Supplementary material
Appendix 2 Data used to generate Fig. 6 illustrating the standardized time course of SDA
Studies were identified through the Web of Science or literature cross-references that
presented data on the time course of oxygen consumption during SDA. Studies were included only if
they showed a figure illustrating the rise and fall in oxygen consumption that could be digitized. The
data set includes a wide range of body sizes (3g – 19.8 kg, median 44g), rations (0.3 – 15% of body
weight), and temperatures (8-28 C), which inevitably contributes to variation in the shape and duration
of the SDA response. Because SDA duration is particularly sensitive to temperature, we excluded studies
where SDA was measured at very low temperatures (less than 7 C), typically for arctic fishes. This was
the only screening criteria used.
Because of the large variation in rations, temperature, body size, and specific responses, the
absolute magnitude of SDA varied widely across studies. In order to reduce this variation in magnitude
of SDA and specifically focus on the timing of the peak and duration of the response, SDA for each time
series was standardized by subtracting the pre-feeding metabolism (SMR) from subsequent values in
each time series, so that these values represented the elevation above background SMR. Each value in
the time series was then divided by the peak value of SDA oxygen consumption, so that a value of 1 in
the table below represents the time of maximum SDA (independent of magnitude).
The associated Excel spreadsheet includes the data in a database form, as well as the digitized
traces.
Data sources
Armstrong, J., Fallon-Cousins, P., & Wright, P. (2004). The relationship between specific dynamic action
and otolith growth in pike. Journal of Fish Biology, 64, 739–749.
Averett, R. (1969). Influence of temperature on energy and material utilization by juvenile coho salmon.
Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State University.
Brodeur, J. C., Calvo, J., & Johnston, I. (2003). Proliferation of myogenic progenitor cells following
feeding in the sub-antarctic notothenioid fish Harpagifer bispinis. Journal of Experimental Biology,
206, 163–169.
Brown, C. R., & Cameron, J. N. (1991). The induction of specific dynamic action in channel catfish by
infusion of essential amino acids. Physiological Zoology, 64, 276–297.
Chakraborty, S., Ross, L., & Ross, B. (1992). Specific dynamic action and feeding metabolism in common
carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 103, 809–815. Retrieved from
Fitzgibbon, Q. P., & Seymour, R. S. (2009). Postprandial metabolic increment of southern bluefin tuna
Thunnus maccoyii ingesting high or low-lipid sardines Sardinops sagax. Journal of Fish Biology, 75,
1586–1600.
Fitzgibbon, Q. P., Seymour, R. S., Ellis, D., & Buchanan, J. (2007). The energetic consequence of specific
dynamic action in southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii. The Journal of Experimental Biology,
210, 290–298.
Fu, S. J., Xie, X. J., & Cao, Z. D. (2005). Effect of meal size on postprandial metabolic response in southern
catfish (Silurus meridionalis). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 140, 445–51.
Fu, S.J., Cao, Z.D., & Peng, J.L. (2006). Effect of meal size on postprandial metabolic response in Chinese
catfish (Silurus asotus Linnaeus). Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 176, 489–95.
Hunt von Herbing, I., & White, L. (2002). The effects of body mass and feeding on metabolic rate in small
juvenile Atlantic cod. Journal of Fish Biology, 61, 945–958.
Jobling, M., & Davies, P. S. (1979). Gastric evacuation in plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L.: effects of
temperature and meal size. Journal of Fish Biology, 14, 539–546.
Johnston, I., & Battram, J. (1993). Feeding energetics and metabolism in demersal fish species from
Antarctic, temperate and tropical environments. Marine Biology, 14, 7–14.
Jordan, A. D., & Steffensen, J. F. (2007). Effects of ration size and hypoxia on specific dynamic action in
the cod. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 80, 178–85.
Luo, Y., & Xie, X. (2008). Specific dynamic action in two body size groups of the southern catfish (Silurus
meridionalis) fed diets differing in carbohydrate and lipid contents. Fish Physiology and
Biochemistry, 34, 465–71.
Luo, Y., & Xie, X. (2009). Effects of body lipid content on the resting metabolic rate and postprandial
metabolic response in the southern catfish Silurus meridionalis. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology, 154, 547–50.
Lyndon, A., Houlihan, D. F., & Hall, S. J. (1992). The effect of short-term fasting and a single meal on
protein synthesis and oxygen consumption in cod, Gadus morhua. Journal of Comparative
Physiology, 162, 209–215.
Methling, C., Pedersen, P. B., Steffensen, J. F., & Skov, P. V. (2013). Hypercapnia adversely affects
postprandial metabolism in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Aquaculture, 416-417, 166–172.
Millidine, K. J., Armstrong, J. D., & Metcalfe, N. B. (2009). Juvenile salmon with high standard metabolic
rates have higher energy costs but can process meals faster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B,
276, 2103–2108.
Muir, B. S., & Nimmi, A. J. (1972). Oxygen consumption of the euryhaline fish aholehole (Kuhlia
sandvicensis) with reference to salinity, swimming and food consumption. Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, 29, 67–77.
Peck, M., Buckley, L., & Bengtson, D. (2003). Energy losses due to routine and feeding metabolism in
young-of-the-year juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences, 60, 929–937.
Perez-Casanova, J. C., Lall, S. P., & Gamperl, K. (2010). Effects of dietary protein and lipid level, and
water temperature, on the post-feeding oxygen consumption of Atlantic cod and haddock.
Aquaculture Research, 41, 198–209.
Ross, L., McKinney, R., Cardwell, S., Fullarton, J., Roberts, S. E. , & Ross, B. (1992). The effects of dietary
protein content, lipid content and ration level on oxygen consumption and specific dynamic action
in oreochromis niloticus L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, 103, 573–578.
Schalles, J. F., & Wissing, T. F. (1976). Effects of dry pellet diets on metabolic rates of bluegill, Lepomis
macrochirus. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 31, 2443–2449.
Vahl, O., & Davenport, J. (1979). Apparent specific dynamic action of food in the fish Blennius pholis.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1, 109–113.
Wang, Q., Wang, W., Huang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Luo, Y. (2012). Effect of meal size on the specific dynamic
action of the juvenile snakehead (Channa argus). Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A,
161, 401–405.
Time (hours ---->)
0
1
0
0.19224
0
0.009662
0
0.878307
0
0.523604
0
0.001497
0
0.223774
0
0.223624
0
0.23275
0
0.021226
0
0.95398
0
0.095477
0
0.040627
0
0.561702
0
1
Feeding initiated at T = 0
2
3
4
0.154 0.78511 0.794793
0.10628 0.231884 0.331401
1 0.931217 0.84127
0.90558
1 0.982831
0.01419 0.568708
1
0.526602 0.486947 0.532915
0.466242 0.539027 0.636074
0.434783 0.597935 0.67312
0.068396 0.413764 0.553873
0.785061 0.933527 0.757959
0.19598 0.363484 0.514238
0.238055 0.270959 0.336769
0.86983 0.923404 0.97803
0.55934 0.443826 0.366817
REFERENCE
Lyndon et al. 1992
Lup and Xie 2009
Fizgibbon and Seymour 2009
Brown and Cameron 1991
Chakraborty et al. 1992
Methling et al. 2013
Fu et al. 2006
Fu et al. 2005
Luo and Xie 2008
Wang et al. 2012
Jordan and Steffensen 2007
Armstrong et al. 2004
Brodeur et al. 2003
Herbing and White 2003
Species
Cod
Southern catfish
Tuna
Channel catfish
Carp
European eel
Chinese catfish
Southern catfish
Southern catfish
Snakehead
Cod
Pike
Harpagifer
Cod
Food
sand eel
fish meal
sardines
infusion
trout chow
trout chow
fish
fish
fish meal
fish
fish
fish
amphipods
fish meal
(pellets)
Johnston and Battram 1993
Johnston and Battram 1993
Vahl and Davenport 1979
C. Bleekeri
Myoxocephalis
Blennies
21
59
15.6
25 0
15 0
10 0
0.453506 0.804979 0.922199
1
0.358182 0.70248 0.713719 0.782852
0.820669
1 0.964159 0.879636
Schalles and Wissing 1976
Muir and Nimi 1972
Peck et al. 2003
Bluegill
Aholehole
Cod
shrimp
shrimp
mussel
meat
fish pellets
fish (tuna)
trout chow
(pellets)
73.1
44
12.5
25 0
23 0
15.5 0
0.149999 0.316922 0.364615 0.446154
0.126285 0.375582 0.488898 0.647542
1 0.95282 0.748459 0.763459
Ross et al 1992
Jobling and Davies 1980
Perez-Casanova et al. 2010
Fitzgibbon et al. 2007
Tilapia
Plaice
Cod
S. Bluefin Tuna
pellets
fish paste
pellets
fish
(sardines)
95
33
40
9900
Millidine et al. 2009
Atlantic salmon
bloodworms
Weight
Temperature
180
10
100
27.5
19800
20
1000
22
73
28
170
23
37
25
46.5
27.5
23
27.5
9.1
25
147
10
18.6
12
3
10
3.2
10
7
28
10
11
20
0
0
0
0
13.5 0
0.415832
0.137136
0.674917
0.290322
0.869641 0.959325
1
0.217756 0.384916 0.583577
0.922595
1
1
0.496773 0.90968
1
1 0.728192 0.643334 0.501905
Averett 1969
Time (hours ---->)
8
12
0.88921
1
3
0.67632 0.86956
9
5
0.84127 0.41798
9
0.58369 0.21459
1
0.99383 0.71657
9
9
1 0.90727
9
0.85443 0.79377
5
0.90217
1
4
0.92924
1
5
1 0.91153
8
0.80232
1
8
0.73162
1
4
1 0.63829
8
coho salmon
16
0.21027
5
1.02415
5
0.40211
6
0.07296
0.25448
1
0.80778
9
1
0.89673
9
0.87028
3
0.78012
0.86599
7
0.02773
5
0.597
20
0.18427
5
1
0.42328
0.03948
4
0.01419
0.83379
1
0.85443
0.64089
7
0.63443
4
0.65739
2
0.71060
3
0.02621
7
0.46808
5
fly larvae
1.2-6.5
24
0.22121
4
0.85024
2
0.24867
7
0
28
0.18892
8 to 20 0
0.62801
9
0.13227
5
0
32
0.15427
5
0.39130
4
0.11111
1
0
36
0.11978
3
0.26087
0
0
0
0.70808
1
0.90295
3
0.28260
9
0.48381
8
0.40170
9
0.61338
4
0.02433
9
0.55744
7
0.47049
6
0.70885
9
0.13587
0.29213
0.46046
7
0.16648
0.30660
4
0.06421
4
0.75666
7
0.02183
7
0.37828
9
0.71879
4
0.02308
9
0.40517
4
0.58755
0.11413
0.285714
0.4 0.857143 0.571429
40
0.09027
5
0.16908
2
0
44
0.05427
5
0.11594
2
0
48
0.02521
7
0.10144
9
0
52
0
56
0
0.07729
5
0
0.04541
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.39038
4
0.50263
4
0.04347
8
0.29700
7
0
0.59400
5
0.45411
1
0.02331
0.42885
0
0
0
0.31246
1
0.04891
3
0.20360
1
0
0.28182
8
0
0.27570
1
0
0.30424
5
0
0.35534
8
0.02717
4
0.27365
6
0
0.13354
7
0
0.06839
6
0
0.66755
4
0.01933
1
0.35140
4
0.59735
3
0.01993
5
0.32752
3
0.52445
6
0.02101
9
0.30063
8
0.49748
7
0.02144
1
0.28510
6
0.56777
2
0.02165
9
0.34042
6
0.63807
4
0.02187
1
0.34915
3
0.03704
0
0.12295
7
0.95817
4
0.87173
6
0.77669
5
0.46153
7
0.88850
5
0.47986
0.92072
4
1
0.97679
6
0.93629
0.07761
6
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.90663
9
0.87173
6
0.60070
1
1
0.89035
8
0.81248
0.79407
2
0.83471
1
0.17186
8
0.55538
4
0.93446
4
0
0.72048
8
0.92975
2
0.08051
1
0.53846
0.27385
9
0.97049
6
0
0.22199
2
0.99024
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.99024
8
0
1
0.81405
0
0
0.85537
1
0
0.85198
4
0
0.85198
4
0
0.76922
9
0.53422
5
0
0.63076
9
0.36422
3
0
0.49230
6
0.21761
6
0
0.32307
7
0.08722
9
0
0.12307
7
0.00540
7
0
0
0
0.80404
6
0
0.78461
4
0.67020
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.72219
6
0.68266
1
0.00645
1
0
0.67004
3
0.36532
1
0
0.61353
4
0.52013
2
0
0.53952
5
0.36532
1
0
0
0
0
0.98475
7
0.15670
4
0.67624
0.00056
6
0.79384
5
1
0.02275
9
0
0.93923
4
0.99225
7
0.49677
3
0
0.88288
4
0.91487
7
0.11209
6
0
0.84962
8
1.01548
6
0.23225
8
0
0.88474
7
0.75232
3
0.16774
1
0
0.93441
8
0.80649
9
0.09677
3
0
0.83824
8
0.68266
1
0.30967
7
0
0.78207
1
0.74458
0.30322
6
0
0.75633
7
0.76006
6
0.22580
6
0
0.05714
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
68
0
72
0
80
0
90
0
100
0
110
0
120
0
130
0
140
0
150
0
160
0
Time (hours ---->)
60
64
0
0
0.00676
3
0
0
0
0
0.31858
8
0
0.04014
2
0
0.60028
5
0.01923
5
0.33728
9
0
0.01932
4
0
0
0
0
0.26344
7
0
0.04014
2
0
0.51388
6
0.02223
5
0.32844
3
0
0.01932
4
0
0
0
0
0.28795
4
0
0.04014
2
0
0.43048
6
0.02123
5
0.31658
7
0
0.01207
7
0
0
0
0
0.28427
9
0
0.04014
2
0
0.38428
6
0.02126
7
0.30469
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.43300
2
0.02086
0
0.32505
2
0.02004
0
0.02550
9
0.00605
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.20920
4
0
0
0.07130
3
0.01860
1
0
0
0
0.26890
6
0
0
0.12793
1
0.02047
1
0.15548
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.84710
7
0
0
0
0
0
0.82235
6
0
0
0
0
0
0.80165
4
0
0
0
0
0
0.80165
4
0
0
0
0
0
0.69008
2
0
0
0
0
0
0.55785
2
0
0
0
0
0
0.37603
4
0
0
0
0
0
0.29892
6
0
0
0
0
0
0.21991
8
0
0
0
0
0
0.16528
9
0
0
0
0
0
0.06611
6
0
0
0
0
0
0.04545
5
0
0
0
0
0
0.00413
2
0
0
0
0
0
0.46547
7
0.28433
6
0
0.39142
1
0.45821
3
0
0.31737
2
0.45047
0
0.22128
8
0.31888
8
0
0.00686
4
0.30464
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.38080
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0