corrupt dealings, the owners of the Crédit Mobilizer
a. left the country.
b. belatedly started to follow honest business practices.
c. used shady bookkeeping to conceal their insider financial deals.
d. tried to gain immunity by testifying before Congress.
e. bribed key congressmen by giving them shares of the company's valuable stock.
____ 22. President Ulysses S. Grant was reelected in 1872 because
a. the Democrats and Liberal Republicans could not decide on a single candidate.
b. he promised reforms in the political system.
c. he was the only candidate who enjoyed support in both the North and South.
d. the Democrats and Liberal Republicans chose the eccentric editor Horace Greeley as their
candidate.
e. of the massive support of black voters in the Reconstruction South.
____ 23. During the Gilded Age, the lifeblood of both the Democratic and the Republican parties was
a. the Grand Army of the Republic.
b. the Roman Catholic Church.
c. ideological commitment.
d. big-city political machines.
e. political patronage.
____ 24. The political base of the Democratic party in the late nineteenth century lay especially in
a. the small towns of the Northeast and the South.
b. big business and those involved in international trade.
c. Midwestern farmers.
d. the white South and big-city immigrant machines.
e. northern blacks and Asian immigrants.
____ 25. The Compromise of 1877 resulted in
a. a renewal of the Republican commitment to protect black civil rights in the South.
b. the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the South.
c. the election of a Democrat to the presidency.
d. Republican support for an inflationary silver-money policy.
e. a plan to build the first transcontinental railroad.
____ 26. The sequence of presidential terms of the "forgettable presidents" of the Gilded Age (including Cleveland's
two nonconsecutive terms) was
a. Cleveland, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Garfield.
b. Garfield, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland.
c. Cleveland, Garfield, Arthur, Hayes, Harrison, and Cleveland.
d. Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and Cleveland.
e. Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland.
____ 27. At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African Americans using
a. literacy requirements.
b. poll taxes.
c. economic intimidation.
d. lynching
e. All of these
____ 28. Blacks who violated the Jim Crow laws or other elements of the South's racial code were often subject to
a. prosecution in federal courts.
b. ostracizing by their own community.
c. criticism from both white and black churches.
d. losing their case in the Supreme Court.
e. lynching.
____ 29. Labor unrest during the Hayes administration stemmed from
a. agitation by Communist sympathizers.
b. the establishment of the Socialist party.
c. the collapse of the steel industry.
d. competition among rival unions.
e. years of depression and deflation that undermined workers' living standards.
____ 30. One of the main reasons that the Chinese came to the United States was to
a. dig for gold.
b. work on the East Coast.
c. replace the newly freed slaves in the South.
d. buy their own farms.
e. All of these
____ 31. When he was president, Grover Cleveland's strong belief in a laissez-faire approach to government gained the
support of
a. former Confederates in the South.
b. veterans of the Grand Army of the Republic.
c. farmers.
d. workers.
e. businesspeople.
____ 32. Grover Cleveland proposed to address the problem of the large federal budget surplus by
a. spending on roads, dams, and other public works.
b. providing higher pensions for all Civil War veterans both North and South.
c. cutting federal income taxes.
d. lowering the tariff.
e. distributing the surplus to the states.
____ 33. The early Populist campaign to create a coalition of white and black farmers ended in
a. a racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the South.
b. the transformation of Tom Watson into a fervent civil rights leader.
c. an alignment of wealthy Bourbon whites with moderate blacks.
d. the breakdown of segregation in areas outside southern cities.
e. the emergence of Republican political power in the South.
____ 34. The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the
a. New York Central.
b. Northern Pacific.
c. Union Pacific.
d. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe.
e. Great Northern.
____ 35. Early railroad owners formed pools in order to
a. increase competition by establishing more companies.
b. water their stock.
c. avoid competition by dividing business in a particular area.
d. share the pool of skilled labor.
e. avoid wasteful competition.
____ 36. The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of
a. Jay Gould.
b. Henry Bessemer.
c. John P. Altgeld.
d. Thomas Edison.
e. Alexander Graham Bell.
____ 37. The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew Carnegie
a. based its theology on the teachings of Jesus.
b. held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given
money.
c. stimulated efforts to help minorities.
d. was opposed by most late nineteenth century clergymen.
e. asserted that the more people prayed the better off they would become.
____ 38. Although they were commonly called "Social Darwinists," advocates of economic, national, or racial
"survival of the fittest" ideas actually drew less on biologist Charles Darwin than on
a. British laissez-faire economists like Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo.
b. German philosophers like G.W.F. Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche.
c. American literary figures like Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.
d. European scientists like Gregor Mendel and Louis Pasteur.
e. racist theorists like Arthur Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain.
____ 39. The ____ Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themselves against
regulation by state governments.
a. Fifth
b. Fourteenth
c. Fifteenth
d. Sixteenth
e. Seventeenth
____ 40. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of
a. manufacturing corporations.
b. labor unions.
c. state legislatures.
d. railroad corporations.
e. banking syndicates.
____ 41. During the age of industrialization, the South
a. took full advantage of the new economic trends.
b. received preferential treatment from the railroads.
c. turned away from agriculture.
d. held to its Old South ideology.
e. remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
____ 42. The South's major attraction for potential investors was
a. readily available raw materials.
b. a warm climate.
c. good transportation.
d. cheap labor.
e. ethnic diversity.
____ 43. One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was
a. their movement to the suburbs.
b. the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock.
c. the opportunity to relearn the ideals of Thomas Jefferson.
d. the narrowing of class divisions.
e. the encounter with other races.
____ 44. All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion except
a. a large pool of unskilled labor.
b. an abundance of natural resources.
c. American ingenuity and inventiveness.
d. immigration restrictions.
e. a political climate favoring business.
____ 45. The tremendously rapid growth of American cities in the post-Civil War decades was
a. uniquely American.
b. fueled by an agricultural system suffering from poor production levels.
c. attributable to the closing of the frontier.
d. a trend that affected Europe as well.
e. a result of natural reproduction.
____ 46. The development of electric trolleys in the late nineteenth century transformed the American city by
a. ending horse-drawn transportation in the city.
b. enabling cities to build upward as well as outward.
c. separating the mass transportation of the working class from the private vehicles of the
wealthy.
d. enabling cities to plan streets along regular grid lines.
e. creating distinct districts devoted to residential neighborhoods, commerce, and industry.
____ 47. Which one of the following has the least in common with the other four?
a. Slums
b. Dumbbell tenements
c. Bedroom communities
d. Flophouses
e. The "Lung Block"
____ 48. Most Italian immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1920 came to escape
a. political oppression.
b. famine.
c. the political disintegration of their country.
d. the military draft.
e. the poverty and backwardness of southern Italy.
____ 49. A bird of passage was an immigrant who
a. passed quickly from eastern ports to the Midwest or West.
b. only passed through America on the way to Canada.
c. came to the United States looking for a wife.
d. came to America to work for a short time and then returned to Europe.
e. flew from job to job.
____ 50. Most New Immigrants
a. eventually returned to their country of origin.
b. tried to preserve their Old Country culture in America.
c. were subjected to stringent immigration restrictions.
d. quickly assimilated into the mainstream of American life.
e. converted to mainstream Protestantism.
____ 51. By the late nineteenth century, most of the Old Immigrant groups from northern and Western Europe
a. actively promoted the idea of a multicultural America.
b. were still regarded with suspicion and hostility by the majority of native Americans.
c. had largely abandoned their ethnically based churches, clubs, and neighborhoods.
d. were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic
neighborhoods.
e. still maintained a primary loyalty to their country of origin, especially Ireland or Germany.
____ 52. New Immigrant groups were regarded with special hostility by many nativist Americans because
a. most Americans considered Italian, Greek, or Jewish culture inferior to their own.
b. many New Immigrants attempted to convert Americans to Catholicism, Orthodox
Christianity, or Judaism.
c. in many New Immigrant families, women were kept in distinctly subordinate roles.
d. New Immigrants were often more politically loyal to their homelands than to the United
States.
e. their religions were distinctly different and some New Immigrants were politically radical.
____ 53. While big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized, they proved necessary and effective
in the new urban environment because
a. they were better able to leverage grant money from the federal government.
b. they consistently upheld high ethical standards.
c. they were closely allied to other urban institutions like the church and big business.
d. they were more effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local
governments.
e. their support for the Democratic party helped to balance small-town Republican power.
____ 54. Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following except
a. opposed to factory labor.
b. used as strikebreakers.
c. willing to work for lower wages.
d. difficult to unionize.
e. non-English speaking.
____ 55. The two major sources of funding for the powerful new American research universities were
a. tuition paid by undergraduate students and fees charged to those served by the universities.
b. state land grants and wealthy, philanthropic industrialists.
c. the federal government and local communities.
d. income from successful patents and corporate research grants.
e. churches and numerous private individual donors.
____ 56. In criticizing Booker T. Washington's educational emphasis on manual labor and industrial training, W.E.B.
Du Bois emphasized instead that black education should concentrate on
a. adult education.
b. education for political action.
c. developing separate black schools and colleges.
d. primary and secondary education.
e. an intellectually gifted talented tenth.
____ 57. American newspapers expanded their circulation and public attention by
a. printing hard-hitting editorials.
b. crusading for social reform.
c. repudiating the tactics of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
d. focusing on coverage of the local community and avoiding syndicalized material.
e. printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal.
____ 58. In the course of the late nineteenth century
a. the birthrate increased.
b. the divorce rate fell.
c. family size gradually declined.
d. people tended to marry at an earlier age.
e. children were seen as a greater economic asset.
____ 59. The growing prohibition movement especially reflected the concerns of
a. the new immigrants.
b. big business.
c. the poor and working classes.
d. middle class women.
e. industrial labor unions.
____ 60. The Buffalo Soldiers were
a. U. S. Army units who survived on the plains by killing buffalo.
b. African American cavalry and soldiers who served in the frontier wars.
c. Soldiers who sought to defeat the Indians by depriving them of their primary food supply.
d. Soldiers who were killed in the Fetterman massacre.
e. Military officials who criticized George M. Custer's tactics.
____ 61. The Indians battled whites for all the following reasons except to
a. rescue their families who had been exiled to Oklahoma.
b. avenge savage massacres of Indians by whites.
c. punish whites for breaking treaties.
d. defend their lands against white invaders.
e. preserve their nomadic way of life against forced settlement.
____ 62. A new round of warfare between the Sioux and U.S. Army began in 1874 when
a. the U.S. Army decided to retaliate for the Fetterman massacre.
b. Sioux Chief Crazy Horse began an effort to drive all whites from Montana and the
Dakotas.
c. Colonel George Custer led an expedition to Little Big Horn, Montana.
d. Colonel George Custer discovered gold on Sioux land in the Black Hills.
e. the federal government announced that it was opening all Sioux lands to settlement.
____ 63. The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender
a. because they were decimated by their constant intertribal warfare.
b. when they realized that agriculture was more profitable than hunting.
c. after such famous leaders as Geronimo and Sitting Bull were killed.
d. when the army began using artillery against them.
e. by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.
____ 64. Helen Hunt Jackson's novel, Ramona, was centered around
a. the cruel mistreatment of Indians in California.
b. the cheating of Indians by federal agents on the reservations.
c. the efforts of Christian reformers to prevent the killing of Indians.
d. an Indian girl's attempt to retain her culture in an Indian boarding school.
e. the last Indian wars between the U.S. army and the Apaches in the Southwest.
____ 65. To assimilate Indians into American society, the Dawes Act did all of the following except
a. dissolve many tribes as legal entities.
b. try to make rugged individualists of the Indians.
c. wipe out tribal ownership of land.
d. promise Indians U.S. citizenship in twenty-five years.
e. outlaw the sacred Sun Dance.
____ 66. The largest single source of silver and gold in the frontier of the West was discovered in 1859 in
a. Montana.
b. the Black Hills of South Dakota.
c. California.
d. New Mexico.
e. Nevada.
____ 67. The bitter conflict between whites and Indians intensified
a. during the Civil War.
b. as a result of vigilante justice.
c. when big business took over the mining industry.
d. as the mining frontier expanded.
e. after the Battle of Wounded Knee.
____ 68. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods ____, and the price received for
these goods ____.
a. increased; decreased
b. decreased; increased
c. increased; also increased
d. decreased; also decreased
e. increased; stayed the same.
____ 69. Late-nineteenth-century farmers believed that their difficulties stemmed primarily from
a. low tariff rates.
b. overproduction.
c. a deflated currency.
d. immigration laws.
e. the federal government.
____ 70. With agricultural production rising dramatically in the post-Civil War years
a. more farmers could purchase land.
b. tenant farming spread rapidly throughout the Midwest and South.
c. bankruptcies declined.
d. western farmers prospered, while southern farmers had grave troubles selling their cotton.
e. the government began encouraging the development of soil banks.
____ 71. Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they
a. were not well educated.
b. did not possess the money necessary to establish a national political movement.
c. were divided by the wealthier, more powerful manufacturers and railroad barons.
d. were too busy trying to eke out a living.
e. were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic.
____ 72. The first major farmers' organization was the
a. National Grange.
b. Populists.
c. Greenback Labor party.
d. Farmers' Alliance.
e. American Farm Bureau.
____ 73. In several states, farmers helped to pass the Granger Laws, which were designed to
a. provide state subsidies for farm exports.
b. lower farm mortgage interest rates.
c. allow the formation of producer and consumer cooperatives.
d. prohibit bankruptcy auctions.
e. regulate railroad rates and grain storage fees.
____ 74. The Farmers' Alliance was originally formed to
a. drive up farm prices by reducing crop production.
b. advance agriculturally useful education in state land-grant colleges.
c. end the rise of tenant farming.
d. undermine eastern bankers by providing low-cost loans to farmers.
e. break the economic grip of the railroads through farmers' cooperatives.
____ 75. Which one of the following was not among influential Populist leaders?
a. William "Coin" Harvey
b. Ignatius Donnelley
c. Mary Elizabeth Lease
d. James B. Weaver
e. Eugene V. Debs
____ 76. During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the
Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because
a. they did not think the Populists represented their political interests.
b. they were not experiencing the same hard times as Midwestern farmers.
c. the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks.
d. they believed that too many Populists were former Republicans.
e. they could not accept the Populists' call for government ownership of the railroads,
telegraph, and telephones.
____ 77. President Grover Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds that
a. the union's leader, Eugene V. Debs, was a socialist.
b. strikes against railroads were illegal.
c. the strikers were engaging in violent attacks on railroad property.
d. shutting down the railroads threatened American national security.
e. the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail.
____ 78. Match each individual with his role in the Pullman strike:
A.
Richard Olney
1.
B.
Eugene V. Debs
2.
C.
George Pullman
3.
D.
John P. Altgeld
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
A-4, B-3, C-2, D-l
A-2, B-4, C-l, D-3
Head of the American Railway Union that organized the
strike
Governor of Illinois who sympathized with the striking
workers
United States attorney general who brought in federal
troops to crush the strike
Owner of the "palace railroad car" company and the
company town where the strike began
____ 79. In the election of 1896, the major issue became
a. restoration of protective tariffs.
b. enactment of an income tax.
c. government programs for those unemployed as a result of the depression.
d. the rights of farmers and industrial workers.
e. free and unlimited coinage of silver.
____ 80. The 1896 victory of William McKinley ushered in a long period of Republican dominance that was
accompanied by
a. diminishing voter participation in elections.
b. strengthening of party organizations.
c. greater concern over civil-service reform.
d. less concern for industrial regulation.
e. sharpened conflict between business and labor.
____ 81. The monetary inflation needed to relieve the social and economic hardships of the late nineteenth century
eventually came as a result of
a. the Gold Standard Act.
b. McKinley's adoption of the bimetallic standard.
c. an increase in the international gold supply.
d. Populist fusion with the Democratic party.
e. the creation of the Federal Reserve Board.
____ 82. A major factor in the shift in American foreign policy toward imperialism in the late nineteenth century was
the
a. need for subservient populations to replace the freed slaves.
b. desire for more farmland.
c. construction of an American-built isthmian canal between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific
Ocean.
d. closing of the frontier.
e. need for overseas markets for increased industrial and agricultural production.
____ 83. One reason that the white American sugar lords tried to overthrow native Hawaiian rule and annex the islands
to the United States was they
a. found the government of Queen Liliuokalani repressive and inefficient.
b. sought to control American foreign policy in the Pacific.
c. wanted to convert the native Hawaiians and East Asian immigrants to Christianity.
d. feared that Japan might intervene in Hawaii on behalf of abused Japanese imported
laborers.
e. intended to force the growing native Hawaiian population to become indentured plantation
laborers.
____ 84. The actual purpose of the battleship Maine's visit to Cuba was to
a. provoke a war with Spain.
b. protect and evacuate American citizens from the island.
c. offer a way for Cuban rebels to escape to Florida.
d. stop rioting by the Cuban rebels.
e. prepare for intervention by the U.S. marines if necessary.
____ 85. President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain mainly because
a. the business community favored the conflict.
b. the Spanish government had directly insulted the United States.
c. it became clear that there was no other way to obtain Cuban independence.
d. the Teller Amendment guaranteed that the United States would not establish colonial
control of Cuba.
e. the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it.
____ 86. The Teller Amendment
a. guaranteed that the United States would support Cuban independence after Spain was
ousted.
b. stated that Cuba would become an American possession.
c. directed President McKinley to order American troops into Cuba.
d. appropriated funds to combat yellow fever in Cuba.
e. granted the United States a permanent base at Guantanamo Bay.
____ 87. The Rough Riders, organized principally by Teddy Roosevelt,
a. experienced no serious military action.
b. were trained in guerrilla warfare.
c. managed to take San Juan Hill unassisted.
d. were an amateur collection of western cowboys, eastern polo players, and other
volunteers.
e. were turned into an effective fighting force by Colonel Leonard Wood.
____ 88. The end of the Cuban War came after the last substantial Spanish fleet was destroyed at the Battle of
a. Havana.
b. Santiago.
c. Guantanamo.
d. Samoa.
e. Manila Bay.
____ 89. When the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War
a. the army encountered stiff resistance from the Spanish.
b. it met almost no resistance from Spanish forces.
c. most of the population greeted the invaders as liberating heroes.
d. heavy fighting occurred in the harbor at San Juan.
e. its intentions were to grant Puerto Rican independence.
____ 90. By acquiring the Philippine Islands at the end of the Spanish-American War, the United States
a. assumed rule over millions of Asian people.
b. became a full-fledged East Asian power.
c. assumed commitments that would be difficult to defend.
d. developed popular support for a big navy.
e. All of these
____ 91. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) American declaration of war on Spain, (B) sinking
of the Maine, (C) passage of the Teller Amendment, and (D) passage of the Platt Amendment.
a. A, B, D, C
b. D, C, B, A
c. B, A, D, C
d. B, A, C, D
e. C, D, A, B
____ 92. In 1899, guerrilla warfare broke out in the Philippines because
a. Spanish citizens still living there tried to regain political control of the country.
b. the United States refused to give the Filipino people their independence.
c. Communist insurgents attempted to seize control of the islands.
d. the United States refused to promote the economic and social development of the Filipino
people.
e. American missionaries tried to convert Catholic Filipinos to Protestantism.
____ 93. Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China because they
a. feared that American missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to nonEuropeans.
b. wanted the United States to have exclusive trade rights with the Chinese.
c. feared German military domination of China.
d. believed that such intervention undermined Chinese sovereignty.
e. disliked the superior racial attitudes displayed by the Europeans toward the Chinese.
____ 94. China's Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to
a. overthrow the corrupt Chinese government.
b. establish American power in the Far East.
c. throw out or kill all foreigners.
d. destroy the Open Door policy.
e. restore traditional Chinese religion.
____ 95. In response to the Boxer Rebellion, the United States
a. refused to accept any indemnity for the losses that it incurred while putting down this
uprising.
b. sent more American missionaries to China.
c. sent money but no troops to help a multinational contingent to crush the uprising.
d. became an East Asian power.
e. abandoned its general principles of nonentanglement and noninvolvement in overseas
conflict.
____ 96. The extended Open Door policy advocated in Secretary John Hay's second note to all the great powers called
on them to
a. recognize Philippine independence at an early date.
b. guarantee the independence of Cuba.
c. maintain a balance of power in East Asia.
d. uphold the territorial integrity of China.
e. pursue further investment in China.
____ 97. As a vice-presidential candidate in 1900, Teddy Roosevelt
a. openly advocated a more progressive program than President McKinley.
b. appealed primarily to wealthy easterners.
c. ran a quiet and dignified front-porch campaign.
d. countered William Jennings Bryan's popular appeal by engaging in his own flamboyant
campaign.
e. tried to lure former Populists away from the Democrats.
____ 98. Theodore Roosevelt can best be described as
a. lacking in self-confidence.
b. mentally vigorous but physically frail.
c. highly energetic and egotistical.
d. a loudmouth with few political skills.
e. a reflective intellectual.
____ 99. As president, Teddy Roosevelt proved to be
a. highly aware of Congress's authority in domestic and foreign policy.
b. a charismatic leader with a commitment to asserting presidential authority.
c. unable to relate to ordinary citizens.
d. a strong domestic leader but weak in foreign affairs.
e. a good politician but a poor administrator.
____ 100. Teddy Roosevelt's role in the Panamanian Revolution involved
a. using American naval forces to block Colombian troops from crushing the revolt.
b. ordering an economic embargo of Colombia.
c. remaining completely neutral between the Panamanian rebels and Colombia.
d. sending in American ground troops.
e. funding the Panamanian rebels.
____ 101. Theodore Roosevelt's aggressive policies, along with the economic and political instability in Central
America and the Caribbean, frequently led to
a. growing demands for U.S. economic aid to the region.
b. the intervention of the U.S. marines in the region.
c. radical anti-American movements in Central American countries.
d. the intervention of Britain and Germany in Latin America affairs.
e. the growth of Central American immigration to the United States.
____ 102. President Roosevelt organized a conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905 to
a. extend a grant of independence to the Philippines.
b. mediate a conflict between Germany and Spain over North Africa.
c. arrange a mutual defense pact with Great Britain.
d. establish a colonial office to manage the United States' new empire.
e. mediate a conclusion to the Russo-Japanese War.
____ 103. A group of historians known as the New Left revisionists argued that the United States' burst of overseas
expansion
a. was motivated by naive idealism.
b. was necessary to maintain an international balance of power.
c. was designed to create an informal empire that would guarantee American economic
dominance of foreign markets and investments.
d. sought to build a colonial empire.
e. was motivated by a desire among American men to assert their masculinity.
____ 104. The political roots of the progressive movement lay in the
a. Federalists.
b. Greenback Labor party and the Populists.
c. German Social Democratic party.
d. pre-Civil War antislavery movement.
e. Social Darwinists.
____ 105. To regain the power that the people had lost to the interests, progressives advocated all of the following
except
a. initiative.
b. referendum.
c. recall.
d. socialism.
e. direct election of U.S. senators.
____ 106. All of the following were prime goals of earnest progressives except
a. the direct election of senators.
b. prohibition.
c. women's suffrage.
d. ending prostitution and white slavery.
e. treating women in the workplace exactly the same as men.
____ 107. Which of the following was not among the issues addressed by women in the progressive movement?
a. Ending special regulations governing women in the workplace
b. Preventing child labor in factories and sweatshops
c. Ensuring that food products were healthy and safe
d. Attacking tuberculosis and other diseases bred in slum tenements
e. Creating child care subsidies for working mothers with preschool children
____ 108. In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principle promoted by progressives like Florence Kelley
and Louis Brandeis that
a. child labor under the age of fourteen should be prohibited.
b. the federal government should regulate occupational safety and health.
c. women's factory labor should be limited to ten hours a day five days a week.
d. female workers should receive equal pay for equal work.
e. female workers required special rules and protection on the job.
____ 109. While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the
a. Fair Deal.
b. Big Deal.
c. Big Stick.
d. New Deal.
e. Square Deal.
____ 110. As a part of his reform program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all of the following except
a. guaranteed recognition of labor unions.
b. federal regulation of corporations.
c. consumer protection.
d. conservation of natural resources.
e. federal regulation of railroad rates and an end to shipping rebates.
____ 111. One unusual and significant characteristic of the anthracite coal strike in 1902 was that
a. the coal miners' union was officially recognized as the legal bargaining agent of the
miners.
b. for a time, the mines were seized by the national government and operated by federal
troops.
c. the national government did not automatically side with the owners in the dispute.
d. the owners quickly agreed to negotiate with labor representatives in order to settle their
differences peacefully.
e. it generated widespread middle-class support.
____ 112. The real purpose of Teddy Roosevelt's assault on trusts was to
a. fragment the political power of big business.
b. prove that the democratic federal government, not private business, governed the United
States.
c. halt the trend toward combination and integration in business.
d. establish himself as a bigger trustbuster than William Howard Taft.
e. inspire confidence in small business owners.
____ 113. The Newlands Act, passed under Theodore Roosevelt's administration, was designed to
a. restore abandoned toxic mining sites for agricultural use.
b. open new federal lands to sustainable forestry.
c. reclaim and irrigate unproductive lands.
d. provide protection for fragile western wilderness areas.
e. preserve clean water in the mountain West.
____ 114. According to the text, Teddy Roosevelt's most important and enduring achievement may have been
a. building the Panama Canal.
b. busting the corporate monopoly trusts.
c. mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War.
d. conserving American resources and protecting the environment.
e. protecting the American consumer.
____ 115. The multiple-use conservationists generally believed that
a. preserving scenic beauty and natural wonders was compatible with human activity.
b. the environment could be effectively protected without shutting it off to human use.
c. forests and rivers could be used for recreation but not for economic purposes.
d. federal lands should be divided into economically useful areas, recreational areas, and
wilderness.
e. cattlemen, lumbermen, and farmers should all develop sustainable use policies.
____ 116. The Panic of 1907 exposed the need for substantial reform in
a. U.S. banking and currency policies.
b. tariff policies.
c. water and land-use protection.
d. the practice of corporate interlocking directorates.
e. Wall Street stock-trading
____ 117. President Taft's foreign policy was dubbed
a. big-stick diplomacy.
b. the Open Door policy.
c. the Good Neighbor policy.
d. dollar diplomacy.
e. sphere-of-influence diplomacy.
____ 118. The Supreme Court's rule of reason in antitrust law was handed down in a case involving
a. Northern Securities.
b. United States Steel.
c. General Electric.
d. Armour Meat-Packing.
e. Standard Oil.
____ 119. Immediately before he was elected president in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been serving as
a. a Presbyterian minister.
b. the governor of New Jersey.
c. a successful businessman.
d. the president of Yale University.
e. United States Senator from New Jersey.
____ 120. Teddy Roosevelt's New Nationalism
a. pinned its economic faith on competition and the breakup of large monopolies.
b. opposed the growth of labor unions.
c. sought to raise tariffs to protect American industry.
d. supported a broad program of social welfare and government regulation of business.
e. favored state rather than federal government activism.
____ 121. Woodrow Wilson was most comfortable when surrounded by
a. African Americans.
b. Catholics.
c. political professionals.
d. journalists.
e. academic scholars.
____ 122. Woodrow Wilson's attitude toward the masses can best be described as
a. open contempt.
b. fear that they could be easily led astray.
c. having strong faith in them if they were properly educated and led.
d. indifference.
e. trust in their natural common sense.
____ 123. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to Jefferson's day when he
a. stopped having formal cabinet meetings.
b. appointed a black man to the Supreme Court.
c. endorsed woman suffrage.
d. personally delivered his presidential State of the Union address to Congress.
e. rode with his defeated predecessor to the inauguration.
____ 124. When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country's financial
structure was that
a. federal paper money was not backed by sound gold or silver.
b. unsound banks regularly issued inflated bank notes that had to serve as currency.
c. the banking system was too heavily regulated by the federal government.
d. the U.S. dollar was rigidly tied to gold.
e. money for lending was inelastic and heavily concentrated in New York City.
____ 125. Besides lowering tariff rates, the Underwood Tariff Act reflected Wilson's progressive goals by
a. establishing the first graduated federal income tax.
b. creating an optional retirement system for workers.
c. guaranteeing equal treatment for men and women in employment.
d. using the tariff only for revenue and not to protect American industry from competition.
e. providing protection for American farmers against subsidized foreign crop imports.
____ 126. The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to
a. issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering
interest rates.
b. close weak banks.
c. take the U.S. dollar off the gold standard.
d. collect income taxes directly from employees' paychecks.
e. guarantee individual banking deposits against bank failures.
____ 127. The central provisions of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act
a. included trade unions under the antimonopoly provisions of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
b. declared that no single corporation could control more than 75 percent of a given industry.
c. established minimum wage rates for goods produced in interstate commerce.
d. outlawed corporate interlocking directorates and price discrimination against different
purchasers.
e. exempted farm cooperatives from antitrust action.
____ 128. Besides prohibiting anticompetitive business practices, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act broke new ground by
a. exempting labor unions and agricultural cooperatives from antitrust prosecution.
b. exempting organized major-league baseball from antitrust prosecution.
c. prohibiting colleges and universities from cooperating to establish tuition and fees.
d. permitting American businesses to form monopolies when operating overseas.
e. creating a federal incorporation law for large businesses.
____ 129. Woodrow Wilson's early efforts to conduct a strongly anti-imperialist U. S. foreign policy were first
undermined when he
a. dispatched U.S. military forces to protect American interests in China.
b. told the Filipinos that they could not obtain their independence for at least forty years.
c. sent American marines to Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
d. sent the U.S. Navy to seize the Virgin Islands from Denmark.
e. began constructing a massive U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
____ 130. As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary as leaders of the
____, while Russia and France were among the ____.
a. Central Powers; Holy Alliance
b. Central Powers; Triple Alliance
c. Allies; Central Powers
d. Triple Alliance; Central Powers
e. Central Powers; Allies
____ 131. One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it
a. opened new markets in Germany and Austria-Hungary.
b. suffered severe business losses.
c. conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.
d. turned more of its economic activity toward Latin America and Asia.
e. virtually ended American international trade.
____ 132. German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and passenger ships without warning
a. when the United States entered the war.
b. in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany.
c. in an effort to keep the United States out of the war.
d. because international law now allowed this new style of warfare.
e. in a last-ditch effort to win the war.
____ 133. The dangerous proviso that Germany attached to its Sussex pledge not to attack unarmed neutral shipping was
the requirement that
a. Americans would have to refrain from sailing on British-owned passenger ships.
b. U-Boats could capture merchant vessels if the submarines surfaced.
c. the Americans would have to guarantee that passenger vessels were not secretly carrying
military supplies.
d. the United States would have to persuade the Allies to end their blockade of Germany or
submarine warfare would be resumed.
e. Woodrow Wilson would have to seek a fair, negotiated settlement of the war.
____ 134. During World I, civil liberties in America were
a. threatened by President Wilson but protected by the courts.
b. limited, but no one was actually imprisoned for his or her convictions.
c. violated mostly in the western United States.
d. protected for everyone except German Americans.
e. severely damaged by the pressures for loyalty and conformity.
____ 135. The two groups who suffered most from the violation of civil liberties during World War I were
a. Catholics and atheists.
b. Irish Americans and Japanese Americans.
c. African Americans and Latinos.
d. labor unions and women's groups.
e. German Americans and social radicals.
____ 136. The enormous nationwide steel strike of 1919 resulted in
a. the eight-hour workday.
b. a takeover of the steelworkers' union by American Communists.
c. somewhat higher wages but no recognition of the steel union.
d. a grievous setback for labor that crippled the union movement for a decade.
e. general strikes of all workers that essentially shut down Seattle and Pittsburgh.
____ 137. Most of the money raised to finance World War I came from
a. confiscation of German property.
b. income taxes.
c. tariffs.
d. sale of armaments to Britain and France.
e. loans from the American public.
____ 138. The Germans gained an immense military advantage in the first months of 1918 because
a. they had discovered how to use the tank and poison gas effectively.
b. the Austrian army was able to switch from the Italian front to the western front.
c. the Bolsheviks took Russia out of the war allowing German troops to move to the western
front.
d. they had seized the two key strategic points of Verdun and Ypres.
e. their brilliant generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff has taken effective control of the
German government.
____ 139. The two major battles of World War I in which United States forces engaged were
a. Ypres and the Ardennes Forest.
b. Verdun and the Somme.
c. Gallipoli and Locarno.
d. Jutland and Trafalgar.
e. St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
____ 140. Opposition to the League of Nations by many United States senators during the Paris Peace Conference
a. gave Allied leaders in Paris a stronger bargaining position.
b. resulted in the League's being left out of the final draft of the treaty.
c. led to an abandonment of the Monroe Doctrine.
d. reinforced Germany's unwillingness to sign the treaty.
e. forced Wilson to weaken the League idea.
____ 141. In the United States, the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles was the
a. principle of self-determination for smaller nations in Europe and elsewhere.
b. severe reparations that Germany would have to pay.
c. permanent U.S. alliance with France.
d. provision for trusteeship of former German colonies.
e. League of Nations.
____ 142. During the course of World War I
a. American wages approximately doubled.
b. American prices approximately doubled.
c. only a handful of labor strikes occurred in the United States.
d. American farm production declined.
e. women lost ground in the workforce.
____ 143. The red scare of 1919-1920 was provoked by
a. the wartime migration of rural blacks to northern cities.
b. urban immigrants' resistance to prohibition.
c. public anger at evolutionary science's challenge to the biblical story of the Creation.
d. the public's fear that labor troubles were sparked by communist and anarchist
revolutionaries.
e. Russian Communism's threat to American security.
____ 144. The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was a reaction against
a. capitalism.
b. new immigration laws passed in 1924.
c. the nativist movements that had their origins in the 1850s.
d. race riots.
e. the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture.
____ 145. During the 1920s and after, many American immigrant ethnic groups
a. rapidly assimilated into the mainstream of American life.
b. sought to escape urban poverty by migrating to rural areas.
c. lived in neighborhoods with their own churches or synagogues, newspapers, and theaters.
d. maintained a greater loyalty to the old country than to the United States.
e. sought political autonomy and official recognition by the U.S. government.
____ 146. Besides controlling the illegal liquor industry, American gangsters in the 1920s earned rich profits from all of
the following activities except
a. prostitution.
b. gambling.
c. labor racketeering.
d. illegal drugs.
e. pornography.
____ 147. Of the following, the one least related to the other four is
a. John T. Scopes.
b. Clarence Darrow.
c. Frederick W. Taylor.
d. William Jennings Bryan.
e. Dayton, Tennessee.
____ 148. The immediate outcome of the 1925 Scopes Trial was that
a. attorney Clarence Darrow got the charges against John Scopes dropped.
b. the state of Tennessee modified its anti-evolution law.
c. the public gained a favorable view of American fundamentalists.
d. biology teacher John Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution and fined.
e. the jury was deadlocked and unable to reach a verdict.
____ 149. All of the following helped to make the prosperity of the 1920s possible except
a. government stimulation of the economy.
b. rapid expansion of capital.
c. increased productivity of workers.
d. perfection of assembly-line production.
e. advertising and credit buying.
____ 150. The main problem faced by American manufacturers in the 1920s involved
a. increasing the level of production.
b. developing expanded markets of people to buy their products.
c. reducing the level of government involvement in business.
d. developing technologically innovative products.
e. finding a skilled labor force.
____ 151. Henry Ford's most distinctive contribution to the automobile industry was
a. installment credit buying of cars.
b. the internal combustion engine.
c. introducing a variety of automobile models with varied colors and styles.
d. design changes that improved speed.
e. production of a standardized, relatively inexpensive automobile.
____ 152. Frederick W. Taylor, a prominent inventor and engineer, was best known for his
a. development of the gasoline engine.
b. thoughts on Darwinian evolution.
c. efforts to clean up polluted cities.
d. promotion of industrial efficiency and scientific management.
e. concern for worker safety.
____ 153. To justify their new sexual frankness, many Americans pointed to
a. increased consumption of alcohol.
b. the decline of fundamentalism.
c. the rise of the women's movement.
d. the theories of Sigmund Freud.
e. the influence of erotically explicit movies.
____ 154. All of the following are true of Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association,
except he
a. promoted the resettlement of American blacks in Africa.
b. advocated the idea of developing an elite "talented tenth" to lead African American
progress.
c. inspired strong feelings of self-confidence and self-reliance among blacks.
d. was convicted of mail fraud and deported by the U.S. government.
e. sponsored black-owned business enterprises.
____ 155. Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding
a. sought to continue the same laissez-faire doctrine as had been the practice under William
McKinley.
b. hoped to encourage the government actively to assist business along the path to profits.
c. sought to regulate the policies of large corporations.
d. aimed at supporting increased competition in business.
e. aided small business at the expense of big business.
____ 156. During the 1920s, the Supreme Court
a. often ruled against progressive legislation.
b. rigorously upheld the antitrust laws.
c. generally promoted government regulation of the economy.
d. staunchly defended the rights of organized labor.
e. upheld laws providing special protection for women.
____ 157. One exception to President Warren G. Harding's policy of isolationism involved the Middle East, where the
United States sought to
a. support a homeland for Jews in Israel.
b. prevent the League of Nations from establishing British and French protectorates in the
region.
c. stop the Soviet Union from dominating the area.
d. secure oil-drilling concessions for American companies.
e. curb the rise of Arab nationalism.
____ 158. The primary reason that Warren G. Harding was willing to seize the initiative on the issue of international
disarmament was that
a. he feared renewed war in Europe.
b. he recognized that Japan and the United States might enter a dangerous arms race.
c. businesspeople were unwilling to help pay for a larger United States Navy.
d. he did not want the League of Nations to take the lead on this problem.
e. American public opinion strongly supported peacemaking efforts.
____ 159. The Teapot Dome scandal was centered around corrupt deals and bribes involving
a. naval oil reserves.
b. veterans' hospitals.
c. the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
d. European war debts.
e. presidential pardons.
____ 160. The major political scandal of Harding's administration resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of his
secretary of
a. the treasury.
b. state.
c. the navy.
d. commerce.
e. the interior.
____ 161. During Coolidge's presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values of
a. farmers and wage earners.
b. the business community.
c. racial and ethnic minorities.
d. progressive reformers.
e. conservative New Englanders.
____ 162. After the initial shock of the Harding scandals, many Americans reacted by
a. demanding that all those involved be sent to prison.
b. excusing some of the wrongdoers on the grounds that "they had gotten away with it."
c. demanding the impeachment of the president.
d. suggesting that Harding resign the presidency so that Calvin Coolidge could take control.
e. calling for a thorough Congressional investigation.
____ 163. One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was
a. overproduction.
b. the inability to purchase modern farm equipment.
c. passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill.
d. the prosecution of cooperatives under antitrust laws.
e. drought and insects like the boll weevil.
____ 164. America's European allies argued that they should not have to repay loans that the United States made to them
during World War I because
a. the United States had owed them about $4 billion before the war.
b. the amount of money involved was not significant.
c. they had paid a much heavier price in lost lives, so it was only fair for the United States to
write off the debt.
d. the United States was making so much money from Mexican and Middle Eastern oil that it
did not need extra dollars.
e. Germany was not paying its reparations to them, so they could not afford to pay off the
loans.
____ 165. One of Herbert Hoover's chief strengths as a presidential candidate was his
a. adaptability to the give-and-take of political accommodation.
b. considerable experience in running for political office.
c. personal charm and charisma.
d. ability to face criticism.
e. talent for administration.
____ 166. As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930
a. American industry grew more secure.
b. duties on agricultural products decreased.
c. American economic isolationism ended.
d. campaign promises to labor were fulfilled.
e. the worldwide depression deepened.
____ 167. President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following
except
a. providing direct aid to the people.
b. directly assisting businesses and banks.
c. keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system.
d. continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism.
e. lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.
____ 168. Franklin Roosevelt's ____ contributed the most to his development of compassion and strength of will.
a. education
b. domestic conflicts with Eleanor Roosevelt
c. family ties with Teddy Roosevelt
d. affliction with infantile paralysis
e. service in World War I
____ 169. The most vigorous "champion of the dispossessed"that is, the poor and minoritiesin Roosevelt
administration circles was
a. Harold Ickes.
b. Alfred E. Smith.
c. Eleanor Roosevelt.
d. Frances Perkins.
e. Henry A. Wallace.
____ 170. In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Great
Depression by
a. nationalizing all banks and major industries.
b. mobilizing America's youth as in wartime.
c. returning to the traditional policies of laissez-faire capitalism.
d. continuing the policies already undertaken by President Hoover.
e. experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.
____ 171. When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933
a. Congress refused to grant him any legislative authority.
b. he knew exactly what he wanted to do.
c. he received unprecedented congressional support.
d. he wanted to make as few mistakes as possible.
e. he at first proceeded cautiously.
____ 172. Probably the most radical New Deal program that provoked widespread charges of creeping socialism was the
a. Indian Reorganization Act.
b. Social Security Act.
c. Agricultural Adjustment Act.
d. Federal Housing Administration.
e. Tennessee Valley Authority.
____ 173. Match each New Dealer below with the federal agency or program with which he or she was closely
identified.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Robert Wagner
Harry Hopkins
Harold Ickes
Frances Perkins
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
1.
2.
3.
4.
Department of Labor
Public Works Administration.
Works Progress Administration
National Labor Relations Act
____ 174. Both ratified in the 1930s, the Twentieth Amendment ____ and the Twenty-first Amendment ____.
a. shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration; ended prohibition
b. limited a president to two complete terms in office; repealed the Eighteenth Amendment
c. rendered most New Deal programs unconstitutional; limited a president to two complete
terms in office
d. ended prohibition; shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration
e. expanded the size of the Supreme Court; ended prohibition
____ 175. The primary interest of the Congress of Industrial Organizations was
a. the effective enforcement of yellow dog contracts.
b. the organization of trade unions.
c. the maintenance of open shop industries.
d. the organization of all workers within an industry.
e. maintaining existing wage levels.
____ 176. As a result of the 1937 Roosevelt recession
a. Roosevelt backed away from further economic experiments.
b. Social Security taxes were reduced.
c. Republicans gained control of the Senate in 1938.
d. Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economics.
e. much of the early New Deal was repealed.
____ 177. As a result of Franklin Roosevelt's withdrawal from the London Economic Conference
a. inflation in the United States was reduced.
b. the United States was voted out of the League of Nations.
c. tensions rose between the United States and Britain.
d. the United States began to pull out of the Depression.
e. the trend toward extreme nationalism was strengthened.
____ 178. Roosevelt's recognition of the Soviet Union was undertaken partly
a. in order to win support from American Catholics.
b. because the Soviet leadership seemed to be modifying its harsher communist policies.
c. in hope of developing a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and
Germany.
d. to win favor with American liberals and leftists.
e. to open opportunities for American investment in Siberian oil fields.
____ 179. In promising to grant the Philippines independence, the United States was motivated by
a. treaty obligations.
b. doubts about the islands' potential profitability.
c. the view that the islands were militarily indefensible.
d. the realization that the islands were economic liabilities.
e. regrets over their imperialistic takeover in 1898.
____ 180. President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign-trade policy
a. lowered tariffs to increase trade.
b. encouraged trade only with Latin America.
c. continued the policy that had persisted since the Civil War.
d. was reversed only after World War II.
e. sought protection for key U.S. industries.
____ 181. Passage of the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 by the United States resulted in all of the following
except
a. abandonment of the traditional policy of freedom of the seas.
b. a decline in the navy and other armed forces.
c. making no distinction between aggressors and victims.
d. spurring aggressors along their path of conquest.
e. balancing the scales between dictators and U.S. allies by trading with neither.
____ 182. From 1925 to 1940, the transition of American policy on arms sales to warring nations followed this sequence
a. embargo to lend-lease to cash-and-carry.
b. cash-and-carry to lend-lease to embargo.
c. lend-lease to cash-and-carry to embargo.
d. embargo to cash-and-carry to lend-lease.
e. lend-lease to embargo to cash-and-carry.
____ 183. Which of the following nations was not conquered by Hitler's Germany between September 1939 and June
1940?
a. Norway
b. The Netherlands
c. France
d. Poland
e. Finland
____ 184. Efforts to bring large numbers of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany to the United States were largely
blocked by
a. restrictive immigration laws and opposition from southern Democrats and the State
Department.
b. internal tensions between German-Jewish and eastern European Jewish communities in
the United States.
c. pro-Nazi and anti-Semitic organizations within the United States.
d. the inability to find sufficient passenger ships to bring refugees across the Atlantic to the
United States.
e. Zionist organizations that wanted to steer Jewish immigration to Israel, not the United
States.
____ 185. One of the few successful wartime American efforts to save Jews from perishing in the Holocaust came when
a. Americans helped some German and Austrian Jews seek refugee in neutral Sweden and
Switzerland.
b. American Zionist organizations helped Romanian Jews escape to Israel.
c. the U.S. Air Force bombed the rail lines leading to Auschwitz.
d. American agents enabled French Jews to escape across the Pyrenees into Spain.
e. Franklin Roosevelt's War Refugee Board helped some Hungarian Jews escape.
____ 186. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the United States
a. promised aid to the Soviets but did not deliver.
b. refused to provide any help, either military or economic.
c. gave only nonmilitary aid to Russia.
d. made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets.
e. sent U.S. ships to Soviet naval bases.
____ 187. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 came as a great surprise because
a. President Roosevelt suspected that if an attack came, it would be in Malaysia or the
Philippines.
b. no American officials suspected that Japan might start a war with the United States.
c. Japanese communications were in a secret code unknown to the United States.
d. the United States was, at the time, Japan's main source of oil and steel.
e. it was believed that Japan had insufficient aircraft carriers to reach Hawaii.
____ 188. On the eve of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, a large majority of Americans
a. were beginning to question the increased aid given to Britain.
b. still wanted to keep the United States out of war.
c. accepted the idea that America would enter the war.
d. did not oppose Japan's conquests in East Asia.
e. were ready to fight Germany but not Japan.
____ 189. The general American attitude toward World War II was
a. resentment at having to disrupt civilian life.
b. gratitude that the Great Depression was finally over.
c. a fervent ideological belief in democracy and hatred of fascism.
d. less idealistic and ideological and more practical than the outlook in World War I.
e. that it was necessary to defend white American society against racial assaults.
____ 190. During World War II, the United States government commissioned the production of synthetic ____ in order
to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia.
a. textiles
b. rubber
c. tin
d. fuels
e. plastics
____ 191. The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II led to
a. equal pay for men and women.
b. a greater percentage of American women in war industries than anywhere else in the
world.
c. the establishment of day-care centers by the government.
d. a reduction in employment for black males.
e. a strong desire of most women to work for wages.
____ 192. The greatest consequence of World War II for American race relations was
a. the tensions in wartime factories between blacks and whites.
b. the integration of the armed forces.
c. African Americans' experience of more positive European racial attitudes.
d. the massive migration of African Americans from the rural South to northern and western
cities.
e. the Atlantic Charter declaring that the war was being fought for democracy and freedom.
____ 193. During World War II, most Americans economically experienced
a. serious hardships due to rationing of essential goods.
b. prosperity and a doubling of personal income.
c. a continuing struggle to find employment.
d. growing class conflict between the wealthy and the working class.
e. prosperity in the cities but disastrous conditions on farms and in small towns.
____ 194. By the end of World War II, the heart of the United States' African American community had shifted to
a. Florida and the Carolinas.
b. southern cities.
c. the Pacific Northwest.
d. Midwestern small towns.
e. northern and western cities.
____ 195. In waging war against Japan, the United States relied mainly on a strategy of
a. heavy bombing from Chinese air bases.
b. invading Japanese strongholds in Southeast Asia.
c. fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayan hump.
d. island hopping across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds.
e. turning the Japanese flanks in New Guinea and Alaska.
____ 196. Hitler's advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of ____, after which his
fortunes gradually declined.
a. the Bulge
b. Stalingrad
c. Monte Cassino
d. Britain
e. El Alamein
____ 197. The major consequence of the Allied conquest of Sicily in August 1943 was
a. a modification of the demand for unconditional surrender of Italy.
b. the overthrow of Mussolini and Italy's unconditional surrender.
c. the swift Allied conquest of the Italian peninsula.
d. a conflict between Churchill and General Eisenhower over the invasion of the Italian
mainland.
e. the threat of a Communist takeover of the Italian government.
____ 198. At the wartime Teheran Conference
a. the Soviet Union agreed to declare war on Japan within three months.
b. the Big Three allies agreed to divide postwar Germany into separate occupied zones.
c. the Soviet Union agreed to allow free elections in Eastern European nations that its armies
occupied at the end of the war.
d. plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe.
e. it was agreed that five Big Powers would have veto power in the United Nations.
____ 199. Franklin Roosevelt won the election in 1944 primarily because
a. Republican Thomas E. Dewey favored an international organization for world peace.
b. labor unions turned out for Roosevelt.
c. Harry Truman was his running mate.
d. questions arose regarding Thomas E. Dewey's honesty.
e. the war was going well.
____ 200. Which of the following was not among the qualities of the American participation in World War II?
a. A group of highly effective military and political leaders
b. An enormously effective effort in producing weapons and supplies
c. A higher percentage of military casualties than any other Allied nation
d. The preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from the air
e. The maintenance and reaffirmation of the strength of American democracy